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  1. Article ; Online: Structured clinical interview for diagnosing obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders.

    Lochner, Christine / Maré, Karen T / Stein, Dan J

    Comprehensive psychiatry

    2024  Volume 133, Page(s) 152494

    Abstract: Background: There are several established structured diagnostic interviews that cover common mental disorders seen in general psychiatry clinics. The administration of more focused diagnostic interviews may be useful in specialty clinics, such as OCD ... ...

    Abstract Background: There are several established structured diagnostic interviews that cover common mental disorders seen in general psychiatry clinics. The administration of more focused diagnostic interviews may be useful in specialty clinics, such as OCD clinics. A semi-structured clinician-administered interview for obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (SCID-OCSD) was developed and adapted for DSM-5/ICD-11 obsessive-compulsive and related disorders as well as other putative obsessive-compulsive spectrum conditions.
    Objective: To introduce a semi-structured diagnostic interview for in-depth assessment of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSDs), and to report on its implementation in adults with primary OCD attending an OCD-specialized unit.
    Methods: Patients with primary OCD were interviewed using the SCID-OCSD. The SCID-OCSD assesses disorders drawn from several diagnostic categories that share some core features of obsessive-compulsive phenomenology and that are often comorbid in OCD (e.g., obsessive-compulsive related disorders, impulse-control disorders, and a spectrum of compulsive-impulsive conditions such as tics, eating disorders, non-suicidal self-injury, and behavioral addictions. Participants had to be at least moderately symptomatic on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Severity scale (YBOCS, i.e., a total score ≥ 14) to be included in the current study.
    Results: One hundred and one adult patients with current OCD (n = 101, 37 men and 64 women), took part in the study. Forty-two participants (n = 42) had OCD and one or more current or past comorbid OCSDs, with excoriation (skin-picking) disorder (n = 16) and body dysmorphic disorder (n = 14) being the most common. Nine (n = 9) participants reported a history of non-suicidal self-injury, and 6 participants reported a history of comorbid tics.
    Conclusions: In OCD clinics, the SCID-OCSD may help diagnose the full range of putative OCSDs, and so facilitate treatment planning and research on these conditions.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-05-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 127556-2
    ISSN 1532-8384 ; 0010-440X
    ISSN (online) 1532-8384
    ISSN 0010-440X
    DOI 10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152494
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  2. Article ; Online: Nosology of behavioral addictions: Intersections with philosophy of psychiatry •.

    Stein, Dan J / Lochner, Christine

    Journal of behavioral addictions

    2022  Volume 11, Issue 2, Page(s) 186–190

    Abstract: Writing in this journal, Brand and colleagues have proposed criteria for other specified disorders due to addictive behaviors. Their proposal intersects with key debates in philosophy of psychiatry, including how best to define mental disorders, to ... ...

    Abstract Writing in this journal, Brand and colleagues have proposed criteria for other specified disorders due to addictive behaviors. Their proposal intersects with key debates in philosophy of psychiatry, including how best to define mental disorders, to validate them, and to optimize their meta-structure. Review of these debates in the context of behavioral addictions suggests several conclusions. First, these debates involve "essentially contested" constructs that require ongoing consideration and judgment. Second, the complexity of psychopathology suggests multiple legitimate approaches to delineating traits and explicating mechanisms. Third, in optimizing meta-structure, non-psychobiological considerations are crucial - the overlapping public mental health approach to addictive disorders is paramount.
    MeSH term(s) Behavior, Addictive ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/diagnosis ; Philosophy ; Psychiatry ; Psychopathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-13
    Publishing country Hungary
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2817933-X
    ISSN 2063-5303 ; 2063-5303
    ISSN (online) 2063-5303
    ISSN 2063-5303
    DOI 10.1556/2006.2022.00033
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  3. Article: Editorial: Obsessive-compulsive related disorders (OCRD) across the lifespan.

    Lochner, Christine / Prochwicz, Katarzyna / Grünblatt, Edna

    Frontiers in psychiatry

    2023  Volume 14, Page(s) 1296074

    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-06
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 2564218-2
    ISSN 1664-0640
    ISSN 1664-0640
    DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1296074
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  4. Article ; Online: Use of Post-mortem Brain Tissue in Investigations of Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review.

    Lochner, Christine / Naudé, Petrus J W / Stein, Dan J

    Current neuropharmacology

    2023  Volume 22, Issue 5, Page(s) 963–975

    Abstract: Background: Post-mortem examination of the brain is a key strategy to increase our understanding of the neurobiology of mental disorders. While extensive post-mortem research has been undertaken on some mental disorders, others appear to have been ... ...

    Abstract Background: Post-mortem examination of the brain is a key strategy to increase our understanding of the neurobiology of mental disorders. While extensive post-mortem research has been undertaken on some mental disorders, others appear to have been relatively neglected.
    Objective: The objective of the study was to conduct a systematic review of post-mortem research on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
    Methods: A systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines to provide an overview of quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods primary research studies on OCD. Search platforms included NCBI Pubmed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science.
    Results: A total of 52 publications were found, and after the removal of works not meeting the inclusion criteria, six (6) peer-reviewed publications remained. These post-mortem studies have provided data on DNA methylation, cellular and molecular alterations, and gene expression profiling in brain areas associated with OCD.
    Discussion and conclusion: Included studies highlight the potential value of post-mortem brains from well-characterized individuals with OCD and suggest the need for additional work in this area.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ; Brain ; Research Design
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-29
    Publishing country United Arab Emirates
    Document type Systematic Review ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2192352-8
    ISSN 1875-6190 ; 1570-159X
    ISSN (online) 1875-6190
    ISSN 1570-159X
    DOI 10.2174/1570159X21666230829145425
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  5. Article ; Online: Family functioning and problematic usage of the internet in youth: A cross-sectional investigation.

    Lochner, Christine / van den Berg, Gizela / Chamberlain, Samuel R / Marincowitz, Clara / Coetzee, Bronwyne

    Journal of psychiatric research

    2024  Volume 173, Page(s) 239–244

    Abstract: Background: Problematic usage of the internet (PUI) refers to maladaptive use of the Internet linked to functional impairment as a growing concern in many countries. Youths are often considered more vulnerable to PUI than other age groups. The ... ...

    Abstract Background: Problematic usage of the internet (PUI) refers to maladaptive use of the Internet linked to functional impairment as a growing concern in many countries. Youths are often considered more vulnerable to PUI than other age groups. The relationship between PUI and family dynamics is likely bidirectional and complex, warranting further research. Using a cross-sectional study design, we aimed to determine the rate of PUI and the association between PUI and family functioning in a South African sample between the ages of 18 and 30 years.
    Methods: South African youths were recruited via email and social media. Respondents completed an online survey as part of a cross-sectional study to assess the extent and the types of activities for which they use the internet, as well as the quality of their family relationships and functioning, employing standardised questionnaires (including the IAT-10) and the General Functioning Scale of the Family Assessment Device (GF-FAD). The sample included 814 participants (65% female; aged 21 years; SD 3 years).
    Results: 15.5% of our sample presented with PUI. There was a significant, moderate positive correlation between totals on the IAT-10 and GF-FAD (r = 0.33, p < .001). An independent samples t-test found that individuals with self-reported PUI (GF-FAD: M = 2.57, SD = 0.51) had significantly poorer quality family functioning than individuals without PUI (GF-FAD: M = 2.13, SD = 0.61; t (812) = -7.52, p < .001; Cohen's d = -0.73, 95% CI [-0.92, -0.54]). Correlations were found between increased time spent on various online activities, including pornography (r = 0.20, p < 0.001), cyberbullying (r = 0.17, p < 0.001), social networking (r = 0.11, p = 0.003), and streaming media (r = 0.11, p = 0.003), and poorer quality family functioning.
    Conclusion: PUI is common in South African youth. Presence of PUI and increased PUI severity were associated with worse family functioning in this sample. We recommend using family-based approaches in promoting a healthy family environment, and in the prevention of PUI and mitigation of its effects, with the goal of striking a balance between the benefits of the internet and its potential role in compromising aspects of family relationships.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Adolescent ; Female ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Male ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Behavior, Addictive ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Self Report ; Social Media ; Internet
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3148-3
    ISSN 1879-1379 ; 0022-3956
    ISSN (online) 1879-1379
    ISSN 0022-3956
    DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.03.038
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  6. Article ; Online: Structural brain network connectivity in trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder).

    Roos, Annerine / Fouche, Jean-Paul / Stein, Dan J / Lochner, Christine

    Brain imaging and behavior

    2023  Volume 17, Issue 4, Page(s) 395–402

    Abstract: Neuroimaging studies suggest involvement of frontal, striatal, limbic and cerebellar regions in trichotillomania, an obsessive-compulsive related disorder. However, findings regarding the underlying neural circuitry remains limited and inconsistent. ... ...

    Abstract Neuroimaging studies suggest involvement of frontal, striatal, limbic and cerebellar regions in trichotillomania, an obsessive-compulsive related disorder. However, findings regarding the underlying neural circuitry remains limited and inconsistent. Graph theoretical analysis offers a way to identify structural brain networks in trichotillomania. T1-weighted MRI scans were acquired in adult females with trichotillomania (n = 23) and healthy controls (n = 16). Graph theoretical analysis was used to investigate structural networks as derived from cortical thickness and volumetric FreeSurfer output. Hubs, brain regions with highest connectivity in the global network, were identified, and group differences were determined. Regions with highest connectivity on a regional level were also determined. There were no differences in small-worldness or other network measures between groups. Hubs in the global network of trichotillomania patients included temporal, parietal, and occipital regions (at 2SD above mean network connectivity), as well as frontal and striatal regions (at 1SD above mean network connectivity). In contrast, in healthy controls hubs at 2SD represented different frontal, parietal and temporal regions, while at 1SD hubs were widespread. The inferior temporal gyrus, involved in object recognition as part of the ventral visual pathway, had significantly higher connectivity on a global and regional level in trichotillomania. The study included women only and sample size was limited. This study adds to the trichotillomania literature on structural brain network connectivity. Our study findings are consistent with previous studies that have implicated somatosensory, sensorimotor and frontal-striatal circuitry in trichotillomania, and partially overlap with structural connectivity findings in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Female ; Trichotillomania/diagnostic imaging ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnostic imaging ; Hair
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2377165-3
    ISSN 1931-7565 ; 1931-7557
    ISSN (online) 1931-7565
    ISSN 1931-7557
    DOI 10.1007/s11682-023-00767-5
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  7. Article: The neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: a systematic review.

    Marincowitz, Clara / Lochner, Christine / Stein, Dan J

    CNS spectrums

    2021  Volume 27, Issue 6, Page(s) 664–675

    Abstract: Background: A number of recent investigations have focused on the neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). However, there have been few reviews of this literature with no detailed model proposed. We therefore undertook a ... ...

    Abstract Background: A number of recent investigations have focused on the neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). However, there have been few reviews of this literature with no detailed model proposed. We therefore undertook a systematic review of these investigations, aiming to map the available evidence and investigate whether it is possible to formulate a detailed model of the neurobiology of OCPD.
    Methods: OCPD can be considered from both categorical and dimensional perspectives. An electronic search was therefore conducted using terms that would address not only OCPD as a category, but also related constructs, such as perfectionism, that would capture research on neuropsychology, neuroimaging, neurochemistry, and neurogenetics.
    Results: A total of 1059 articles were retrieved, with 87 ultimately selected for abstract screening, resulting in a final selection of 49 articles focusing on neurobiological investigations relevant to OCPD. Impaired executive function and cognitive inflexibility are common neuropsychological traits in this condition, and suggest that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and OCPD may lie on a continuum. However, neuroimaging studies in OCPD indicate the involvement of specific neurocircuitry, including the precuneus and amygdala, and so suggest that OCD and OCPD may have important differences. Although OCPD has a heritable component, we found no well-powered genetic studies of OCPD.
    Conclusion: Although knowledge in this area has advanced, there are insufficient data on which to base a comprehensive model of the neurobiology of OCPD. Given the clinical importance of OCPD, further work to understand the mechanisms that underpin this condition is warranted.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Compulsive Personality Disorder ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnostic imaging ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/genetics ; Neurobiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2008418-3
    ISSN 2165-6509 ; 1092-8529
    ISSN (online) 2165-6509
    ISSN 1092-8529
    DOI 10.1017/S1092852921000754
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  8. Article: Help-Seeking Intention in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Predictors and Barriers in South Africa.

    Hathorn, Sarah Kate / Lochner, Christine / Stein, Dan J / Bantjes, Jason

    Frontiers in psychiatry

    2021  Volume 12, Page(s) 733773

    Abstract: Introduction: ...

    Abstract Introduction:
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-24
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2564218-2
    ISSN 1664-0640
    ISSN 1664-0640
    DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.733773
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  9. Article ; Online: Efficacy and tolerability of pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

    Gecaite-Stonciene, Julija / Williams, Taryn / Lochner, Christine / Hoffman, Jacob / Stein, Dan J

    Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy

    2022  Volume 23, Issue 11, Page(s) 1351–1358

    Abstract: Introduction: Although obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is one of the most prevalent personality disorders, it is one of the least studied. There is debate as to whether pharmacotherapy is efficacious for OCPD. We aimed to systematically ...

    Abstract Introduction: Although obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is one of the most prevalent personality disorders, it is one of the least studied. There is debate as to whether pharmacotherapy is efficacious for OCPD. We aimed to systematically evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of pharmacotherapy for OCPD.
    Areas covered: This systematic review found two randomized controlled trials investigating pharmacotherapy of OCPD. In a study of major depression (n = 308) with comorbid OCPD (n = 71), citalopram was more effective for OCPD than sertraline with fewer drop-outs from treatment. In a small study of OCPD (n = 24), fluvoxamine was more effective than placebo, and there was a low drop-out rate. Risk of bias and quality assessment of these studies was not possible, and findings have very low levels of certainty.
    Expert opinion: Two studies provide preliminary evidence in support of citalopram and fluvoxamine for OCPD. Further randomized controlled trials are required before firm conclusions can be drawn regarding efficacy of pharmacotherapy for OCPD.
    MeSH term(s) Citalopram/adverse effects ; Compulsive Personality Disorder/therapy ; Fluvoxamine/adverse effects ; Humans ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/drug therapy ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
    Chemical Substances Citalopram (0DHU5B8D6V) ; Fluvoxamine (O4L1XPO44W)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 2001535-5
    ISSN 1744-7666 ; 1465-6566
    ISSN (online) 1744-7666
    ISSN 1465-6566
    DOI 10.1080/14656566.2022.2100695
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  10. Article ; Online: A cross-national validation of the Internet Severity and Activities Addiction Questionnaire (ISAAQ).

    Omrawo, Charlene / Ioannidis, Konstantinos / Grant, Jon E / Lutz, Nina / Chamberlain, Samuel R / Stein, Dan J / Tiego, Jeggan / Kidd, Martin / Lochner, Christine

    Comprehensive psychiatry

    2023  Volume 122, Page(s) 152378

    Abstract: Problematic usage of the internet (PUI) is of increasing concern in a digitalized world. While several screening tools have been developed to assess PUI, few have had their psychometric properties evaluated, and existing scales are also not typically ... ...

    Abstract Problematic usage of the internet (PUI) is of increasing concern in a digitalized world. While several screening tools have been developed to assess PUI, few have had their psychometric properties evaluated, and existing scales are also not typically designed to quantify both the severity of PUI and the nature of diverse problematic online activities. The Internet Severity and Activities Addiction Questionnaire (ISAAQ), consisting of a severity scale (ISAAQ Part A) and an online activities scale (ISAAQ part B) was previously developed to address these limitations. This study undertook psychometric validation of ISAAQ Part A using data from three countries. The optimal one-factor structure of ISAAQ Part A was determined in a large dataset from South Africa, then validated against datasets from the United Kingdom and United States. The scale had high Cronbach's alpha (≥0.9 in each country). A working operational cut-off point was determined to distinguish between those with some degree of problematic use and those without (ISAAQ Part A), and insight was given into the types of potentially problematic activities that may encompass PUI (ISAAQ Part B).
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Behavior, Addictive/diagnosis ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Psychometrics ; United Kingdom ; South Africa ; Internet ; Reproducibility of Results
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 127556-2
    ISSN 1532-8384 ; 0010-440X
    ISSN (online) 1532-8384
    ISSN 0010-440X
    DOI 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152378
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