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Article ; Online: Winter warm-up frequency and the degree of temperature fluctuations affect survival outcomes of spotted-wing drosophila winter morphotypes.

Stockton, Dara G / Loeb, Gregory M

Journal of insect physiology

2021 Volume 131, Page(s) 104246

Abstract: Among overwintering Drosophila suzukii, discrete environmental changes in temperature and photoperiod induce a suite of biochemical changes conferring cold tolerance. However, little is known regarding how temperature fluctuations, which can influence ... ...

Abstract	Among overwintering Drosophila suzukii, discrete environmental changes in temperature and photoperiod induce a suite of biochemical changes conferring cold tolerance. However, little is known regarding how temperature fluctuations, which can influence metabolic and cellular repair activity, affect survival outcomes in this species. For that reason, we designed three experiments to test the effects of intermittent warm-up periods and the degree of temperature fluctuation on winter-morphotype (WM) D. suzukii survival. We found that at 5 °C, a temperature sufficient to induce reproductive diapause, but warm enough to allow foraging, increasing warm-up frequency (warmed to 25 °C at various interval schedules) was associated with decreased survival. In contrast, when the nightly low temperature was 0 °C, daily fluctuations that warmed the environment to temperatures above freezing (5, or 15 °C) appeared beneficial and resulted in improved survival compared to flies held at 0 °C during day and night. When we next evaluated cold tolerance using a 24-hour stress test assay (-5 °C), we found that again, thermal fluctuations improved survival compared to static freezing conditions. However, we also found that WM D. suzukii exposed to freezing temperatures during acclimation were less cold tolerant, regardless of the thermal fluctuation schedule, indicating that there may be tradeoffs between adequate acclimation temperature, which is required to induce cold tolerance, and the ensuing effects of incidental chill injury. Moving forward, these data, which account for the nuanced interactions between the thermal environment and in the internal physiology of D. suzukii, may help refine seasonal populations models, which aim to forecast pest pressure based on conditions the previous winter.
MeSH term(s)	Acclimatization ; Animals ; Cold Temperature ; Drosophila/physiology ; Female ; Stress, Physiological
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ISSN	1879-1611
ISSN (online)	1879-1611
DOI	10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104246
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Article ; Online: Effects of SmartWater, a fluorescent mark, on the dispersal, behavior, and biocontrol efficacy of Phytoseiulus persimilis.

Rosser, Emma / Willden, Samantha A / Loeb, Gregory M

Experimental & applied acarology

2022 Volume 87, Issue 2-3, Page(s) 163–174

Abstract: New marking methods for studying small biocontrol agents (especially predatory mites) are needed because many current techniques are expensive, ineffective or not applicable to small organisms. The objective of this study was to determine whether ... ...

Abstract	New marking methods for studying small biocontrol agents (especially predatory mites) are needed because many current techniques are expensive, ineffective or not applicable to small organisms. The objective of this study was to determine whether SmartWater, a liquid and permanent fluorescent dye, can be used to mark Phytoseiulus persimilis for experimentation without any deleterious effects on its dispersal, behavior, reproduction, and biocontrol efficacy. Our results show that there were no significant differences in movement, inter-plant dispersal, feeding behavior, survivability, and reproduction between marked P. persimilis and control individuals sprayed with water. We also found that the SmartWater mark lasted for the duration of the mites' life, indicating strong durability over time. Marking efficacy may be reduced, due to a trade-off between batch marking efficacy and the possibility of drowning study organisms. However, we feel future research could improve liquid marking techniques that would reduce this risk. Overall, this study concludes that SmartWater could be a useful marking tool for predatory mites in both laboratory and field studies.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Mites ; Predatory Behavior
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-13
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	11320-7
ISSN	1572-9702 ; 0168-8162
ISSN (online)	1572-9702
ISSN	0168-8162
DOI	10.1007/s10493-022-00732-9
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Article ; Online: The effect of UVB-blocking plastics on the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana and a conventional product against Lygus lineolaris on low tunnel strawberry.

Willden, Samantha A / Ugine, Todd A / Loeb, Gregory M

Pest management science

2022 Volume 78, Issue 10, Page(s) 4268–4277

Abstract: Background: Effective, safe and practical biocontrol options are greatly needed for combating Lygus lineolaris on protected culture strawberry. This study demonstrated how ultaviolet (UV)-selective plastics can improve the efficacy of the fungal ... ...

Abstract	Background: Effective, safe and practical biocontrol options are greatly needed for combating Lygus lineolaris on protected culture strawberry. This study demonstrated how ultaviolet (UV)-selective plastics can improve the efficacy of the fungal biocontrol agent Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol) compared to the conventional insecticide acetamiprid (Assail) against L. lineolaris on low tunnel strawberry. Results: We found that UVB-blocking treatments improved B. bassiana spore viability in both in vitro and in vivo laboratory experiments. In the field, survival of Mycotrol-treated sentinel L. lineolaris was lowest under UVB-blocking low tunnels, but this did not translate into significant differences among covering treatments in local L. lineolaris density or fruit damage. In contrast, applying the product Assail resulted in the lowest L. lineolaris density and highest quality yield compared to Mycotrol sprays. This was especially pronounced under low tunnels of any UV-limiting plastic. Conclusions: This study indicates that growing under low tunnels is a useful tool to improve the efficacy of conventional products and biopesticides containing microbial biocontrol agents. The efficacy of both products was improved under low tunnels, and specifically under UVB-blocking plastics for Mycotrol containing B. bassiana. However, there was little evidence that UVB plastics resulted in lower L. lineolaris densities and proportion of damaged fruit for either product in the field. Therefore we conclude that growing under any plastic covering is likely to benefit growers, but the economic value of growing under UVB tunnels is unclear. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Beauveria ; Fragaria ; Heteroptera/microbiology ; Insecticides ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; Plastics
Chemical Substances	Insecticides ; Plastics
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2001705-4
ISSN	1526-4998 ; 1526-498X
ISSN (online)	1526-4998
ISSN	1526-498X
DOI	10.1002/ps.7046
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Article: Effects of SmartWater, a fluorescent mark, on the dispersal, behavior, and biocontrol efficacy of Phytoseiulus persimilis

Rosser, Emma / Willden, Samantha A. / Loeb, Gregory M.

Experimental & applied acarology. 2022 July, v. 87, no. 2-3

2022

Abstract	New marking methods for studying small biocontrol agents (especially predatory mites) are needed because many current techniques are expensive, ineffective or not applicable to small organisms. The objective of this study was to determine whether SmartWater, a liquid and permanent fluorescent dye, can be used to mark Phytoseiulus persimilis for experimentation without any deleterious effects on its dispersal, behavior, reproduction, and biocontrol efficacy. Our results show that there were no significant differences in movement, inter-plant dispersal, feeding behavior, survivability, and reproduction between marked P. persimilis and control individuals sprayed with water. We also found that the SmartWater mark lasted for the duration of the mites’ life, indicating strong durability over time. Marking efficacy may be reduced, due to a trade-off between batch marking efficacy and the possibility of drowning study organisms. However, we feel future research could improve liquid marking techniques that would reduce this risk. Overall, this study concludes that SmartWater could be a useful marking tool for predatory mites in both laboratory and field studies.
Keywords	Phytoseiulus persimilis ; acarology ; biological control ; durability ; fluorescence ; fluorescent dyes ; liquids ; reproduction ; risk
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-07
Size	p. 163-174.
Publishing place	Springer International Publishing
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	11320-7
ISSN	1572-9702 ; 0168-8162
ISSN (online)	1572-9702
ISSN	0168-8162
DOI	10.1007/s10493-022-00732-9
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Winter warm-up frequency and the degree of temperature fluctuations affect survival outcomes of spotted-wing drosophila winter morphotypes

Stockton, Dara G / Loeb, Gregory M

Journal of insect physiology. 2021 May, June, v. 131

2021

Abstract	Among overwintering Drosophila suzukii, discrete environmental changes in temperature and photoperiod induce a suite of biochemical changes conferring cold tolerance. However, little is known regarding how temperature fluctuations, which can influence metabolic and cellular repair activity, affect survival outcomes in this species. For that reason, we designed three experiments to test the effects of intermittent warm-up periods and the degree of temperature fluctuation on winter-morphotype (WM) D. suzukii survival. We found that at 5 °C, a temperature sufficient to induce reproductive diapause, but warm enough to allow foraging, increasing warm-up frequency (warmed to 25 °C at various interval schedules) was associated with decreased survival. In contrast, when the nightly low temperature was 0 °C, daily fluctuations that warmed the environment to temperatures above freezing (5, or 15 °C) appeared beneficial and resulted in improved survival compared to flies held at 0 °C during day and night. When we next evaluated cold tolerance using a 24-hour stress test assay (-5 °C), we found that again, thermal fluctuations improved survival compared to static freezing conditions. However, we also found that WM D. suzukii exposed to freezing temperatures during acclimation were less cold tolerant, regardless of the thermal fluctuation schedule, indicating that there may be tradeoffs between adequate acclimation temperature, which is required to induce cold tolerance, and the ensuing effects of incidental chill injury. Moving forward, these data, which account for the nuanced interactions between the thermal environment and in the internal physiology of D. suzukii, may help refine seasonal populations models, which aim to forecast pest pressure based on conditions the previous winter.
Keywords	Drosophila suzukii ; acclimation ; chilling injury ; cold tolerance ; diapause ; insect physiology ; morphs ; overwintering ; pests ; temperature ; winter
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-05
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ISSN	0022-1910
DOI	10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104246
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: The predation impact of ruby-throated hummingbird, Archilochus colubris, on spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, in raspberry, Rubus idaeus

Carroll, Juliet E. / Marshall, Percival M. / Mattoon, Nicole E. / Weber, Courtney A. / Loeb, Gregory M.

Crop Protection. 2023 Jan., v. 163 p.106116-

2023

Abstract: Hummingbirds require arthropods in their diet and may consume 2000 small insects per day, including drosophilids, when nesting. In New York, we investigated the use of feeders to attract Ruby-throated Hummingbirds, Archilochus colubris (Linnaeus, 1758), ... ...

Abstract	Hummingbirds require arthropods in their diet and may consume 2000 small insects per day, including drosophilids, when nesting. In New York, we investigated the use of feeders to attract Ruby-throated Hummingbirds, Archilochus colubris (Linnaeus, 1758), into red raspberry, Rubus idaeus L., to encourage predation of the spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura. We investigated whether fly populations and fruit infestation would be reduced in the half of the field with feeders compared to the half without. Over four years, 2015–2018, 81% of 266 hourly observations of hummingbird behavior found they were occupying the field when utilizing the feeders, supporting opportunities for predation on D. suzukii. In 2016 to 2018, when maximal hummingbird sightings were reached, significant reductions in D. suzukii trap counts and fruit infestation levels were obtained in some weeks in the half of the field provided with feeders at a density of 62 feeders/hectare. Compared to the half without feeders, the final tally of cumulative trap counts and fruit infestation levels were lower in the half of the field treated with feeders in all years. In comparing two paired commercial raspberry fields (in 2020), one with feeders at a density of 151 feeders/hectare and the other without feeders, presence of feeders significantly reduced trap counts in most weeks during the fruiting season. No Ruby-throated Hummingbirds were observed in the commercial field without feeders. Hummingbirds may protect fruit from D. suzukii when they are encouraged with feeders to visit and occupy raspberry plantings. The presence of hummingbirds in raspberry fields has the potential to contribute to a D. suzukii integrated management program and reduce the reliance on pesticides.
Keywords	Archilochus colubris ; Drosophila suzukii ; Rubus idaeus ; diet ; fruits ; hummingbirds ; plant protection ; predation ; raspberries ; New York ; Insectivorous birds ; Conservation biological control ; Invasive insect ; Integrated pest management
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-01
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	786839-x
ISSN	1873-6904 ; 0261-2194
ISSN (online)	1873-6904
ISSN	0261-2194
DOI	10.1016/j.cropro.2022.106116
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Non-Crop Host Sampling Yields Insights into Small-Scale Population Dynamics of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura).

Elsensohn, Johanna E / Loeb, Gregory M

Insects

2018 Volume 9, Issue 1

Abstract: Invasive, polyphagous crop pests subsist on a number of crop and non-crop resources. While knowing the full range of host species is important, a seasonal investigation into the use of non-crop plants adjacent to cropping systems provide key insights ... ...

Abstract	Invasive, polyphagous crop pests subsist on a number of crop and non-crop resources. While knowing the full range of host species is important, a seasonal investigation into the use of non-crop plants adjacent to cropping systems provide key insights into some of the factors determining local population dynamics. This study investigated the infestation of non-crop plants by the invasive
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-03
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2075-4450
ISSN	2075-4450
DOI	10.3390/insects9010005
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Article: The effect of UVB‐blocking plastics on the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana and a conventional product against Lygus lineolaris on low tunnel strawberry

Willden, Samantha A / Ugine, Todd A / Loeb, Gregory M

Pest management science. 2022 Oct., v. 78, no. 10

2022

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Effective, safe and practical biocontrol options are greatly needed for combating Lygus lineolaris on protected culture strawberry. This study demonstrated how ultaviolet (UV)‐selective plastics can improve the efficacy of the fungal ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Effective, safe and practical biocontrol options are greatly needed for combating Lygus lineolaris on protected culture strawberry. This study demonstrated how ultaviolet (UV)‐selective plastics can improve the efficacy of the fungal biocontrol agent Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol) compared to the conventional insecticide acetamiprid (Assail) against L. lineolaris on low tunnel strawberry. RESULTS: We found that UVB‐blocking treatments improved B. bassiana spore viability in both in vitro and in vivo laboratory experiments. In the field, survival of Mycotrol‐treated sentinel L. lineolaris was lowest under UVB‐blocking low tunnels, but this did not translate into significant differences among covering treatments in local L. lineolaris density or fruit damage. In contrast, applying the product Assail resulted in the lowest L. lineolaris density and highest quality yield compared to Mycotrol sprays. This was especially pronounced under low tunnels of any UV‐limiting plastic. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that growing under low tunnels is a useful tool to improve the efficacy of conventional products and biopesticides containing microbial biocontrol agents. The efficacy of both products was improved under low tunnels, and specifically under UVB‐blocking plastics for Mycotrol containing B. bassiana. However, there was little evidence that UVB plastics resulted in lower L. lineolaris densities and proportion of damaged fruit for either product in the field. Therefore we conclude that growing under any plastic covering is likely to benefit growers, but the economic value of growing under UVB tunnels is unclear. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Keywords	Beauveria bassiana ; Lygus lineolaris ; acetamiprid ; biological control ; biological control agents ; economic valuation ; fruits ; fungi ; plant damage ; plastics ; protected cultivation ; spores ; strawberries ; viability
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-10
Size	p. 4268-4277.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2001705-4
ISSN	1526-4998 ; 1526-498X
ISSN (online)	1526-4998
ISSN	1526-498X
DOI	10.1002/ps.7046
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The effect of plastic low tunnels on natural enemies and pollinators in New York strawberry

Willden, Samantha A. / Pritts, Marvin P. / Loeb, Gregory M.

Crop protection. 2022 Jan., v. 151

2022

Abstract: Although growing strawberries under low tunnels is increasing in popularity across the northeastern United States, little is known of how they impact the presence of natural enemies and pollinators that provide key ecosystem services on strawberry. We ... ...

Abstract	Although growing strawberries under low tunnels is increasing in popularity across the northeastern United States, little is known of how they impact the presence of natural enemies and pollinators that provide key ecosystem services on strawberry. We employed passive (fruit collections, sticky cards and pitfall traps) and direct (direct observations, leaf brushing and fruit bagging) monitoring over 2–3 growing seasons to compare the abundance and impact of beneficial insects and mites on strawberry grown under low tunnels versus the open field. Three different low tunnel plastics ranging in UV-selectivity were included to determine any effect of UV exclusion on natural enemy and pollinator presence. Plant yield and fruit marketability was higher under low tunnels compared to the open field for two of three years observed. The abundance of predators, and to a lesser extent parasitoids, was similar or higher under low tunnels compared to the open field. However, catch on sticky cards revealed lower densities of parasitoids under tunnels. There was some evidence that UV-selecting plastics resulted in poorly pollinated fruit compared to UV-transmitting and open-field treatments. However, there was no difference in pollinator presence among treatments, so the mechanisms causing the plastic effect are unclear. Overall, we conclude that growing strawberries under low tunnels, regardless of UV selectively, can support higher and more marketable yield in some years while likely having neutral to positive impacts on beneficial predators, parasitoids and pollinators.
Keywords	ecosystems ; fruits ; leaves ; natural enemies ; parasitoids ; plant protection ; pollinators ; strawberries ; New York
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-01
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	786839-x
ISSN	1873-6904 ; 0261-2194
ISSN (online)	1873-6904
ISSN	0261-2194
DOI	10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105820
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Coconut oil derived five-component synthetic oviposition deterrent for oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis.

Roh, Gwang Hyun / Kendra, Paul E / Zhu, Junwei J / Roda, Amy / Loeb, Gregory M / Tay, Jia-Wei / Cha, Dong H

Pest management science

2023 Volume 79, Issue 10, Page(s) 3852–3859

Abstract: Background: Bactrocera dorsalis, oriental fruit fly (OFF), is one of the most destructive agricultural pests. Although bait sprays can effectively control OFF, resistance development has been a concern. We evaluated the oviposition deterrent activity of ...

Abstract	Background: Bactrocera dorsalis, oriental fruit fly (OFF), is one of the most destructive agricultural pests. Although bait sprays can effectively control OFF, resistance development has been a concern. We evaluated the oviposition deterrent activity of coconut free fatty acids (CFFA), a mixture of eight coconut oil-derived fatty acids known to repel hematophagous insects and deter their feeding and oviposition, against OFF females. Results: In laboratory 72-h two-choice assays using guava-juice infused-agar as an oviposition substrate, CFFA deterred OFF oviposition in a dose-dependent manner with the greatest reduction of 87% at 20 mg dose compared to the control. When the eight CFFA components were tested individually, four compounds (caprylic, capric, oleic, and linoleic acids) significantly reduced OFF oviposition ('negative-compounds'), two (lauric and myristic acids) had no effect ('neutral-compounds'), and two (palmitic and stearic acids) stimulated OFF oviposition ('positive-compounds'). In two-choice tests, the 'negative-compounds' blend failed to elicit the same level of oviposition reduction as CFFA at equivalent concentrations found in CFFA. Adding the two 'neutral-compounds' recovered the oviposition deterrence similar to CFFA. Subsequent subtraction tests showed that four 'negative-compounds' plus lauric acid was as effective as CFFA in reducing OFF oviposition in guava-juice agar. This five-component key-deterrent blend also reduced OFF oviposition by 95 and 72% on papaya and tomato fruit, respectively. Conclusion: CFFA acts as an oviposition deterrent for OFF. Given that CFFA compounds are generally regarded as safe for humans and the environment, CFFA and its bioactive components have potential use in behavioral control strategies against OFF. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Female ; Oviposition ; Coconut Oil/pharmacology ; Agar/pharmacology ; Tephritidae ; Drosophila
Chemical Substances	Coconut Oil (Q9L0O73W7L) ; Agar (9002-18-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2001705-4
ISSN	1526-4998 ; 1526-498X
ISSN (online)	1526-4998
ISSN	1526-498X
DOI	10.1002/ps.7584
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