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Article: The Importance of Flare: A Radiological Evaluation of Fixed-Angle Guide and Barrel-Plate in Sliding Hip Screws.

Subhash, Sadhin / Liew, Ignatius

2021 Volume 13, Issue 8, Page(s) e17416

Abstract: Background and objective The sliding hip screw (SHS) remains the main operative implant of choice for A1/2 intertrochanteric fractures. These implants are often fixed-angled with a corresponding guide to decrease inventory and implant cost. However, ... ...

Abstract	Background and objective The sliding hip screw (SHS) remains the main operative implant of choice for A1/2 intertrochanteric fractures. These implants are often fixed-angled with a corresponding guide to decrease inventory and implant cost. However, there are varying sizes of base plates on the fixed-angle device between industries. Screw placement is crucial to achieving optimal tip-apex distance (TAD) and position. Due to the flare of the greater trochanter (GT), we hypothesise that the fixed-angle guide can lead to malpositioning. In this study, we aimed to describe the discrepancy between the fixed-angle guide (short: 38 mm, long: 60 mm), the flare of the GT, and the effects on screw placement. Methods Patients who received SHS between August to December 2019 were evaluated. We measured the neck-shaft angle, GT flare angle to the femoral axis, screw-plate angle, screw position, and TAD. We templated the optimal 135° fixed-angle barrel-plate, angle guides, and measured the divergence between the angles. Results A total of 30 patients were identified to be included in the study; 24/30 (80%) were female, with 16/30 (53%) receiving SHS on the right hip. The average age of the participants was 82 ±9 years. The average neck-shaft angle was 132.4° ±5.9. The GT flare angle was 3.2° ±1.6. Of note, 66% of patients had a screw-plate angle of ≥135° with an average of 137° ±3.7. However, only 10/30 (33%) screws were placed superiorly, with an average TAD of 21 mm ±11 compared to screws placed in the centre and inferiorly at 9.5 mm ±3 (p=0.0004). The long fixed-angle guide resulted in a lower divergence angle at 3° ±1.7 compared to 5.2° ±2.6 for the short fixed-angle guide (p=0.0001). Conclusion Using the fixed-angle guide at 135° on the GT flare results in a sub-optimum screw-plate angle. This can lead to malpositioning of the screw, as well as increased TAD and screw-plate angle. Preoperative planning is crucial to measure the femoral neck-shaft angle, GT flare, as well as utilising a longer fixed-angle guide.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2747273-5
ISSN	2168-8184
ISSN	2168-8184
DOI	10.7759/cureus.17416
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Article: Standard setting for orthopaedic trauma competencies in postgraduate specialty training- catching those falling behind the curve.

Pullinger, Michael / Liew, Ignatius / Spacey, Kate / Kang, Niel / Johnston, Phillip / Sanghrajka, Anish

The surgeon : journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland

2023 Volume 21, Issue 6, Page(s) 337–343

Abstract: Background: The Curriculum for Trauma and Orthopaedics focuses on producing competent Day-One Consultants. However, the expected development trajectory is not clear. It is important, yet difficult to objectively identify trainees who are "falling behind" ...

Abstract	Background: The Curriculum for Trauma and Orthopaedics focuses on producing competent Day-One Consultants. However, the expected development trajectory is not clear. It is important, yet difficult to objectively identify trainees who are "falling behind". This project proposes practical, consensus-based thresholds of Operative Trauma Competence at each Waypoint stage of training. Methods: 32 trainers and 73 trainees in one Deanery were identified. The trainers and trainees were asked their PBA level expectation of a trainee at ST4, ST6 and ST8 for nine trauma competencies. Lower quartile values were calculated providing thresholds. Results: 53 (72%) trainees and 22 (69%) trainers responded. At ST8, the lower quartile threshold was level 4 for all procedures. At ST6, three operation groups became apparent: Group 1 (hip hemiarthroplasty, Dynamic hip screw; k-wire distal radius fracture and Weber C Ankle open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF)) Group 2 (Tibial Nail; Olecranon Tension band wire, ORIF radial shaft; distal radius plate fixation)- Group 3 (supracondylar fracture fixation)Threshold levels for procedures were: Group 1- 4a; Group 2-3b and Group 3- 3a.At ST4, there was more variation and spread in responses, however, expectations could still be similarly grouped: Group 1- 3a; Group 2- 2b and Group 3- 2a. Conclusion: In an increasingly competency-based training environment we provide tangible thresholds for expectations of orthopaedic trainees' progression and development. We identified two groups: basic trauma (Group 1 where level 4 competencies should be attained by ST6) and intermediate trauma (Groups 2 and 3 where level 4 competencies should be attained by ST8.).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Orthopedics/education ; Curriculum ; Education, Medical, Graduate ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; Lower Extremity ; Clinical Competence
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-18
Publishing country	Scotland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2102927-1
ISSN	1479-666X
ISSN	1479-666X
DOI	10.1016/j.surge.2023.06.003
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Zs.A 5756: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Evaluation of first ray instability using the double dorsiflexion test: A prospective observational case-controlled study.

Pasapula, Chandra / Solomou, Georgios / Al-Sukaini, Ahmad / Liew, Ignatius / Goetz, James / Cutts, Steven

Foot (Edinburgh, Scotland)

2023 Volume 56, Page(s) 102019

Abstract: Background: First-Ray (FR) stability allows for foot propulsion in-stance, taking 60% weight. First-ray instability (FRI) is associated with middle column overload, synovitis, deformity and osteoarthritis. Clinical detection can still be challenging. We ...

Abstract	Background: First-Ray (FR) stability allows for foot propulsion in-stance, taking 60% weight. First-ray instability (FRI) is associated with middle column overload, synovitis, deformity and osteoarthritis. Clinical detection can still be challenging. We propose to develop a clinical test that helps identify FRI using two simple manual manoeuvres. Methods: 10 patients with unilateral FRI were recruited. Unaffected contralateral feet were used as controls. Stringent exclusion criteria were applied including hallux MTP pain, laxity, inflammatory arthropathy and collagen disorders. A Klauemeter directly measured the sagittal plane dorsal first metatarsal head translation of affected vs unaffected feet. Maximum passive proximal phalanx 1st MTP joint dorsiflexion was measured using a video capture and Tracker motion software analysis with and without applying a dorsal force at the 1st metatarsal head using a Newton meter. Proximal phalanx motion was compared in affected vs unaffected feet with and without dorsal metatarsal head force application and compared to direct measurements using the Klaumeter. P value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: FRI feet had dorsal translation greater than 8 mm (median, 11.94; interquartile range [IQR], 10.23-13.81) vs 1.77 for unaffected control feet was (median, 1.77; interquartile range [IQR], 1.23-2.96) using the Klauemeter. The percentage reduction in 1st MTP joint dorsiflexion ROM when applying the double dorsiflexion test FRI (mean reduction of 67.98%) when compared to control feet (mean reduction of 28.44%)(P < 0.01). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that a 50% reduction in dorsiflexion ROM of 1st MTPJ when performing the double dorsiflexion test achieved a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 90% (AUC =0.990, 95%CI [0.958-1.000], P > 0.0001). Conclusion: The double dorsiflexion (DDF) is easy to perform with two relatively simple manual manoeuvres that avoids the need for complex instrumented and radiation-based assessment. Greater than 50% decrease in proximal phalanx motion has an over 90% sensitivity in identifying feet with FRI. Level of evidence: This was a prospective case-controlled study of consecutive cases of a level II evidence.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Metatarsophalangeal Joint ; Foot ; Metatarsal Bones ; Hallux ; Arthritis ; Range of Motion, Articular
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-18
Publishing country	Scotland
Document type	Observational Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1070358-5
ISSN	1532-2963 ; 0958-2592
ISSN (online)	1532-2963
ISSN	0958-2592
DOI	10.1016/j.foot.2023.102019
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Zs.A 3196: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Artificial intelligence in orthopaedics surgery: transforming technological innovation in patient care and surgical training.

St Mart, Jean-Pierre / Goh, En Lin / Liew, Ignatius / Shah, Zameer / Sinha, Joydeep

Postgraduate medical journal

2023 Volume 99, Issue 1173, Page(s) 687–694

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) is an exciting field combining computer science with robust data sets to facilitate problem-solving. It has the potential to transform education, practice and delivery of healthcare especially in orthopaedics. This review ... ...

Abstract	Artificial intelligence (AI) is an exciting field combining computer science with robust data sets to facilitate problem-solving. It has the potential to transform education, practice and delivery of healthcare especially in orthopaedics. This review article outlines some of the already used AI pathways as well as recent technological advances in orthopaedics. Additionally, this article further explains how potentially these two entities could be combined in the future to improve surgical education, training and ultimately patient care and outcomes.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Orthopedics ; Inventions ; Artificial Intelligence ; Orthopedic Procedures ; Patient Care
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80325-x
ISSN	1469-0756 ; 0032-5473
ISSN (online)	1469-0756
ISSN	0032-5473
DOI	10.1136/postgradmedj-2022-141596
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Article ; Online: Requesting spinal MRIs effectively from primary care referrals.

Liew, Ignatius / Dean, Fraser / Anderson, Gillian / Murray, Odhrán

European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society

2018 Volume 27, Issue 10, Page(s) 2436–2441

Abstract: Objective: To define if MRI scans can accurately be requested based on information provided in the primary care referral and, therefore, streamline the patient journey. The demand for outpatient spinal appointments significantly exceeds our services' ... ...

Abstract	Objective: To define if MRI scans can accurately be requested based on information provided in the primary care referral and, therefore, streamline the patient journey. The demand for outpatient spinal appointments significantly exceeds our services' ability to provide efficient, high-quality patient care. Currently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine is requested following first consultation. Methods: During routine vetting of primary care referral letters, three consultant spinal surgeons recorded how likely they thought each patient would be to have an MRI scan. Following the first consultation with the spinal service, the notes of each patient were reviewed to see if an MRI was requested. We measured the positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), sensitivity and specificity of ordering MRI scans based on primary care referral letters. Results: 149 patients were included [101 females, 48 males, mean age 49 (16-87)]. There were 125 routine, 21 urgent, and 3 'urgent-suspected cancer' referrals. The PPV of ordering MRIs before first consultation was 84%, NPV was 56% with the sensitivity and specificity being 82 and 59%, respectively. Ordering MRIs during initial vetting could shorten the patient journey with potential socioeconomic benefits. Conclusions: MRI scans can be effectively ordered based on the information provided by the primary care referral letter. Requesting MRI scans early in the patient journey can save considerable time, improve care, and deliver cost savings. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Correspondence as Topic ; Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Primary Health Care/standards ; Primary Health Care/statistics & numerical data ; Prospective Studies ; Quality Improvement/organization & administration ; Referral and Consultation/standards ; Referral and Consultation/statistics & numerical data ; Scotland ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spine/diagnostic imaging ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-10
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Video-Audio Media
ZDB-ID	1115375-1
ISSN	1432-0932 ; 0940-6719
ISSN (online)	1432-0932
ISSN	0940-6719
DOI	10.1007/s00586-018-5578-0
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Zs.A 3437: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Correlation between the length from the elbow to the distal interphalangeal joint of the little finger and the length of the intramedullary nail selected for femoral fracture fixation.

Alao, Uthman / Liew, Ignatius / Yates, Jonathan / Kerin, Cronan

Injury

2018 Volume 49, Issue 11, Page(s) 2058–2060

Abstract: Aim: To determine whether there is a correlation between the length of forearm to the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) of the little finger and length of antegrade intramedullary (IM) femoral nails in adults.: Study design and methods: ... ...

Abstract	Aim: To determine whether there is a correlation between the length of forearm to the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) of the little finger and length of antegrade intramedullary (IM) femoral nails in adults. Study design and methods: Measurements from the tip of the olecranon to the DIPJ of the ipsilateral upper limb was taken in 30 patients undergoing antegrade IM femoral nails. The length of the IM nails inserted was determined by intra-operative measurements using a guide wire. The two measurements were analysed for correlation and mean difference. Results: The mean forearm to DIP of little finger length was 38.86 with a standard deviation of 2.83. The mean IM length and standard deviation were 38.56 and 2.77 respectively. The difference between the two means 0.3 (95% CI). Correlation testing between the two variables shows a positive relationship (Pearson Correlation factor of 1). The scatter plot shows a positive linear relationship. Conclusions: Length of the forearm from the tip of the olecranon to the DIP joint of the little finger represents the ideal length of IM nail for the femur. It can be readily performed with the use of a tape measure and can serve as a useful adjunct to determining ideal length in cases where the contralateral femur cannot be used.
MeSH term(s)	Body Weights and Measures ; Bone Nails ; Elbow/anatomy & histology ; Femoral Fractures/surgery ; Fingers/anatomy & histology ; Forearm/anatomy & histology ; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary/instrumentation ; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary/methods ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Olecranon Process/anatomy & histology
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-30
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	218778-4
ISSN	1879-0267 ; 0020-1383
ISSN (online)	1879-0267
ISSN	0020-1383
DOI	10.1016/j.injury.2018.08.024
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Zs.A 778: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
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Article ; Online: CRP monitoring in fractured neck of femur. A waste of resource?

Qureshi, Mobeen / Liew, Ignatius / Bailey, Oliver

Injury

2018 Volume 49, Issue 10, Page(s) 1855–1858

Abstract: Aim: We aim to assess post-operative CRP serum values in a cohort of patients who underwent surgical treatment for neck of femur fracture (NOF#), and whether CRP is a valid tool for the assessment of these patients post-operatively.: Study design and ... ...

Abstract	Aim: We aim to assess post-operative CRP serum values in a cohort of patients who underwent surgical treatment for neck of femur fracture (NOF#), and whether CRP is a valid tool for the assessment of these patients post-operatively. Study design and methods: Retrospective analysis was carried out on all NOF#'s admitted for surgical fixation between August 2015 and July 2016 in a district general hospital. Primary analysis included serum CRP levels until day 7 post-operatively, with secondary analysis of any documented evidence of post-operative complications (medical and surgical) within 30 days post-operatively. Results: A total of 365 patients were surgically treated for NOF#'s over the study period. CRP serum levels peaked over the first two days post-operatively to median (IQ range) of 226 mg/L (158-299 mg/L), decreasing to 67 mg/L (45.5-104 mg/L) by day 7 post-operatively. 116 patients had documented post-operative complications within 30 daysof operation. CRP levels in patients with and without complications showed no statistical significance in day-1, day-2 and day-3 post-operatively. However, a significant difference was demonstrated on day-4 (p = 0.017), day-5 (p = 0.003), day-6 (p = 0.02) and day-7 (p = 0.031). Conclusions: During the first three days of the postoperative period we cannot recommend routine CRP serum blood test monitoring in NOF# patients, as it is not diagnostic in the acute inflammatory phase for medical or surgical complications.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Biomarkers/blood ; C-Reactive Protein/metabolism ; Female ; Femoral Neck Fractures/surgery ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications/metabolism ; Postoperative Period ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors ; Unnecessary Procedures
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; C-Reactive Protein (9007-41-4)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-07-11
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	218778-4
ISSN	1879-0267 ; 0020-1383
ISSN (online)	1879-0267
ISSN	0020-1383
DOI	10.1016/j.injury.2018.07.005
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Zs.A 778: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
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Article ; Online: Novel technique to accurately measure femoral diameter using a Thomas splint.

Liew, Ignatius / Qureshi, Mobeen / Joseph, Jibu / Bailey, Oliver

Injury

2017 Volume 48, Issue 11, Page(s) 2606–2607

Abstract: Introduction: During surgical management of femoral shaft fractures, difficulties arise when treating patients with narrow femoral diaphyseal canals, such as young patients and those with dysplastic femurs secondary to underlying pathology. Accurate pre- ...

Abstract	Introduction: During surgical management of femoral shaft fractures, difficulties arise when treating patients with narrow femoral diaphyseal canals, such as young patients and those with dysplastic femurs secondary to underlying pathology. Accurate pre-operative assessment of the femoral diaphyseal canal diameter would allow the surgeon to plan surgical technique and ensure appropriate equipment was available, such as narrow, unreamed or paediatric sized nails. Technique: When secured to the patient both longitudinal rods of the main Thomas Splint component lie parallel with the femoral shaft and horizontal to the radiographic x-ray plate. The diameter of these rods are 13mm (Adult and paediatric). Using the calibration tool, we calibrate the diameter of the Thomas Splint to 13mm, accurately measuring any further detail on that radiograph, such as the diaphyseal canal diameter. Conclusion: Accurate knowledge pre-operatively of radiographic measurements is highly valuable to the operating surgeon. This technique can accurately measure femoral canal diameter using the Thomas splint, negates the requirement for a calibration marker, is reproducible, easy to perform, and is indispensible when faced with a patient with a narrow femoral canal in a diaphyseal femoral fracture. (181 words).
MeSH term(s)	Bone Nails ; Calibration ; Femoral Fractures/diagnostic imaging ; Femoral Fractures/surgery ; Femur/anatomy & histology ; Femur/diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Radiography ; Reproducibility of Results ; Splints/utilization
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-09-06
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	218778-4
ISSN	1879-0267 ; 0020-1383
ISSN (online)	1879-0267
ISSN	0020-1383
DOI	10.1016/j.injury.2017.08.068
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Article: Nottingham Hip Fracture Score: Does It Predict Mortality in Distal Femoral Fracture Patients?

Archunan, Maheswaran W / Subhash, Sadhin / Attwood, Joseph / Kumar, Siddhant / Choudhry, Nameer / Fountain, James / Liew, Ignatius

Cureus

2021 Volume 13, Issue 10, Page(s) e19139

Abstract: Background Patients with distal femur fractures are associated with mortality rates comparable to neck of femur fractures. Identifying high-risk patients is crucial in terms of orthogeriatric input, pre-operative medical optimisation and risk ... ...

Abstract	Background Patients with distal femur fractures are associated with mortality rates comparable to neck of femur fractures. Identifying high-risk patients is crucial in terms of orthogeriatric input, pre-operative medical optimisation and risk stratification for anaesthetics. The Nottingham Hip Fracture Score (NHFS) is a validated predictor of 30-day mortality in neck of femur fracture patients. In this study, we aim to investigate and evaluate the suitability of the NHFS in predicting 30-day as well as one-year mortality of patients who have sustained distal femur fractures. Methods Patients admitted to a level 1 major trauma centre with distal femur fractures were retrospectively reviewed between June 2012 and October 2017. NHFSs were recorded using parameters immediately pre-operatively. Results Ninety-one patients were included for analysis with a mean follow-up of 32 months. The mean age was 69, 56 (61%) patients were female, 10 (11%) were open fractures and 32 (35%) were peri-prosthetic fractures with 85% of patients being surgically managed. Forty-one patients were found to have an NHFS >4. Overall mortality at 30 days was 7.7% and at 1 year was 21%. Patients with an NHFS of ≤4 had a lower mortality rate at 30 days of 6% compared with those with >4 at 9.8% (p=0.422). On Kaplan-Meier plotting and log-rank test, patients with an NHFS of >4 were associated with a higher mortality rate at 1 year at 36.6% compared to patients with an NHFS of ≤4 at 8% (p=0.001). Conclusion NHFS is a promising tool not only in neck of femur fractures but also distal femur fractures in risk-stratifying patients for pre-operative optimisation as well as a predictor of mortality.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2747273-5
ISSN	2168-8184
ISSN	2168-8184
DOI	10.7759/cureus.19139
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Article: Hip Hemiarthroplasty: The Misnomer of a Narrow Femoral Canal and the Cost Implications.

Subhash, Sadhin / Archunan, Maheswaran W / Choudhry, Nameer / Leong, Justin / Bitar, Khaldoun / Beh, Sheryl / Tharmakulasingam, Sarmila / Subhash, Sayam / Melling, David / Liew, Ignatius

Cureus

2021 Volume 13, Issue 10, Page(s) e18971

Abstract: Objective Hemiarthroplasty has been identified as the treatment of choice for displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures. A modular prosthesis is sometimes preferred for its sizing options in narrow femoral canals, despite its higher cost and no ... ...

Abstract	Objective Hemiarthroplasty has been identified as the treatment of choice for displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures. A modular prosthesis is sometimes preferred for its sizing options in narrow femoral canals, despite its higher cost and no advantage in clinical outcomes. Thus, in this study, we investigated the factors affecting surgeons' choice of prosthesis, hypothesizing that modular hemiarthroplasty is overused for narrow femoral canals compared to monoblock hip hemiarthroplasty. Methods A retrospective study of a regional level 1 trauma center was conducted. Patients who had sustained femoral neck fractures from March 2013 to December 2016 were included in this study. Inclusion criterion was modular hemiarthroplasty for a narrow femoral canal. A matched group of patients who underwent monobloc hemiarthroplasty (MH) was created through randomization. The main outcome measurements were sex, age, Dorr classification, and femoral head size. We measured the protrusion of the greater trochanter beyond the level of the lateral femoral cortex postoperatively. Modular hemiarthroplasty patients were templated on radiographs using TraumaCad for Stryker Exeter Trauma Stem (ETS®). Results In total, 533 hemiarthroplasty procedures were performed, of which 27 were modular for a narrow femoral canal. The ratio of modular to monobloc was 1:18. Average head size was 46.7 mm ± 3.6 mm for monobloc and 44.07 ± 1.5 for modular (P= 0.001). There were four malaligned stems in the monobloc group versus 14 in the modular group (P= 0.008). Unsatisfactory lateralization was noted in 18 patients (7 mm ± 2.9 mm) in the modular group compared with 8 (4.7 mm ± 3.9 mm) in the monobloc group (P= 0.029). Dorr classification was A or B in 24 patients in the modular group and 18 in the monobloc group (P = 0.006). Templating revealed that modular was not required in 25 patients. Conclusions As per our findings, it was determined that patients with a narrow femoral canal intraoperatively should not receive modular hemiarthroplasty. This is especially true for female patients with small femoral head and narrow femoral canal dimensions (Dorr A and B). They would require extensive careful planning. Surgical techniques should be explored through education intraoperatively to achieve lateralization during femoral stem preparation. This may avoid prolonged anesthetic time and achieve potential cost savings.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2747273-5
ISSN	2168-8184
ISSN	2168-8184
DOI	10.7759/cureus.18971
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