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Article: Simple and farmer-friendly bumblebee conservation: straw bales as nest sites in agricultural landscapes

Lindström, Sandra A.M. / Rundlöf, Maj / Herbertsson, Lina

Basic and applied ecology. 2022 June 19,

2022

Abstract: Many bumblebee species are declining due to a loss of semi-natural habitats in agricultural landscapes resulting in diminished forage and nest sites. Anecdotal experience indicates that bumblebees nest in straw bales, but scientific evidence is lacking. ... ...

Abstract	Many bumblebee species are declining due to a loss of semi-natural habitats in agricultural landscapes resulting in diminished forage and nest sites. Anecdotal experience indicates that bumblebees nest in straw bales, but scientific evidence is lacking. We spent 250 h screening for bumblebee nests in 1255 straw bales and ten straw stacks belonging to 58 farms in two intensively farmed Swedish regions and recorded nests, nest traffic, and straw characteristics. We supplemented the straw screening with screening of control areas, without straw, that were selected in similar environments as the areas with straw. We observed 45 bumblebee nests (including potential nests where a single bumblebee flew in or out of the straw) of eight species/species groups, including one red-listed, in or directly adjacent to the straw at 26 of the farms. Nests were mainly found in partly decayed straw and bales placed together. We found no nests in control areas. Based on our results, we suggest that straw can be used as an easy, cheap and efficient intervention to increase the availability of bumblebee nest sites in agricultural landscapes. Considering the costs and benefits of the alternatives, we conclude that straw addition has advantages over commercial bumblebee colonies for crop pollination purposes and over artificial nest boxes for conservation purposes.
Keywords	Bombus ; applied ecology ; forage ; nests ; pollination ; straw ; traffic
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0619
Publishing place	Elsevier GmbH
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	2026806-3
ISSN	1439-1791
ISSN	1439-1791
DOI	10.1016/j.baae.2022.06.008
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Legacy of landscape crop diversity enhances carabid beetle species richness and promotes granivores

Raderschall, Chloé A. / Lundin, Ola / Aguilera, Guillermo / Lindström, Sandra A.M. / Bommarco, Riccardo

Agriculture, ecosystems & environment. 2022 Sept. 22,

2022

Abstract: It is well understood that agricultural expansion and associated loss of semi-natural habitat in the landscape are major drivers for the marked decline in biodiversity. While conserving remaining semi-natural habitat patches is essential to reverse ... ...

Abstract	It is well understood that agricultural expansion and associated loss of semi-natural habitat in the landscape are major drivers for the marked decline in biodiversity. While conserving remaining semi-natural habitat patches is essential to reverse ongoing biodiversity declines, increasing focus has also been put on diversifying cropland itself by increasing landscape crop diversity as a measure of compositional heterogeneity, and reducing field sizes as a measure of configurational heterogeneity. Both these cropland diversification approaches have shown promise to enhance biodiversity in the year of sampling, but it is unknown whether legacies of crop diversity in the landscape promotes biodiversity by building up arthropod communities over time. We selected 14 faba bean fields in landscapes dominated by cropland. The fields were chosen along three gradients: landscape crop diversity of the year of sampling (2017), landscape crop diversity of the previous year (2016) and mean field size in landscapes. Using pitfall traps, we show that the carabid beetle species richness is higher in landscapes with higher crop diversity in the previous year. Especially, granivorous carabid beetles benefitted from legacies of crop diversity. Rove beetles were more abundant and genus rich in landscapes with larger field sizes, while spiders were not responding to any of the landscape variables. A diversity of crops in the landscape and their associated weed communities could provide more diverse food resources and shelter habitats, which build populations of carabid beetle species over time. There is a need to explore the effects of agri-environmental schemes across multiple years to better understand legacy effects, and to structure sustainable agricultural landscapes.
Keywords	Carabidae ; agriculture ; arthropods ; cropland ; environment ; faba beans ; granivores ; habitats ; landscapes ; species richness ; weeds
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0922
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	602345-9
ISSN	1873-2305 ; 0167-8809
ISSN (online)	1873-2305
ISSN	0167-8809
DOI	10.1016/j.agee.2022.108191
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Annual flower strips and honeybee hive supplementation differently affect arthropod guilds and ecosystem services in a mass-flowering crop

Raderschall, Chloé A. / Lundin, Ola / Lindström, Sandra A.M. / Bommarco, Riccardo

Agriculture, ecosystems & environment. 2022 Mar. 01, v. 326

2022

Abstract: Intensively managed agricultural landscapes have degraded the provisioning of diverse and continuous forage and shelter habitats for arthropods and weakened the delivery of ecosystem services such as insect crop pollination and biological pest control. ... ...

Abstract	Intensively managed agricultural landscapes have degraded the provisioning of diverse and continuous forage and shelter habitats for arthropods and weakened the delivery of ecosystem services such as insect crop pollination and biological pest control. In response, farmers are incentivised to sow flower strips along field margins to counteract resource bottlenecks. Yet, it is poorly understood how effective this diversification practice is when combined with the supplementation of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) hives, which is commonly used to boost insect pollination in flowering crops. Honeybees share floral resources with wild pollinators and natural enemies of pests, which could lead to competition for food resources. We sampled pollinators, natural enemies and their pests as well as estimated the benefit of insect pollination in 17 organic faba bean (Vicia faba minor L.) fields in southern Sweden either with or without sown annual flower strips and with or without added honeybee hives. In fields with flower strips, bumblebee (Bombus spp.) densities were redistributed from field edges to interiors but without affecting their overall densities. Flower strips enhanced silver Y moth (Autographa gamma L.) densities and carabid beetle Shannon diversity along the field edge, and overall spider activity density. The supplementation of honeybee hives enhanced honeybee densities, overall ladybird beetle densities, black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scop.) densities along field edges, but deterred silver Y moths and pushed bumblebees towards the field interior. Bean mass per plant was higher in insect pollinated plants compared with bagged, self-pollinated plants. This insect pollination benefit was independent of honeybee hive supplementation and the flower strip treatment suggesting that faba bean fields were not deficient in pollinator visits. We conclude that flower strips did not provide sufficient floral resources to increase overall wild pollinator densities in faba bean fields. Yet, annual flower strips attracted and facilitated ground-dwelling predators, especially spiders, to faba bean fields, likely by providing beneficial shelter habitats. It is worth noting that 2018, in which we collected our data, was characterised by late frosts in spring followed by an unusually hot and dry summer. While these unforeseen weather conditions together with a relatively small sample size might limit the generalisation of our results, we argue that conducting experiments under such conditions provide insights into the effectiveness of agri-environmental schemes under climate change, especially considering that such weather conditions are becoming increasingly more frequent.
Keywords	Aphis fabae ; Apis mellifera ; Autographa gamma ; Bombus ; Carabidae ; Vicia faba ; agriculture ; biological pest control ; climate change ; ecosystems ; edge effects ; environment ; faba beans ; flowers ; forage ; honey bees ; insect pollination ; pollinators ; sample size ; self-pollination ; silver ; spiders ; spring ; summer ; weather ; Sweden
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0301
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	602345-9
ISSN	1873-2305 ; 0167-8809
ISSN (online)	1873-2305
ISSN	0167-8809
DOI	10.1016/j.agee.2021.107754
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Landscape crop diversity and semi-natural habitat affect crop pollinators, pollination benefit and yield

Raderschall, Chloé A / Bommarco, Riccardo / Lindström, Sandra A.M / Lundin, Ola

Agriculture, ecosystems & environment. 2021 Feb. 01, v. 306

2021

Abstract: Agricultural intensification has led to the conversion of natural habitats into agricultural fields, increased field sizes and simplified crop rotations. The resulting homogenisation of the landscape has led to a decline in bees, which provide an ... ...

Abstract	Agricultural intensification has led to the conversion of natural habitats into agricultural fields, increased field sizes and simplified crop rotations. The resulting homogenisation of the landscape has led to a decline in bees, which provide an essential ecosystem service to agriculture. It has been suggested that an increase in landscape crop diversity supports higher biodiversity by providing more diverse and continuous resources without taking land out of agricultural production. We selected 14 faba bean (Vicia faba minor L.) fields in southern Sweden along uncorrelated gradients of landscape crop diversity and proportion of semi-natural habitat within 1.5 km radii surrounding focal fields. Pollinator surveys and pollinator exclusion experiments were conducted to assess whether landscape crop diversity affected pollinator densities, pollinator foraging behaviour (i.e. legitimate flower visitation, nectar robbing or extra-floral nectary visitation), pollination and yield formation. Landscape crop diversity enhanced bumble bee densities. Insect-pollinated faba bean plants produced, on average, 27 % higher bean weight per plant than bagged plants and the insect pollination benefit decreased with increasing semi-natural habitat cover. Bumble bee and honey bee densities, the proportion of nectar robbing bees as well as faba bean yield increased with increasing proportion of semi-natural habitat. Pollinator densities were not the driver of high yields associated with higher proportions of semi-natural habitat because the observed yield increase was unrelated to pollinator densities and driven by bagged plants that were excluded from pollinator visits. Insect pollination, however, clearly decreased the yield gap associated with low proportions of semi-natural habitat in the landscape. Our results highlight that agri-environmental policies should promote the retention of existing semi-natural habitats and encourage landscape crop diversity to provide pollinators with sufficient food and nesting resources.
Keywords	Bombus ; Vicia faba ; agri-environmental policy ; agriculture ; biodiversity ; crop rotation ; decline ; ecosystem services ; ecosystems ; environment ; faba beans ; fields ; foraging ; habitats ; homogenization ; honey bees ; insect pollination ; intensive farming ; landscapes ; nectar robbing ; nectaries ; nesting ; pollinators ; surveys ; weight ; yields ; Sweden
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0201
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light
ZDB-ID	602345-9
ISSN	1873-2305 ; 0167-8809
ISSN (online)	1873-2305
ISSN	0167-8809
DOI	10.1016/j.agee.2020.107189
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Flower strips enhance abundance of bumble bee queens and males in landscapes with few honey bee hives

Bommarco, Riccardo / Lindström, Sandra A.M. / Raderschall, Chloé A. / Gagic, Vesna / Lundin, Ola

Biological conservation. 2021 Nov., v. 263

2021

Abstract: Wild bee declines in agricultural landscapes have led farmers to supplement crops with honey bees. Simultaneously, environmental subsidy and conservation programmes have incentivized farmers to establish flower strips to support wild and managed ... ...

Abstract	Wild bee declines in agricultural landscapes have led farmers to supplement crops with honey bees. Simultaneously, environmental subsidy and conservation programmes have incentivized farmers to establish flower strips to support wild and managed pollinators. To find out if flower strips enhance, and competition from honey bees suppresses, wild bees in the landscape and across seasons, we surveyed bumble bee and honey bee abundances in 16 sites in Sweden in summer 2018. The centre of each site (2 km radius) was with or without an annual flower strip, and with or without added honey bee hives. We surveyed bees in each flower strip and in linear habitats in the landscape around each site, such as field edges and road verges. In the following spring, we surveyed bumble bee queen abundance in each site. We show that adding flower strips benefits bumble bee queen abundance the following year, but this effect is diminished if honeybee hives are added. In sites with flower strips, added honey bee hives reduced male bumble bee abundance. Our relatively small flower strip areas bolstered bumble bee population growth across seasons, probably by relieving a resource bottleneck. Adding honey bee hives in combination with flower strips to landscapes with few floral resources should be avoided as it cancelled the positive effect of flower strips.
Keywords	Bombus ; beehives ; flowers ; honey ; landscapes ; males ; population growth ; spring ; summer ; Sweden
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-11
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ISSN	0006-3207
DOI	10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109363
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Variable pollen viability and effects of pollen load size on components of seed set in cultivars and feral populations of oilseed rape.

Lankinen, Åsa / Lindström, Sandra A M / D'Hertefeldt, Tina

PloS one

2018 Volume 13, Issue 9, Page(s) e0204407

Abstract: Pollination success is important for crop yield, but may be cultivar dependent. Less is known about which floral traits influence pollination success. Floral traits, e.g. traits related to attraction and reward, can also contribute to gene flow via ... ...

Abstract	Pollination success is important for crop yield, but may be cultivar dependent. Less is known about which floral traits influence pollination success. Floral traits, e.g. traits related to attraction and reward, can also contribute to gene flow via pollen, the latter being of particular importance in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) where gene flow occurs between plants of crop, volunteer and feral origin as well as related taxa. We investigated the relationship between pollen load size and seed set in winter oilseed rape. We compared variability in pollen-viability traits, flower production (flowers from the main raceme times number of branches) and seed number and weight per siliqua among cultivars and feral populations (growing outside of agricultural fields) under controlled conditions. Both seed number and weight were saturated at relatively low pollen loads in the tested cultivar. Pollen viability and estimated flower production differed among cultivars, indicating that these traits could contribute to yield variability. Seed weight per siliqua, but not pollen traits or flower production, was lower in ferals compared to cultivars. Thus, while the probability of establishment may be reduced in ferals (due to lower seed weight per siliqua) this will not necessarily impact their contribution to gene flow via pollen. In oilseed rape a relatively low pollen load may be sufficient for full seed set in some cultivars, suggesting less dependence on insect pollination for high yield than generally expected. Our results also showed that previously less investigated floral traits, such as pollen viability, pollen tube growth rate and flower number, can differ between cultivars. Studies of these traits may provide targets for increasing crop yield and provide general knowledge about gene flow between cultivated, feral and related wild populations.
MeSH term(s)	Brassica napus/growth & development ; Brassica napus/physiology ; Plant Nectar/metabolism ; Pollen/growth & development ; Pollen/physiology ; Seeds/growth & development ; Tissue Survival
Chemical Substances	Plant Nectar
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0204407
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Reduced crop density increases floral resources to pollinators without affecting crop yield in organic and conventional fields

Sidemo‐Holm, William / Carrié, Romain / Ekroos, Johan / Lindström, Sandra A. M. / Smith, Henrik G.

Journal of applied ecology. 2021 July, v. 58, no. 7

2021

Abstract: Effective weed control in agricultural crop fields increases yields, but simultaneously reduces floral resources for pollinators because many weed species provide pollen and nectar. Consequently, efforts to enhance crop yields on organic farms by using ... ...

Abstract	Effective weed control in agricultural crop fields increases yields, but simultaneously reduces floral resources for pollinators because many weed species provide pollen and nectar. Consequently, efforts to enhance crop yields on organic farms by using effective weed control methods risk compromising positive effects of organic farming on pollinating insects. Thus, it is important to find management strategies that alleviate the trade‐off between crop yields and flowering weeds on organic farms. We investigated the relationship between cereal yields, flowering weeds and bumblebees on organic and conventional arable land. We also investigated the potential of adjusting crop sowing density to benefit flowering weed species richness and floral resources to bumblebees without affecting crop yield. Floral resources and species richness of flowering weeds were higher in organic compared to conventional fields and were negatively related to crop yield in organic but not conventional fields (where the variation of floral resources and flowering weed species richness was comparatively low). Bumblebee species richness was higher in organic compared to conventional fields, and abundance was twice as high in organic as in conventional fields, but not significantly so. Yields in organic fields were two thirds of those in conventional fields. When simultaneously testing the effect of farming type (organic vs. conventional), crop yield and floral resources, only floral resources were related significantly to bumblebee abundance and species richness. A lower sowing density of the crop increased floral resources without negatively affecting crop yield. Synthesis and applications. We show that organic farming practices in cereals benefit bumblebees by allowing more flowering weeds, but at a cost in terms of lower yields. However, adjusting crop sowing density provides an opportunity to attain increased floral resources without negatively affecting crop yields. Thus, by increasing floral resources, adjusting crop sowing density may contribute to supporting high bumblebee densities, which in turn sustain pollination services to wild plants and insect‐pollinated crops, such as oilseed rape and field beans, in agricultural landscapes. We suggest that sowing strategies have the potential to contribute to ecological intensification by supporting organisms that provide ecosystem services to agriculture.
Keywords	Bombus ; Brassica napus ; applied ecology ; arable soils ; crop yield ; crops ; ecosystems ; insect pollination ; nectar ; plant density ; pollen ; risk ; species richness ; weed control ; weeds
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-07
Size	p. 1421-1430.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	410405-5
ISSN	1365-2664 ; 0021-8901
ISSN (online)	1365-2664
ISSN	0021-8901
DOI	10.1111/1365-2664.13887
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Article ; Online: Large-scale pollination experiment demonstrates the importance of insect pollination in winter oilseed rape.

Lindström, Sandra A M / Herbertsson, Lina / Rundlöf, Maj / Smith, Henrik G / Bommarco, Riccardo

Oecologia

2016 Volume 180, Issue 3, Page(s) 759–769

Abstract: Insect pollination, despite its potential to contribute substantially to crop production, is not an integrated part of agronomic planning. A major reason for this are knowledge gaps in the contribution of pollinators to yield, which partly result from ... ...

Abstract	Insect pollination, despite its potential to contribute substantially to crop production, is not an integrated part of agronomic planning. A major reason for this are knowledge gaps in the contribution of pollinators to yield, which partly result from difficulties in determining area-based estimates of yield effects from insect pollination under field conditions. We have experimentally manipulated honey bee Apis mellifera densities at 43 oilseed rape Brassica napus fields over 2 years in Scandinavia. Honey bee hives were placed in 22 fields; an additional 21 fields without large apiaries in the surrounding landscape were selected as controls. Depending on the pollination system in the parental generation, the B. napus cultivars in the crop fields are classified as either open-pollinated or first-generation hybrids, with both types being open-pollinated in the generation of plants cultivated in the fields. Three cultivars of each type were grown. We measured the activity of flower-visiting insects during flowering and estimated yields by harvesting with small combine harvesters. The addition of honey bee hives to the fields dramatically increased abundance of flower-visiting honey bees in those fields. Honey bees affected yield, but the effect depended on cultivar type (p = 0.04). Post-hoc analysis revealed that open-pollinated cultivars, but not hybrid cultivars, had 11% higher yields in fields with added honey bees than those grown in the control fields (p = 0.07). To our knowledge, this is the first whole-field study in replicated landscapes to assess the benefit of insect pollination in oilseed rape. Our results demonstrate that honey bees have the potential to increase oilseed rape yields, thereby emphasizing the importance of pollinator management for optimal cultivation of oilseed rape.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bees ; Biomass ; Brassica napus/growth & development ; Brassica napus/physiology ; Flowers ; Insecta ; Pollination ; Scandinavian and Nordic Countries ; Seasons ; Species Specificity
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-03
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	123369-5
ISSN	1432-1939 ; 0029-8549
ISSN (online)	1432-1939
ISSN	0029-8549
DOI	10.1007/s00442-015-3517-x
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: (with research data) Experimental evidence that honeybees depress wild insect densities in a flowering crop.

Lindström, Sandra A M / Herbertsson, Lina / Rundlöf, Maj / Bommarco, Riccardo / Smith, Henrik G

Proceedings. Biological sciences

2016 Volume 283, Issue 1843

Abstract: While addition of managed honeybees (Apis mellifera) improves pollination of many entomophilous crops, it is unknown if it simultaneously suppresses the densities of wild insects through competition. To investigate this, we added 624 honeybee hives to 23 ...

Abstract	While addition of managed honeybees (Apis mellifera) improves pollination of many entomophilous crops, it is unknown if it simultaneously suppresses the densities of wild insects through competition. To investigate this, we added 624 honeybee hives to 23 fields of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) over 2 years and made sure that the areas around 21 other fields were free from honeybee hives. We demonstrate that honeybee addition depresses the densities of wild insects (bumblebees, solitary bees, hoverflies, marchflies, other flies, and other flying and flower-visiting insects) even in a massive flower resource such as oilseed rape. The effect was independent of the complexity of the surrounding landscape, but increased with the size of the crop field, which suggests that the effect was caused by spatial displacement of wild insects. Our results have potential implications both for the pollination of crops (if displacement of wild pollinators offsets benefits achieved by adding honeybees) and for conservation of wild insects (if displacement results in negative fitness consequences).
MeSH term(s)	Agriculture/methods ; Animals ; Bees ; Brassica napus ; Crops, Agricultural ; Flowers ; Insecta ; Pollination ; Population Dynamics
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-11-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209242-6
ISSN	1471-2954 ; 0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
ISSN (online)	1471-2954
ISSN	0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
DOI	10.1098/rspb.2016.1641
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: Data from

Blasi Romero, Maria / Bartomeus, Ignasi / Bommarco, Riccardo / Gagic, Vesna / Garratt, Michael / Holzschuh, Andrea / Kleijn, David / Lindström, Sandra A.M. / Olsson, Peter / Polce, Chiara / Potts, Simon G. / Rundlöf, Maj / Scheper, Jeroen / Smith, Henrik G. / Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf / Clough, Yann

Evaluating predictive performance of statistical models explaining wild bee abundance in a mass-flowering crop

2021

Abstract: Wild bee populations are threatened by current agricultural practices in many parts of the world, which may put pollination services and crop yields at risk. Loss of pollination services can potentially be predicted by models that link bee abundances ... ...

Abstract	Wild bee populations are threatened by current agricultural practices in many parts of the world, which may put pollination services and crop yields at risk. Loss of pollination services can potentially be predicted by models that link bee abundances with landscape-scale land-use, but there is little knowledge on the degree to which these statistical models are transferable across time and space. This study assesses the transferability of models for wild bee abundance in a mass-flowering crop across space (from one region to another) and across time (from one year to another). The models used existing data on bumblebee and solitary bee abundance in winter oilseed rape fields, together with high-resolution land-use crop-cover and semi-natural habitats data, from studies conducted in five different regions located in four countries (Sweden, Germany, Netherlands, and the UK), in three different years (2011, 2012, 2013). We developed a hierarchical model combining all studies and evaluated the transferability using cross-validation. We found that both the landscape-scale cover of mass-flowering crops and permanent semi-natural habitats, including grasslands and forests, are important drivers of wild bee abundance in all regions. However, while the negative effect of increasing mass-flowering crops on the density of the pollinators is consistent between studies, the direction of the effect of semi-natural habitat is variable between studies. The transferability of these statistical models is limited, especially across regions, but also across time. Our study demonstrates the limits of using statistical models in conjunction with widely available land-use crop-cover classes for extrapolating pollinator density across years and regions, likely in part because input variables such as cover of semi-natural habitats poorly capture variability in pollinator resources between regions and years.
Keywords	Life Science
Subject code	333
Publisher	Dryad
Publishing country	nl
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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