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Article: The PMC Turbo Balloon Mission to Measure Gravity Waves and Turbulence in Polar Mesospheric Clouds: Camera, Telemetry, and Software Performance.

Kjellstrand, Carl Bjorn / Jones, Glenn / Geach, Christopher / Williams, Bifford P / Fritts, David C / Miller, Amber / Hanany, Shaul / Limon, Michele / Reimuller, Jason

Earth and space science (Hoboken, N.J.)

2020 Volume 7, Issue 8, Page(s) e2020EA001238

Abstract: The Polar Mesospheric Cloud Turbulence (PMC Turbo) instrument consists of a balloon-borne platform which hosts seven cameras and a Rayleigh lidar. During a 6-day flight in July 2018, the cameras captured images of Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs) with a ... ...

Abstract	The Polar Mesospheric Cloud Turbulence (PMC Turbo) instrument consists of a balloon-borne platform which hosts seven cameras and a Rayleigh lidar. During a 6-day flight in July 2018, the cameras captured images of Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs) with a sensitivity to spatial scales from ~20 m to 100 km at a ~2-s cadence and a full field of view (FOV) of hundreds of kilometers. We developed software optimized for imaging of PMCs, controlling multiple independent cameras, compressing and storing images, and for choosing telemetry communication channels. We give an overview of the PMC Turbo design focusing on the flight software and telemetry functions. We describe the performance of the system during its first flight in July 2018.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2807271-6
ISSN	2333-5084
ISSN	2333-5084
DOI	10.1029/2020ea001238
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Article: Mesospheric Bore Evolution and Instability Dynamics Observed in PMC Turbo Imaging and Rayleigh Lidar Profiling Over Northeastern Canada on 13 July 2018.

Fritts, David C / Kaifler, Natalie / Kaifler, Bernd / Geach, Christopher / Kjellstrand, C Bjorn / Williams, Bifford P / Eckermann, Stephen D / Miller, Amber D / Rapp, Markus / Jones, Glenn / Limon, Michele / Reimuller, Jason / Wang, Ling

Journal of geophysical research. Atmospheres : JGR

2020 Volume 125, Issue 14, Page(s) e2019JD032037

Abstract: Two successive mesospheric bores were observed over northeastern Canada on 13 July 2018 in high-resolution imaging and Rayleigh lidar profiling of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) performed aboard the PMC Turbo long-duration balloon experiment. Four wide ... ...

Abstract	Two successive mesospheric bores were observed over northeastern Canada on 13 July 2018 in high-resolution imaging and Rayleigh lidar profiling of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) performed aboard the PMC Turbo long-duration balloon experiment. Four wide field-of-view cameras spanning an area of ~75 × 150 km at PMC altitudes captured the two evolutions occurring over ~2 hr and resolved bore and associated instability features as small as ~100 m. The Rayleigh lidar provided PMC backscatter profiling that revealed vertical displacements, evolving brightness distributions, evidence of instability character and depths, and insights into bore formation, ducting, and dissipation. Both bores exhibited variable structure along their phases, suggesting variable gravity wave (GW) source and bore propagation conditions. Both bores also exhibited small-scale instability dynamics at their leading and trailing edges. Those at the leading edges comprised apparent Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities that were advected downward and rearward beneath the bore descending phases extending into an apparently intensified shear layer. Instabilities at the trailing edges exhibited alignments approximately orthogonal to the bore phases that resembled those seen to accompany GW breaking or intrusions arising in high-resolution modeling of GW instability dynamics. Collectively, PMC Turbo bore imaging and lidar profiling enabled enhanced definition of bore dynamics relative to what has been possible by previous ground-based observations, and a potential to guide new, three-dimensional modeling of bore dynamics. The observed bore evolutions suggest potentially important roles for bores in the deposition of energy and momentum transported into the mesosphere and to higher altitudes by high-frequency GWs achieving large amplitudes.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	710256-2
ISSN	2169-8996 ; 2169-897X ; 0148-0227
ISSN (online)	2169-8996
ISSN	2169-897X ; 0148-0227
DOI	10.1029/2019JD032037
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Article ; Online: Simons Observatory HoloSim-ML: machine learning applied to the efficient analysis of radio holography measurements of complex optical systems.

Chesmore, Grace E / Adler, Alexandre E / Cothard, Nicholas F / Dachlythra, Nadia / Gallardo, Patricio A / Gudmundsson, Jon / Johnson, Bradley R / Limon, Michele / McMahon, Jeff / Nati, Federico / Niemack, Michael D / Puglisi, Giuseppe / Simon, Sara M / Wollack, Edward J / Wolz, Kevin / Xu, Zhilei / Zhu, Ningfeng

Applied optics

2021 Volume 60, Issue 29, Page(s) 9029–9035

Abstract: Near-field radio holography is a common method for measuring and aligning mirror surfaces for millimeter and sub-millimeter telescopes. In instruments with more than a single mirror, degeneracies arise in the holography measurement, requiring multiple ... ...

Abstract	Near-field radio holography is a common method for measuring and aligning mirror surfaces for millimeter and sub-millimeter telescopes. In instruments with more than a single mirror, degeneracies arise in the holography measurement, requiring multiple measurements and new fitting methods. We present HoloSim-ML, a Python code for beam simulation and analysis of radio holography data from complex optical systems. This code uses machine learning to efficiently determine the position of hundreds of mirror adjusters on multiple mirrors with few micrometer accuracy. We apply this approach to the example of the Simons Observatory 6 m telescope.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1539-4522
ISSN (online)	1539-4522
DOI	10.1364/AO.435007
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Article ; Online: The Simons Observatory: A large-diameter truss for a refracting telescope cooled to 1 K.

Crowley, Kevin D / Dow, Peter / Shroyer, Jordan E / Groh, John C / Dober, Bradley / Spisak, Jacob / Galitzki, Nicholas / Bhandarkar, Tanay / Devlin, Mark J / Dicker, Simon / Gallardo, Patricio A / Harrington, Kathleen / Iuliano, Jeffrey / Johnson, Bradley R / Johnson, Delwin / Kofman, Anna M / Kusaka, Akito / Lee, Adrian / Limon, Michele /

Nati, Federico / Orlowski-Scherer, John / Page, Lyman / Randall, Michael / Teply, Grant / Tsan, Tran / Wollack, Edward J / Xu, Zhilei / Zhu, Ningfeng

The Review of scientific instruments

2022 Volume 93, Issue 5, Page(s) 55106

Abstract: We present the design and measured performance of a new carbon fiber strut design that is used in a cryogenically cooled truss for the Simons Observatory small aperture telescope. The truss consists of two aluminum 6061 rings separated by 24 struts. Each ...

Abstract	We present the design and measured performance of a new carbon fiber strut design that is used in a cryogenically cooled truss for the Simons Observatory small aperture telescope. The truss consists of two aluminum 6061 rings separated by 24 struts. Each strut consists of a central carbon fiber tube fitted with two aluminum end caps. We tested the performance of the strut and truss by (i) cryogenically cycling and destructively pull-testing strut samples, (ii) non-destructively pull-testing the final truss, and (iii) measuring the thermal conductivity of the carbon fiber tubes. We found that the strut strength is limited by the mounting fasteners and the strut end caps, not the epoxy adhesive or the carbon fiber tube. This result is consistent with our numerical predictions. Our thermal measurements suggest that the conductive heat load through the struts (from 4 to 1 K) will be less than 1 mW. This strut design may be a promising candidate for use in other cryogenic support structures.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209865-9
ISSN	1089-7623 ; 0034-6748
ISSN (online)	1089-7623
ISSN	0034-6748
DOI	10.1063/5.0093857
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Book ; Online: The Simons Observatory

Chesmore, Grace E. / Adler, Alexandre E. / Cothard, Nicholas F. / Dachlythra, Nadia / Gallardo, Patricio A. / Gudmundsson, Jon / Johnson, Bradley R. / Limon, Michele / McMahon, Jeff / Nati, Federico / Niemack, Michael D. / Puglisi, Giuseppe / Simon, Sara M. / Wollack, Edward J. / Wolz, Kevin / Xu, Zhilei / Zhu, Ningfeng

HoloSim-ML: machine learning applied to the efficient analysis of radio holography measurements of complex optical systems

2021

Abstract	Near-field radio holography is a common method for measuring and aligning mirror surfaces for millimeter and sub-millimeter telescopes. In instruments with more than a single mirror, degeneracies arise in the holography measurement, requiring multiple measurements and new fitting methods. We present HoloSim-ML, a Python code for beam simulation and analysis of radio holography data from complex optical systems. This code uses machine learning to efficiently determine the position of hundreds of mirror adjusters on multiple mirrors with few micron accuracy. We apply this approach to the example of the Simons Observatory 6m telescope. Comment: Software is publicly available at: https://github.com/McMahonCosmologyGroup/holosim-ml
Keywords	Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ; Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Image and Video Processing ; Physics - Optics
Publishing date	2021-07-08
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The Simons Observatory: metamaterial microwave absorber and its cryogenic applications.

Xu, Zhilei / Chesmore, Grace E / Adachi, Shunsuke / Ali, Aamir M / Bazarko, Andrew / Coppi, Gabriele / Devlin, Mark / Devlin, Tom / Dicker, Simon R / Gallardo, Patricio A / Golec, Joseph E / Gudmundsson, Jon E / Harrington, Kathleen / Hattori, Makoto / Kofman, Anna / Kiuchi, Kenji / Kusaka, Akito / Limon, Michele / Matsuda, Frederick /

McMahon, Jeff / Nati, Federico / Niemack, Michael D / Suzuki, Aritoki / Teply, Grant P / Thornton, Robert J / Wollack, Edward J / Zannoni, Mario / Zhu, Ningfeng

Applied optics

2021 Volume 60, Issue 4, Page(s) 864–874

Abstract: Controlling stray light at millimeter wavelengths requires special optical design and selection of absorptive materials that should be compatible with cryogenic operating environments. While a wide selection of absorptive materials exists, these ... ...

Abstract	Controlling stray light at millimeter wavelengths requires special optical design and selection of absorptive materials that should be compatible with cryogenic operating environments. While a wide selection of absorptive materials exists, these typically exhibit high indices of refraction and reflect/scatter a significant fraction of light before absorption. For many lower index materials such as commercial microwave absorbers, their applications in cryogenic environments are challenging. In this paper, we present a new tool to control stray light: metamaterial microwave absorber tiles. These tiles comprise an outer metamaterial layer that approximates a lossy gradient index anti-reflection coating. They are fabricated via injection molding commercially available carbon-loaded polyurethane (25% by mass). The injection molding technology enables mass production at low cost. The design of these tiles is presented, along with thermal tests to 1 K. Room temperature optical measurements verify their control of reflectance to less than 1% up to 65
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1539-4522
ISSN (online)	1539-4522
DOI	10.1364/AO.411711
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Book ; Online: The Simons Observatory

Crowley, Kevin D. / Dow, Peter / Shroyer, Jordan E. / Groh, John C. / Dober, Bradley / Spisak, Jacob / Galitzki, Nicholas / Bhandarkar, Tanay / Devlin, Mark J. / Dicker, Simon / Gallardo, Patricio A. / Harrington, Kathleen / Johnson, Bradley R. / Johnson, Delwin / Kofman, Anna M. / Kusaka, Akito / Lee, Adrian / Limon, Michele / Iuliano, Jeffrey /

Nati, Federico / Orlowski-Scherer, John / Page, Lyman / Randall, Michael / Teply, Grant / Tsan, Tran / Wollack, Edward J. / Xu, Zhilei / Zhu, Ningfeng

Design and Measured Performance of a Carbon Fiber Strut for a Cryogenic Truss

2022

Abstract: We present the design and measured performance of a new carbon fiber strut design that is used in a cryogenically cooled truss for the Simons Observatory Small Aperture Telescope (SAT). The truss consists of two aluminum 6061 rings separated by 24 struts. ...

Abstract	We present the design and measured performance of a new carbon fiber strut design that is used in a cryogenically cooled truss for the Simons Observatory Small Aperture Telescope (SAT). The truss consists of two aluminum 6061 rings separated by 24 struts. Each strut consists of a central carbon fiber tube fitted with two aluminum end caps. We tested the performance of the strut and truss by (i) cryogenically cycling and destructively pull-testing strut samples, (ii) non-destructively pull-testing the final truss, and (iii) measuring the thermal conductivity of the carbon fiber tubes. We found that the strut strength is limited by the mounting fasteners and the strut end caps, not the epoxy adhesive or the carbon fiber tube. This result is consistent with our numerical predictions. Our thermal measurements suggest that the conductive heat load through the struts (from 4 K to 1 K) will be less than 1 mW. This strut design may be a promising candidate for use in other cryogenic support structures.
Keywords	Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ; Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Subject code	621
Publishing date	2022-01-16
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The Simons Observatory: modeling optical systematics in the Large Aperture Telescope.

Gudmundsson, Jon E / Gallardo, Patricio A / Puddu, Roberto / Dicker, Simon R / Adler, Alexandre E / Ali, Aamir M / Bazarko, Andrew / Chesmore, Grace E / Coppi, Gabriele / Cothard, Nicholas F / Dachlythra, Nadia / Devlin, Mark / Dünner, Rolando / Fabbian, Giulio / Galitzki, Nicholas / Golec, Joseph E / Patty Ho, Shuay-Pwu / Hargrave, Peter C / Kofman, Anna M /

Lee, Adrian T / Limon, Michele / Matsuda, Frederick T / Mauskopf, Philip D / Moodley, Kavilan / Nati, Federico / Niemack, Michael D / Orlowski-Scherer, John / Page, Lyman A / Partridge, Bruce / Puglisi, Giuseppe / Reichardt, Christian L / Sierra, Carlos E / Simon, Sara M / Teply, Grant P / Tucker, Carole / Wollack, Edward J / Xu, Zhilei / Zhu, Ningfeng

Applied optics

2021 Volume 60, Issue 4, Page(s) 823–837

Abstract: We present geometrical and physical optics simulation results for the Simons Observatory Large Aperture Telescope. This work was developed as part of the general design process for the telescope, allowing us to evaluate the impact of various design ... ...

Abstract	We present geometrical and physical optics simulation results for the Simons Observatory Large Aperture Telescope. This work was developed as part of the general design process for the telescope, allowing us to evaluate the impact of various design choices on performance metrics and potential systematic effects. The primary goal of the simulations was to evaluate the final design of the reflectors and the cold optics that are now being built. We describe nonsequential ray tracing used to inform the design of the cold optics, including absorbers internal to each optics tube. We discuss ray tracing simulations of the telescope structure that allow us to determine geometries that minimize detector loading and mitigate spurious near-field effects that have not been resolved by the internal baffling. We also describe physical optics simulations, performed over a range of frequencies and field locations, that produce estimates of monochromatic far-field beam patterns, which in turn are used to gauge general optical performance. Finally, we describe simulations that shed light on beam sidelobes from panel gap diffraction.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1539-4522
ISSN (online)	1539-4522
DOI	10.1364/AO.411533
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Article: FIREBall-2: The Faint Intergalactic Medium Redshifted Emission Balloon Telescope

Hamden, Erika / Martin, D. Christopher / Milliard, Bruno / Schiminovich, David / Nikzad, Shouleh / Evrard, Jean / Kyne, Gillian / Grange, Robert / Montel, Johan / Pirot, Etienne / Hoadley, Keri / O’Sullivan, Donal / Melso, Nicole / Picouet, Vincent / Vibert, Didier / Balard, Philippe / Blanchard, Patrick / Crabill, Marty / Pascal, Sandrine /

Mirc, Frederi / Bray, Nicolas / Jewell, April / Bird, Julia Blue / Zorilla, Jose / Ong, Hwei Ru / Matuszewski, Mateusz / Lingner, Nicole / Augustin, Ramona / Limon, Michele / Gomes, Albert / Tapie, Pierre / Soors, Xavier / Zenone, Isabelle / Saccoccio, Muriel

The Astrophysical Journal

Abstract: The Faint Intergalactic Medium Redshifted Emission Balloon (FIREBall) is a mission designed to observe faint emission from the circumgalactic medium of moderate-redshift (z similar to 0 7) galaxies for the first time FIREBall observes a component of ... ...

Abstract	The Faint Intergalactic Medium Redshifted Emission Balloon (FIREBall) is a mission designed to observe faint emission from the circumgalactic medium of moderate-redshift (z similar to 0 7) galaxies for the first time FIREBall observes a component of galaxies that plays a key role in how galaxies form and evolve, likely contains a significant amount of baryons, and has only recently been observed at higher redshifts in the visible Here we report on the 2018 flight of the FIREBall-2 Balloon telescope, which occurred on 2018 September 22 from Fort Sumner, New Mexico The flight was the culmination of a complete redesign of the spectrograph from the original FIREBall fiber-fed integral field unit to a wide-field multiobject spectrograph The flight was terminated early owing to a hole in the balloon, and our original science objectives were not achieved The overall sensitivity of the instrument and telescope was 90,000 LU, due primarily to increased noise from stray light We discuss the design of the FIREBall-2 spectrograph, including modifications from the original FIREBall payload, and provide an overview of the performance of all systems We were able to successfully flight-test a new pointing control system, a UV-optimized, delta-doped, and coated electron multiplying CCD, and an aspheric grating The FIREBall-2 team is rebuilding the payload for another flight attempt in the fall of 2021, delayed from 2020 as a result of COVID-19
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #740502
Database	COVID19

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Book ; Online: FIREBall-2

Hamden, Erika / Martin, D. Christopher / Milliard, Bruno / Schiminovich, David / Nikzad, Shouleh / Evrard, Jean / Kyne, Gillian / Grange, Robert / Montel, Johan / Pirot, Etienne / Hoadley, Keri / O'Sullivan, Donal / Melso, Nicole / Picouet, Vincent / Vibert, Didier / Balard, Philippe / Blanchard, Patrick / Crabill, Marty / Pascal, Sandrine /

The Faint Intergalactic Medium Redshifted Emission Balloon Telescope

2020

Abstract: The Faint Intergalactic Medium Redshifted Emission Balloon (FIREBall) is a mission designed to observe faint emission from the circumgalactic medium of moderate redshift (z~0.7) galaxies for the first time. FIREBall observes a component of galaxies that ... ...

Abstract	The Faint Intergalactic Medium Redshifted Emission Balloon (FIREBall) is a mission designed to observe faint emission from the circumgalactic medium of moderate redshift (z~0.7) galaxies for the first time. FIREBall observes a component of galaxies that plays a key role in how galaxies form and evolve, likely contains a significant amount of baryons, and has only recently been observed at higher redshifts in the visible. Here we report on the 2018 flight of the FIREBall-2 Balloon telescope, which occurred on September 22nd, 2018 from Fort Sumner, New Mexico. The flight was the culmination of a complete redesign of the spectrograph from the original FIREBall fiber-fed IFU to a wide-field multi-object spectrograph. The flight was terminated early due to a hole in the balloon, and our original science objectives were not achieved. The overall sensitivity of the instrument and telescope was 90,000 LU, due primarily to increased noise from stray light. We discuss the design of the FIREBall-2 spectrograph, modifications from the original FIREBall payload, and provide an overview of the performance of all systems. We were able to successfully flight test a new pointing control system, a UV-optimized, delta-doped and coated EMCCD, and an aspheric grating. The FIREBall-2 team is rebuilding the payload for another flight attempt in the Fall of 2021, delayed from 2020 due to COVID-19. Comment: 23 Pages, 14 Figures, Accepted for Publication in ApJ
Keywords	Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ; covid19
Subject code	520
Publishing date	2020-07-16
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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