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  1. Article ; Online: Why the lower stratosphere cools when the troposphere warms.

    Lin, Jonathan / Emanuel, Kerry

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2024  Volume 121, Issue 11, Page(s) e2319228121

    Abstract: Observational data have long suggested that in the tropics, when the troposphere locally warms, the lower stratosphere locally cools. Here, the observed anti-correlation between tropospheric and lower stratospheric temperature is confirmed-the lower ... ...

    Abstract Observational data have long suggested that in the tropics, when the troposphere locally warms, the lower stratosphere locally cools. Here, the observed anti-correlation between tropospheric and lower stratospheric temperature is confirmed-the lower stratosphere cools by approximately 2 degrees per degree of warming in the mid-troposphere. This anti-correlation is explained through a recently proposed theory holding that there is a quasi-balanced response of the stratosphere to tropospheric heating [J. Lin, K. Emanuel, Tropospheric thermal forcing of the stratosphere through quasi-balanced dynamics.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.2319228121
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  2. Article ; Online: Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Approaches.

    Lin, Jonathan B / Wu, Frances / Kim, Leo A

    International ophthalmology clinics

    2024  Volume 64, Issue 2, Page(s) 125–135

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative/therapy ; Vitreous Body ; Vitrectomy ; Retinal Detachment/surgery
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 207382-1
    ISSN 1536-9617 ; 0020-8167
    ISSN (online) 1536-9617
    ISSN 0020-8167
    DOI 10.1097/IIO.0000000000000495
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  3. Article ; Online: "Complement-ary" Therapies for Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

    Lin, Jonathan B / Apte, Rajendra S

    Ophthalmology science

    2022  Volume 2, Issue 2, Page(s) 100155

    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-12
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Editorial
    ISSN 2666-9145
    ISSN (online) 2666-9145
    DOI 10.1016/j.xops.2022.100155
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  4. Book ; Online: Upwards Tropospheric Influence on Tropical Stratospheric Upwelling

    Lin, Jonathan / Emanuel, Kerry

    2023  

    Abstract: The steady response of the stratosphere to a sea surface temperature (SST) forcing is considered in two separate theoretical models. It is first shown that anomalies in SST impose a geopotential anomaly at the tropopause. Solutions to the linearized ... ...

    Abstract The steady response of the stratosphere to a sea surface temperature (SST) forcing is considered in two separate theoretical models. It is first shown that anomalies in SST impose a geopotential anomaly at the tropopause. Solutions to the linearized quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity equations are then used to show that the vertical length scale of a tropopause geopotential anomaly is initially shallow, but significantly increased by diabatic heating from radiative relaxation. This process is a quasi-balanced response of the stratosphere to tropospheric forcing. A previously developed, coupled troposphere-stratosphere model is then introduced and modified. Solutions under steady, zonally-symmetric SST forcing in the linear $\beta$-plane model show that the upwards stratospheric penetration of the corresponding tropopause geopotential anomaly is controlled by two non-dimensional parameters, (1) a dynamical aspect ratio, and (2) a ratio between tropospheric and stratospheric drag. The meridional scale of the SST anomaly, radiative relaxation rate, and wave-drag all significantly modulate these non-dimensional parameters. Under Earth-like estimates of the non-dimensional parameters, the theoretical model predicts stratospheric temperature anomalies 2-3 larger in magnitude than that in the boundary layer, approximately in line with observational data. Using reanalysis data, the spatial variability of temperature anomalies in the troposphere is shown to have remarkable coherence with that of the lower-stratosphere, which further supports the existence of a quasi-balanced response of the stratosphere to SST forcing. These findings suggest that besides mechanical and thermal forcing, there is a third way the stratosphere can be forced -- through the tropopause.
    Keywords Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
    Subject code 551
    Publishing date 2023-05-01
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
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  5. Article ; Online: Retinal detachment.

    Lin, Jonathan B / Narayanan, Raja / Philippakis, Elise / Yonekawa, Yoshihiro / Apte, Rajendra S

    Nature reviews. Disease primers

    2024  Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 18

    Abstract: Retinal detachment (RD) occurs when the neurosensory retina, the neurovascular tissue responsible for phototransduction, is separated from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Given the importance of the RPE for optimal retinal function, RD ... ...

    Abstract Retinal detachment (RD) occurs when the neurosensory retina, the neurovascular tissue responsible for phototransduction, is separated from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Given the importance of the RPE for optimal retinal function, RD invariably leads to decreased vision. There are three main types of RD: rhegmatogenous, tractional and exudative (also termed serous) RD. In rhegmatogenous RD, one or more retinal breaks enable vitreous fluid to enter the subretinal space and separate the neurosensory retina from the RPE. In tractional RD, preretinal, intraretinal or subretinal membranes contract and exert tangential forces and elevate the retina from the underlying RPE. Finally, in exudative RD, an underlying inflammatory condition, vascular abnormality or the presence of a tumour causes exudative fluid to accumulate in the subretinal space, exceeding the osmotic pump function of the RPE. The surgical management of RD usually involves pars plana vitrectomy, scleral buckling or pneumatic retinopexy. The approach taken often depends on patient characteristics as well as on practitioner experience and clinical judgement. Advances in surgical technology and continued innovation have improved outcomes for many patients. However, even if retinal re-attachment is achieved, some patients still experience decreased vision or other visual symptoms, such as metamorphopsia, that diminish their quality of life. Continued research in the areas of neuroprotection and retinal biology as well as continued surgical innovation are necessary to enhance therapeutic options and outcomes for these patients.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Retinal Detachment/surgery ; Retinal Detachment/diagnosis ; Retinal Detachment/etiology ; Quality of Life ; Scleral Buckling/adverse effects ; Vitrectomy/adverse effects ; Treatment Outcome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2056-676X
    ISSN (online) 2056-676X
    DOI 10.1038/s41572-024-00501-5
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  6. Article: Ethnic variation and structure-function analysis of tauopathy-associated

    Park, Goonho / Galdamez, Angela / Song, Keon-Hyoung / Le, Masako / Kim, Kyle / Lin, Jonathan H

    medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

    2024  

    Abstract: EIF2AK3, also known as PERK, plays a pivotal role in cellular proteostasis, orchestrating the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and Integrated Stress Response (ISR) pathways. In addition to its central position in intracellular stress regulation, human ... ...

    Abstract EIF2AK3, also known as PERK, plays a pivotal role in cellular proteostasis, orchestrating the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and Integrated Stress Response (ISR) pathways. In addition to its central position in intracellular stress regulation, human GWAS identify EIF2AK3 as a risk factor in tauopathies, neurodegenerative diseases caused by aberrant tau protein accumulation. Guided by these genomic indicators, our investigation systematically analyzed human PERK variants, focusing on those with potential tauopathy linkages. We assembled a comprehensive data set of human PERK variants associated with Wolcott Rallison Syndrome (WRS), tauopathies, and bioinformatically predicted loss-of-function, referencing the gnomAD, Ensembl, and NCBI databases. We found extensive racial/ethnic variation in the prevalence of common
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2024.03.03.24303689
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  7. Article: Interpreting Discordant Monosomy 3 FISH and Chromosomal Microarray Analysis Results in Uveal Melanoma.

    Long, Christopher P / Coley, Nicholas / Thorson, John / Lin, Jonathan H

    Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 5

    Abstract: Uveal melanoma is the most common primary ocular tumor in adults and causes morbidity through lymphovascular metastasis. The presence of monosomy 3 in uveal melanomas is one of the most important prognostic indicators for metastasis. Two major molecular ... ...

    Abstract Uveal melanoma is the most common primary ocular tumor in adults and causes morbidity through lymphovascular metastasis. The presence of monosomy 3 in uveal melanomas is one of the most important prognostic indicators for metastasis. Two major molecular pathology testing modalities used to assess monosomy 3 are fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA). Here, we report two cases of discordant monosomy 3 test results in uveal melanoma enucleation specimens, performed using these molecular pathology tests. The first case is of uveal melanoma from a 51-year-old male that showed no evidence of monosomy 3 when assessed by CMA, but where it was subsequently detected by FISH. The second case is of uveal melanoma from a 49-year-old male that showed monosomy 3 at the limit of detection when assessed by CMA, but where it was not detected by subsequent FISH analysis. These two cases underscore the potential benefits of each testing modality for monosomy 3. Mainly, while CMA may be more sensitive to low levels of monosomy 3, FISH may be best method for small tumors with high levels of adjacent normal ocular tissue. Our cases suggest that both testing methods should be pursued for uveal melanoma, with a single positive result for either test interpreted as indicating the presence of monosomy 3.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-02
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2662336-5
    ISSN 2075-4418
    ISSN 2075-4418
    DOI 10.3390/diagnostics13050946
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  8. Article ; Online: ENDOGENOUS ENDOPHTHALMITIS DUE TO STREPTOCOCCUS ANGINOSUS IN A HEALTHY, YOUNG WOMAN.

    Lin, Jonathan B / Eliott, Dean / Sobrin, Lucia / Stryjewski, Tomasz P

    Retinal cases & brief reports

    2023  Volume 17, Issue 5, Page(s) 524–527

    Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to present a case of indolent endogenous endophthalmitis in a young, seemingly healthy woman.: Methods: This study is a retrospective case report.: Results: A 25-year-old woman with no significant medical ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to present a case of indolent endogenous endophthalmitis in a young, seemingly healthy woman.
    Methods: This study is a retrospective case report.
    Results: A 25-year-old woman with no significant medical history presented with vision loss in the left eye over the course of 1 month. Examination showed vitritis and a white-yellow lesion overlying the macula and optic nerve in the left eye. Initial laboratory testing for infectious and inflammatory causes was unrevealing. A diagnostic vitrectomy was performed, and the patient was found to have presumed endogenous endophthalmitis due to Streptococcus anginosus, an extremely uncommon bacterium. Subsequent workup did not reveal evidence of bacteremia, endocarditis, or orbital infection. This case is unique because, unlike the three previously reported cases of S. anginosus endophthalmitis, this patient was seemingly healthy, never had an elevated white blood cell count, never had documented bacteremia, had a normal echocardiogram, and had normal orbital findings on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans. Further questioning revealed a remote history of facial cellulitis and possible sinusitis treated with oral antibiotics, which are the presumed etiology.
    Conclusion: Streptococcus anginosus endophthalmitis can occur in young, seemingly healthy patients. Endogenous endophthalmitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis even without systemic comorbidities or other risk factors. Detailed questioning about medical history and thorough review of systems, including nonocular symptoms, are essential.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Adult ; Streptococcus anginosus ; Retrospective Studies ; Endophthalmitis/diagnosis ; Bacteremia ; Macula Lutea
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article
    ISSN 1937-1578
    ISSN (online) 1937-1578
    DOI 10.1097/ICB.0000000000001245
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  9. Article: Lysine Ubiquitylation Drives Rhodopsin Protein Turnover.

    Chen, Allen P F / Chea, Leon / Lee, Eun-Jin / Lin, Jonathan H

    Advances in experimental medicine and biology

    2023  Volume 1415, Page(s) 493–498

    Abstract: Rhodopsin is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is specifically and abundantly expressed in rod photoreceptors. Over 150 rhodopsin mutations cause autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). The most common mutation in the United States is the ... ...

    Abstract Rhodopsin is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is specifically and abundantly expressed in rod photoreceptors. Over 150 rhodopsin mutations cause autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). The most common mutation in the United States is the conversion of proline to histidine at position 23 (P23H) in the N-terminal domain of rhodopsin. We previously found that P23H rhodopsin was misfolded, ubiquitinylated, and rapidly degraded. Here, we investigated the role of lysine residues on P23H rhodopsin ubiquitinylation and turnover. We transfected HEK293 cells with a P23H human rhodopsin construct where all 11 lysine residues were mutated to arginine (K-null P23H). We found that the K-null P23H rhodopsin was significantly less ubiquitylated than intact P23H rhodopsin. We found that K-null P23H protein turnover was significantly slower compared to P23H rhodopsin through cycloheximide chase analysis. Finally, we also generated a wild-type rhodopsin construct where all lysines were converted to arginine and found significantly reduced ubiquitylation. Our findings identify ubiquitinylation of lysine residues as an important posttranslational modification involved in P23H rhodopsin protein degradation.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Animals ; Rhodopsin/metabolism ; Lysine/metabolism ; Proteolysis ; HEK293 Cells ; Mutation ; Ubiquitination ; Disease Models, Animal
    Chemical Substances Rhodopsin (9009-81-8) ; Lysine (K3Z4F929H6)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 410187-X
    ISSN 0065-2598
    ISSN 0065-2598
    DOI 10.1007/978-3-031-27681-1_72
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  10. Book ; Online: Stratospheric Modulation of the MJO through Cirrus Cloud Feedbacks

    Lin, Jonathan / Emanuel, Kerry

    2022  

    Abstract: Recent observations have indicated significant modulation of the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) by the phase of the stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) during boreal winter. Composites of the MJO show that upper tropospheric ice cloud ... ...

    Abstract Recent observations have indicated significant modulation of the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) by the phase of the stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) during boreal winter. Composites of the MJO show that upper tropospheric ice cloud fraction and water vapor anomalies are generally collocated, and that an eastward tilt with height in cloud fraction exists. Through radiative transfer calculations, it is shown that ice clouds have a stronger tropospheric radiative forcing than do water vapor anomalies, highlighting the importance of incorporating upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric processes into simple models of the MJO. The coupled troposphere-stratosphere linear model previously developed by the authors is extended by including a mean wind in the stratosphere and a prognostic equation for cirrus clouds, which are forced dynamically and allowed to modulate tropospheric radiative cooling, similar to the effect of tropospheric water vapor in previous formulations. Under these modifications, the model still produces a slow, eastward propagating mode that resembles the MJO. The sign of zonal mean wind in the stratosphere is shown to control both the upward wave propagation and tropospheric vertical structure of the mode. Under varying stratospheric wind and interactive cirrus cloud radiation, the MJO-like mode has weaker growth rates under stratospheric westerlies than easterlies, consistent with the observed MJO-QBO relationship. These results are directly attributable to an enhanced barotropic mode under QBO easterlies. It is also shown that differential zonal advection of cirrus clouds leads to weaker growth rates under stratospheric westerlies than easterlies. Implications and limitations of the linear theory are discussed.
    Keywords Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
    Subject code 551
    Publishing date 2022-04-05
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
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