Article ; Online: Divergent adaptive immune responses define two types of long COVID.
2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 1221961
Abstract: Background: The role of adaptive immune responses in long COVID remains poorly understood, with contrasting hypotheses suggesting either an insufficient antiviral response or an excessive immune response associated with inflammatory damage. To address ... ...
| Abstract | Background: The role of adaptive immune responses in long COVID remains poorly understood, with contrasting hypotheses suggesting either an insufficient antiviral response or an excessive immune response associated with inflammatory damage. To address this issue, we set to characterize humoral and CD4+ T cell responses in long COVID patients prior to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Methods: Long COVID patients who were seropositive (LC+, n=28) or seronegative (LC-, n=23) by spike ELISA assay were recruited based on (i) an initial SARS-CoV-2 infection documented by PCR or the conjunction of three major signs of COVID-19 and (ii) the persistence or resurgence of at least 3 symptoms for over 3 months. They were compared to COVID patients with resolved symptoms (RE, n=29) and uninfected control individuals (HD, n=29). Results: The spectrum of persistent symptoms proved similar in both long COVID groups, with a trend for a higher number of symptoms in the seronegative group (median=6 Conclusions: These findings provide evidence for two major types of antiviral immune responses in long COVID. Seropositive patients showed coordinated cellular and humoral responses at least as high as those of recovered patients. In contrast, ELISA-seronegative long COVID patients showed overall low antiviral responses, with detectable specific CD4+ T cells and/or antibodies in close to half of patients (52.2%). These divergent findings in patients sharing a comparable spectrum of persistent symptoms raise the possibility of multiple etiologies in long COVID. |
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| MeSH term(s) | Humans ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antiviral Agents ; Immunoglobulin G |
| Chemical Substances | COVID-19 Vaccines ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antiviral Agents ; Immunoglobulin G |
| Language | English |
| Publishing date | 2023-07-20 |
| Publishing country | Switzerland |
| Document type | Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
| ZDB-ID | 2606827-8 |
| ISSN | 1664-3224 ; 1664-3224 |
| ISSN (online) | 1664-3224 |
| ISSN | 1664-3224 |
| DOI | 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1221961 |
| Database | MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE |
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