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Article: Long time-series ecological niche modelling using archaeological settlement data: Tracing the origins of present-day landscape

Demján, Peter / Dreslerová, Dagmar / Kolář, Jan / Chuman, Tomáš / Romportl, Dušan / Trnka, Miroslav / Lieskovský, Tibor

Applied geography. 2022 Apr., v. 141

2022

Abstract: Human activities have shaped the environment since long before the advent of agriculture and resulted in anthropogenic landscapes, which are sometimes perceived as natural, but are clearly shaped by dozens of previous generations. This study is the first ...

Abstract	Human activities have shaped the environment since long before the advent of agriculture and resulted in anthropogenic landscapes, which are sometimes perceived as natural, but are clearly shaped by dozens of previous generations. This study is the first to apply ecological niche modelling on a long time-series of archaeological data to illuminate the development of the landscape from the perspective of settlement behaviour and its dependence on environmental conditions. Using a large dataset of evidence of prehistoric settlement activities covering the area of the Czech Republic and spanning 6600 years from the beginning of agricultural prehistory, we analyse to what degree settlement was related to environmental parameters. We quantified the strength of this relation in terms of the predictive power of ecological niche models generated with the MaxEnt method. We observed a significant variability of settlement behaviour over time, but also landscape occupation, which has retained similar general characteristics to now. This shows that settlement strategies were remarkably stable and the presence of previous settlement was beneficial for subsequent land-use. Comparison of prehistoric settlement with contemporary landscape typology also points to a long-term legacy pre-dating historical periods, which makes the landscape our largest and most important heritage monument.
Keywords	archaeology ; data collection ; geography ; humans ; land use ; landscapes ; monuments ; niches ; occupations ; time series analysis ; Czech Republic
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-04
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ISSN	0143-6228
DOI	10.1016/j.apgeog.2022.102669
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Semantic Segmentation of Airborne LiDAR Data in Maya Archaeology

Bundzel, Marek / Jaščur, Miroslav / Kováč, Milan / Lieskovský, Tibor / Sinčák, Peter / Tkáčik, Tomáš

Remote Sensing. 2020 Nov. 10, v. 12, no. 22

2020

Abstract: Airborne LiDAR produced large amounts of data for archaeological research over the past decade. Labeling this type of archaeological data is a tedious process. We used a data set from Pacunam LiDAR Initiative survey of lowland Maya region in Guatemala. ... ...

Abstract	Airborne LiDAR produced large amounts of data for archaeological research over the past decade. Labeling this type of archaeological data is a tedious process. We used a data set from Pacunam LiDAR Initiative survey of lowland Maya region in Guatemala. The data set contains ancient Maya structures that were manually labeled, and ground verified to a large extent. We have built and compared two deep learning-based models, U-Net and Mask R-CNN, for semantic segmentation. The segmentation models were used in two tasks: identification of areas of ancient construction activity, and identification of the remnants of ancient Maya buildings. The U-Net based model performed better in both tasks and was capable of correctly identifying 60–66% of all objects, and 74–81% of medium sized objects. The quality of the resulting prediction was evaluated using a variety of quantifiers. Furthermore, we discuss the problems of re-purposing the archaeological style labeling for production of valid machine learning training sets. Ultimately, we outline the value of these models for archaeological research and present the road map to produce a useful decision support system for recognition of ancient objects in LiDAR data.
Keywords	archaeology ; artificial intelligence ; buildings ; data collection ; decision support systems ; lidar ; models ; prediction ; remote sensing ; research ; surveys ; Guatemala
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-1110
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light
ZDB-ID	2513863-7
ISSN	2072-4292
ISSN	2072-4292
DOI	10.3390/rs12223685
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Abandonment and Recultivation of Agricultural Lands in Slovakia—Patterns and Determinants from the Past to the Future

Pazúr, Robert / Lieskovský, Juraj / Bürgi, Matthias / Müller, Daniel / Lieskovský, Tibor / Zhang, Zhen / Prischchepov, Alexander V

Land. 2020 Sept. 07, v. 9, no. 9

2020

Abstract: Central and Eastern Europe has experienced fundamental land use changes since the collapse of socialism around 1990. We analyzeanalyzed the patterns and determinants of agricultural land abandonment and recultivation in Slovakia during the transition ... ...

Abstract	Central and Eastern Europe has experienced fundamental land use changes since the collapse of socialism around 1990. We analyzeanalyzed the patterns and determinants of agricultural land abandonment and recultivation in Slovakia during the transition from a state-controlled economy to an open-market economy (1986 to 2000) and the subsequent accession to the European Union (2000 to 2010). We quantified agricultural land-use change based on available maps derived from 30-m multi-seasonal Landsat imagery and analyzeanalyzed the socioeconomic and biophysical determinants of the observed agricultural land-use changes using boosted regression trees. We used a scenario-based approach to assess future agricultural land abandonment and recultivation until 2060. The maps of agricultural land use analysis reveal that cropland abandonment was the dominant land use process on 11% of agricultural land from 1986 to 2000, and on 6% of the agricultural land from 2000 to 2010. Recultivation occurred on approximately 2% of agricultural land in both periods. Although most abandoned land was located in the plains, the rate of abandonment was twice as high in the mountainous landscapes. The likelihood of abandonment increased with increased distance from the national capital (Bratislava), decreased with an increase of annual mean temperatures and was higher in proximity to forest edges and on steeper slopes. Recultivation was largely determined by the opposite effects. The scenario for 2060 suggests that future agricultural land abandonment and recultivation may largely be determined by climate and terrain conditions and, to a lesser extent, by proximity to economic centers. Our study underscores the value of synergetic use of satellite data and land-use modeling to provide the input for land planning, and to anticipate the potential effects of changing environmental and policy conditions.
Keywords	European Union ; Landsat ; abandoned land ; climate ; cropland ; edge effects ; issues and policy ; land use change ; landscapes ; models ; mountains ; planning ; remote sensing ; socialism ; temperature ; Eastern European region ; Slovakia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0907
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2682955-1
ISSN	2073-445X
ISSN	2073-445X
DOI	10.3390/land9090316
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Abandonment and recultivation of agricultural lands in Slovakia

Pazúr, Robert / Lieskovský, Juraj / Bürgi, Matthias / Müller, Daniel / Lieskovský, Tibor / Zhang, Zhen / Prischchepov, Alexander V.

Patterns and determinants from the past to the future

2020

Abstract	Central and Eastern Europe has experienced fundamental land use changes since the collapse of socialism around 1990. We analyzeanalyzed the patterns and determinants of agricultural land abandonment and recultivation in Slovakia during the transition from a state-controlled economy to an open-market economy (1986 to 2000) and the subsequent accession to the European Union (2000 to 2010). We quantified agricultural land-use change based on available maps derived from 30-m multi-seasonal Landsat imagery and analyzeanalyzed the socioeconomic and biophysical determinants of the observed agricultural land-use changes using boosted regression trees. We used a scenario-based approach to assess future agricultural land abandonment and recultivation until 2060. The maps of agricultural land use analysis reveal that cropland abandonment was the dominant land use process on 11% of agricultural land from 1986 to 2000, and on 6% of the agricultural land from 2000 to 2010. Recultivation occurred on approximately 2% of agricultural land in both periods. Although most abandoned land was located in the plains, the rate of abandonment was twice as high in the mountainous landscapes. The likelihood of abandonment increased with increased distance from the national capital (Bratislava), decreased with an increase of annual mean temperatures and was higher in proximity to forest edges and on steeper slopes. Recultivation was largely determined by the opposite effects. The scenario for 2060 suggests that future agricultural land abandonment and recultivation may largely be determined by climate and terrain conditions and, to a lesser extent, by proximity to economic centers. Our study underscores the value of synergetic use of satellite data and land-use modeling to provide the input for land planning, and to anticipate the potential effects of changing environmental and policy conditions.
Keywords	ddc:630 ; land cover ; land use ; land use intensity ; remote sensing ; machine learning ; Landsat ; land change drivers ; Eastern Europe ; socialism ; scenario ; climate
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publisher	Basel: MDPI
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Factors affecting the persistence of traditional agricultural landscapes in Slovakia during the collectivization of agriculture

Lieskovský, Juraj / Kenderessy, Pavol / � pulerová, Jana / Lieskovský, Tibor / Koleda, Peter / Kienast, Felix / Gimmi, Urs

Landscape ecology. 2014 May, v. 29, no. 5

2014

Abstract: Collectivization of agriculture (1950s–1970s) was one of the most important periods in landscape development in Slovakia. Traditionally managed agricultural landscapes, that covered more than half of the Slovak territory, were transformed into large- ... ...

Abstract	Collectivization of agriculture (1950s–1970s) was one of the most important periods in landscape development in Slovakia. Traditionally managed agricultural landscapes, that covered more than half of the Slovak territory, were transformed into large-scale fields and only fragments of traditional agricultural landscapes survived. We mapped the remaining traditional agricultural landscapes using aerial photos and historical maps. We then statistically analyzed the various geographical factors and their influence on the transformation process of traditional and collectivized fields, i.e., slope steepness, soil fertility, distance from settlements and isolation from regional capital cities. The comparison was performed using classification tree analysis. We constructed a set of decision rules that explain why fields were managed traditionally or collectivized. Our findings show that traditional agricultural fields were more likely to persist on steep terrain, less fertile soils, and on locations that were closer to the settlements, but more isolated from the regional capital cities. Steepness played the most important role: small-scale fields located on steep areas were not accessible to heavy machinery and therefore, frequently survived the collectivization. We show that the selected geographical factors are good explanatory variables for the collectivization of arable fields and orchards. For vineyards and grasslands, however, the explanatory power of the selected geographical factors is lower, and we suspect that other factors, not depicted in the analysis play an important role.
Keywords	aerial photography ; cities ; collectivization ; grasslands ; orchards ; soil ; soil fertility ; traditional farming ; vineyards ; Slovakia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-05
Size	p. 867-877.
Publishing place	Springer-Verlag
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1027798-5
ISSN	1572-9761 ; 0921-2973
ISSN (online)	1572-9761
ISSN	0921-2973
DOI	10.1007/s10980-014-0023-1
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The abandonment of traditional agricultural landscape in Slovakia – Analysis of extent and driving forces

Lieskovský, Juraj / Bezák, Peter / Špulerová, Jana / Lieskovský, Tibor / Koleda, Peter / Dobrovodská, Marta / Bürgi, Matthias / Gimmi, Urs

Journal of rural studies. 2015 Feb., v. 37

2015

Abstract: Traditional agricultural landscapes (TAL) in Slovakia represents a mosaic of unique small-scale arable fields and permanent agricultural cultivations such as grasslands, vineyards and high-trunk orchards, which did not change during the collectivization ... ...

Abstract	Traditional agricultural landscapes (TAL) in Slovakia represents a mosaic of unique small-scale arable fields and permanent agricultural cultivations such as grasslands, vineyards and high-trunk orchards, which did not change during the collectivization of agriculture from the 1950s to the 1980s. After the change to a market-oriented economy in 1989, the management of these valuable structures decreased rapidly. The aim of this study is to investigate the distribution of TAL in Slovakia and to analyse the driving forces behind their accelerated abandonment. The study was conducted at two scales, i.e. country-wide and in three case-studies. 3013 TAL polygons encompassing 44,464 ha were mapped from aerial photos, recording basic characteristics such as land-cover composition or degree of management. A detailed field study concerning the attitude of local people to the management of TAL was conducted in three case study areas. The results from the country-wide mapping shows, that 50% of the TAL area is regularly managed, 34% is partly abandoned, and 16% is abandoned. Abandonment occurs most intensively on steep slopes and on less fertile soils. The distance from settlements is important in the case of TAL with dispersed settlements and TAL with arable land and grasslands. Interviews at the case study level showed that financial profit is the main factor, which would motivate the local people to farm the TAL. Around 30% of respondents showed no interest in management. Local farmers identified the financial instruments in agriculture, in the form of unfavourable subsidies and the financial inaccessibility of modern tools and machinery as the main barriers in ideal management, together with an inadequate market and the weak support of local government. In addition, there are other cultural factors that play a role in their abandonment such as changes in the rural culture, attractivity and diversity of other ways of living, lack of successors, health and age constraints, as well as a number of persisting problems regarding unresolved land ownership in some areas.
Keywords	aerial photography ; arable soils ; case studies ; collectivization ; farmers ; field experimentation ; grasslands ; interviews ; land cover ; land ownership ; local government ; markets ; orchards ; subsidies ; vineyards ; Slovakia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2015-02
Size	p. 75-84.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	252458-2
ISSN	0743-0167
ISSN	0743-0167
DOI	10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.12.007
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Ancient lowland Maya complexity as revealed by airborne laser scanning of northern Guatemala.

Canuto, Marcello A / Estrada-Belli, Francisco / Garrison, Thomas G / Houston, Stephen D / Acuña, Mary Jane / Kováč, Milan / Marken, Damien / Nondédéo, Philippe / Auld-Thomas, Luke / Castanet, Cyril / Chatelain, David / Chiriboga, Carlos R / Drápela, Tomáš / Lieskovský, Tibor / Tokovinine, Alexandre / Velasquez, Antolín / Fernández-Díaz, Juan C / Shrestha, Ramesh

Science (New York, N.Y.)

2018 Volume 361, Issue 6409

Abstract: Lowland Maya civilization flourished in the tropical region of the Yucatan peninsula and environs for more than 2500 years (~1000 BCE to 1500 CE). Known for its sophistication in writing, art, architecture, astronomy, and mathematics, Maya civilization ... ...

Abstract	Lowland Maya civilization flourished in the tropical region of the Yucatan peninsula and environs for more than 2500 years (~1000 BCE to 1500 CE). Known for its sophistication in writing, art, architecture, astronomy, and mathematics, Maya civilization still poses questions about the nature of its cities and surrounding populations because of its location in an inaccessible forest. In 2016, an aerial lidar survey across 2144 square kilometers of northern Guatemala mapped natural terrain and archaeological features over several distinct areas. We present results from these data, revealing interconnected urban settlement and landscapes with extensive infrastructural development. Studied through a joint international effort of interdisciplinary teams sharing protocols, this lidar survey compels a reevaluation of Maya demography, agriculture, and political economy and suggests future avenues of field research.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	128410-1
ISSN	1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
ISSN (online)	1095-9203
ISSN	0036-8075
DOI	10.1126/science.aau0137
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Article: Factors affecting the persistence of traditional agricultural landscapes in Slovakia during the collectivization of agriculture

Lieskovský, Juraj / Kenderessy, Pavol / � pulerová, Jana / Lieskovský, Tibor / Koleda, Peter / Kienast, Felix / Gimmi, Urs

Landscape ecology

Volume v. 29,, Issue no. 5

Abstract	Collectivization of agriculture (1950s–1970s) was one of the most important periods in landscape development in Slovakia. Traditionally managed agricultural landscapes, that covered more than half of the Slovak territory, were transformed into large-scale fields and only fragments of traditional agricultural landscapes survived. We mapped the remaining traditional agricultural landscapes using aerial photos and historical maps. We then statistically analyzed the various geographical factors and their influence on the transformation process of traditional and collectivized fields, i.e., slope steepness, soil fertility, distance from settlements and isolation from regional capital cities. The comparison was performed using classification tree analysis. We constructed a set of decision rules that explain why fields were managed traditionally or collectivized. Our findings show that traditional agricultural fields were more likely to persist on steep terrain, less fertile soils, and on locations that were closer to the settlements, but more isolated from the regional capital cities. Steepness played the most important role: small-scale fields located on steep areas were not accessible to heavy machinery and therefore, frequently survived the collectivization. We show that the selected geographical factors are good explanatory variables for the collectivization of arable fields and orchards. For vineyards and grasslands, however, the explanatory power of the selected geographical factors is lower, and we suspect that other factors, not depicted in the analysis play an important role.
Keywords	orchards ; soil fertility ; cities ; vineyards ; grasslands ; collectivization ; aerial photography ; traditional farming ; soil
Language	English
Document type	Article
ISSN	0921-2973
Database	AGRIS - International Information System for the Agricultural Sciences and Technology

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