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Article ; Online: Storage and dynamics of soil organic carbon in allochthonous-dominated and nitrogen-limited natural and planted mangrove forests in southern Thailand.

Hu, Jianxiong / Pradit, Siriporn / Loh, Pei Sun / Chen, Zengxuan / Guo, Chuanyi / Le, Thi Phuong Quynh / Oeurng, Chantha / Sok, Ty / Mohamed, Che Abd Rahim / Lee, Choon Weng / Bong, Chui Wei / Lu, Xixi / Anshari, Gusti Z / Kandasamy, Selvaraj / Wang, Jianjun

Marine pollution bulletin

2024 Volume 200, Page(s) 116064

Abstract: Mangrove forests can help to mitigate climate change by storing a significant amount of carbon (C) in soils. Planted mangrove forests have been established to combat anthropogenic threats posed by climate change. However, the efficiency of planted ... ...

Abstract	Mangrove forests can help to mitigate climate change by storing a significant amount of carbon (C) in soils. Planted mangrove forests have been established to combat anthropogenic threats posed by climate change. However, the efficiency of planted forests in terms of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and dynamics relative to that of natural forests is unclear. We assessed SOC and nutrient storage, SOC sources and drivers in a natural and a planted forest in southern Thailand. Although the planted forest stored more C and nutrients than the natural forest, the early-stage planted forest was not a strong sink relative to mudflat. Both forests were predominated by allochthonous organic C and nitrogen limited, with total nitrogen being a major driver of SOC in both cases. SOC showed a significant decline along land-to-sea and depth gradients as a result of soil texture, nutrient availability, and pH in the natural forest.
MeSH term(s)	Soil ; Carbon/analysis ; Wetlands ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Thailand ; Forests ; Ecosystem
Chemical Substances	Soil ; Carbon (7440-44-0) ; Nitrogen (N762921K75)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2001296-2
ISSN	1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
ISSN (online)	1879-3363
ISSN	0025-326X
DOI	10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116064
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Article: Assessing the Effect of Age and Geomorphic Setting on Organic Carbon Accumulation in High-Latitude Human-Planted Mangroves

Hu, Jianxiong / Loh, Pei Sun / Pradit, Siriporn / Le, Thi Phuong Quynh / Oeurng, Chantha / Mohamed, Che Abdul Rahim / Lee, Choon Weng / Lu, Xixi / Anshari, Gusti Z. / Kandasamy, Selvaraj / Wang, Jianjun / Li, Zilong / Qin, Haiyan / Ji, Lili / Guo, Jian

Forests. 2022 Jan. 12, v. 13, no. 1

2022

Abstract: Mangroves are highly productive blue carbon ecosystems that preserve high organic carbon concentrations in soils. In this study, particle size, bulk elemental composition and stable carbon isotope were determined for the sediment cores collected from the ...

Abstract	Mangroves are highly productive blue carbon ecosystems that preserve high organic carbon concentrations in soils. In this study, particle size, bulk elemental composition and stable carbon isotope were determined for the sediment cores collected from the landward and seaward sides of two mangrove forests of different ages (M1, ca. 60; M2, ca. 4 years old) to determine the effects of geomorphic setting and age (L1 = old mangrove and S1 = salt marsh stand in M1; L2 = young mangrove and S2 = bare mudflat in M2) on sediments and organic carbon accumulation. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of the northernmost human-planted mangroves in China to accumulate sediment and carbon. Our results showed that fine-grained materials were preserved well in the interior part of the mangroves, and the capacity to capture fine-grained materials increased as the forest aged. The biogeochemical properties (C/N: 5.9 to 10.8; δ¹³C: −21.60‰ to −26.07‰) indicated that the local organic carbon pool was composed of a mixture of autochthonous and allochthonous sources. Moreover, the accumulation of organic carbon increased with the forest age. The interior part of the old mangrove had the highest organic carbon stock (81.93 Mg Cₒᵣg ha⁻¹). These findings revealed that mangrove reforestation had positive effects on sediments and organic carbon accretion.
Keywords	blue carbon ; carbon sinks ; elemental composition ; latitude ; organic carbon ; particle size ; reforestation ; salt marshes ; sediments ; stable isotopes ; China
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0112
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2527081-3
ISSN	1999-4907
ISSN	1999-4907
DOI	10.3390/f13010105
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Article: Biogeochemistry of sedimentary phosphorus species in the world’s longest river on an Island, the Kapuas River (West Kalimantan, Indonesia)

You, Shuzhen / Loh, Pei Sun / Chen, Chen-Tung Arthur / Anshari, Gusti Z. / Wang, Jough-Tai / Lou, Jiann-Yuh / Wang, Shu-Lun / Wang, Bing-Jye / Chen, Hong-Young

Chemistry and ecology. 2022 Sept. 14, v. 38, no. 8

2022

Abstract: In this study, surface sediments along the mainstream of the Kapuas River were determined for sedimentary phosphorus (P) species, which include exchangeable-P (Ex-P), iron-bound P (Fe-P), apatite P (Ca-P), detrital P (De-P), and organic P (OP). The ... ...

Abstract	In this study, surface sediments along the mainstream of the Kapuas River were determined for sedimentary phosphorus (P) species, which include exchangeable-P (Ex-P), iron-bound P (Fe-P), apatite P (Ca-P), detrital P (De-P), and organic P (OP). The objective of this study was to determine the dynamics of sedimentary P species in the world’s longest river on an island. The results showed that the composition of sedimentary P species of the river to total P (TP) was in this order: Ca-P (57% of TP) > Ex-P (21%) > Fe-P (11%) > OP (6%) > De-P (5%). As the bioavailable P (BAP), which includes Ex-P, Fe-P, and OP, represents around 38% of TP, this could indicate the river sediments’ potential to release P. The sedimentary BAP showed an overall decreasing trend from the upper river to downstream of the river. In contrast, Ca-P showed an increasing trend from the upper river to downstream of the river. All these indicate the dynamics of a localised P cycle along a river, as the BAP released to the overlying water could contribute to Ca-P formation.
Keywords	Borneo ; apatite ; bioavailability ; biogeochemistry ; ecology ; phosphorus ; rivers ; Indonesia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0914
Size	p. 773-787.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2038286-8
ISSN	1029-0370 ; 0275-7540
ISSN (online)	1029-0370
ISSN	0275-7540
DOI	10.1080/02757540.2022.2117309
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Article: Monitoring Sediment and Water Chemistry in Small Remote Aquatic Systems in East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea

Loh, Pei Sun / Chen, Chen-Tung Arthur / Huang, Ting-Hsuan / Lui, Hon-Kit / Lou, Jiann-Yuh / Yuan, Hong-Wei / Cheng, Long-Xiu / Chen, Xue-Gang / Chen, Jianfang

Water, air, and soil pollution. 2021 Nov., v. 232, no. 11

2021

Abstract: Small rivers are complex ecosystems facing threats from human activities and climate change. Therefore, studying the sediment and water chemistry of several streams in the East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea will enhance our understanding of the ... ...

Abstract	Small rivers are complex ecosystems facing threats from human activities and climate change. Therefore, studying the sediment and water chemistry of several streams in the East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea will enhance our understanding of the characteristics of remote aquatic systems. We found high total organic carbon (OC) and vanillic acid to vanillin ratio, (Ad/Al)v, and high dissolved CH₄, indications of methanogenesis, at some locations. High sediments inorganic carbon and high total alkalinity (TA) and SiO₂ in the water were characteristic of carbonate minerals at other locations. Some locations showed high dissolved oxygen (DO), and low dissolved CH₄, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂), indicating autotrophic condition. Other sites showed remarkably low DO and high pCO₂, dissolved CH₄, nutrient, and DIC, indicating heterotrophy and possibly anoxic condition. These findings reveal that even small remote aquatic systems of the areas sampled exhibit high variability in their sediment and water chemistries, probably due to human activities and different watershed morphology. Furthermore, higher dissolved NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, N₂O, PO₄³⁻, SiO₂, TA, DIC, pCO₂, DOC, particulate OC, and nitrogen were found at lower salinity, and vice versa, indicating the importance of mixing from seawater in diluting materials and affecting the autotrophy/heterotrophy in these systems.
Keywords	air ; alkalinity ; autotrophs ; carbon dioxide ; carbonates ; climate change ; dissolved oxygen ; humans ; hydrochemistry ; inorganic carbon ; methane production ; nitrogen ; partial pressure ; salinity ; seawater ; sediments ; soil pollution ; total organic carbon ; vanillic acid ; vanillin ; watersheds ; Papua New Guinea
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-11
Size	p. 446.
Publishing place	Springer International Publishing
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	120499-3
ISSN	1573-2932 ; 0049-6979 ; 0043-1168
ISSN (online)	1573-2932
ISSN	0049-6979 ; 0043-1168
DOI	10.1007/s11270-021-05359-x
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Article: Sources and distribution of sedimentary organic matter along the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas.

Xu, Fanglu / Jin, Haiyan / Ji, Zhongqiang / Chen, Jianfang / Loh, Pei Sun

Journal of environmental sciences (China)

2017 Volume 52, Page(s) 66–75

Abstract: In this study, lignin-derived phenols were used to determine the sources and distribution of sedimentary organic matter along the northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea of the Arctic Ocean. The lignin parameter syringyl/vanillyl (S/V) and cinnamyl/vanillyl ( ...

Abstract	In this study, lignin-derived phenols were used to determine the sources and distribution of sedimentary organic matter along the northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea of the Arctic Ocean. The lignin parameter syringyl/vanillyl (S/V) and cinnamyl/vanillyl (C/V) ratios are used to indicate vegetation sources; and the ratios of vanillic acid/vanillin, (Ad/Al)v and syringic acid/syringaldehyde, (Ad/Al)s are used as indicators of lignin diagenesis. Results showed the predominance of woody gymnosperm signal at the easternmost location in the northern Bering Sea, a mixture of refractory non-woody angiosperm and fresher gymnosperm tissues in the Chukchi Sea, and signal of fresher woody gymnosperm tissues in the northernmost locations in the Chukchi Sea. The lignin materials showed gradual increase in decomposition stage during transport along the northern Bering Sea. Hydrodynamic sorting process, which is the retention of coarser materials nearshore and transportation of finer particles farther offshore, most probably occurred along the east coast of the northern Bering Sea. In Chukchi Sea, the non-woody angiosperm tissues could have originated from the Canadian Arctic and gymnosperm tissues could be from the Russian Arctic side. The fresher materials in the northernmost Chukchi Sea could have been transported here via the ice-rafting process. Detection of fresh lignin materials and the occurrence of lignin decomposition mean that this region could be sensitive to the impact of climate change.
MeSH term(s)	Arctic Regions ; Canada ; Climate Change ; Environmental Monitoring ; Geologic Sediments/analysis ; Lignin/analysis ; Phenols/analysis ; Seawater/chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
Chemical Substances	Phenols ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Lignin (9005-53-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-02
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1092300-7
ISSN	1878-7320 ; 1001-0742
ISSN (online)	1878-7320
ISSN	1001-0742
DOI	10.1016/j.jes.2016.04.003
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Article: Comparative Study on the Elucidation of Sedimentary Phosphorus Species Using Two Methods, the SMT and SEDEX Methods

Loh, Pei Sun / Ying, Chen-Yu / Alnoor, Hussien Ibrahim Mohammed / Huang, Xing-Rui / Lou, Zhang-Hua / Chen, Xue-Gang / He, Shuangyan / Jiang, Zong-Pei / Jin, Ai-Min

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry (Online). 2020 Jan. 22, v. 2020

2020

Abstract: Sedimentary phosphorus (P) forms are important representatives of P sources and their bioavailability as well as the potential of sediments to release P in water. In this study, surface sediments along a transect of the Changjiang Estuary and two ... ...

Abstract	Sedimentary phosphorus (P) forms are important representatives of P sources and their bioavailability as well as the potential of sediments to release P in water. In this study, surface sediments along a transect of the Changjiang Estuary and two transects along the Andong salt marsh in the southwest of Hangzhou Bay were subjected to the elucidation of sedimentary P species using the standards, measurements, and testing (SMT) and sequential extraction (SEDEX) methods. The results showed that the mean sedimentary P forms elucidated by the SMT method were as follows: organic P (OP; ∼11–14 mg/kg; ∼30–45% of total P; TP) > apatite P (∼5–15 mg/kg; ∼21–36% TP) > Fe/Al-P (∼8–14 mg/kg; ∼31–34% TP), with inorganic P (IP) composing 54–70% of TP. The mean sedimentary P forms elucidated by the SEDEX method were as follows: authigenic P (∼54–68 mg/kg; ∼41–46% TP) > extractable P (Ex-P; ∼36–53 mg/kg; ∼28–34%) > Fe-P (∼21–27 mg/kg; ∼13–19%) > OP (∼8.7–13 mg/kg; ∼5–8%) > detrital P (De-P; ∼2 mg/kg; ∼1–2% TP), with IP composed of ∼91–94% TP. These results showed that the SEDEX method elucidated higher concentrations of sedimentary P forms as well as the TP from these coastal sediments although the SMT method had the advantage of being more economic and faster. The results of both the SMT and SEDEX methods showed that the Andong salt marsh and Changjiang Estuary sediments had much bioavailable P. The mean percentages of bioavailable P from the SMT and SEDEX methods were ∼64–74% and 52–56% of TP, respectively, indicating that these sediments were prone to release P to the coastal areas.
Keywords	apatite ; bioavailability ; coastal sediments ; coasts ; comparative study ; estuaries ; inorganic phosphorus ; iron ; salt marshes ; total phosphorus
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0122
Publishing place	Hindawi
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2654178-6
ISSN	2090-8873 ; 2090-8865
ISSN (online)	2090-8873
ISSN	2090-8865
DOI	10.1155/2020/8548126
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Article: Comparative Study on the Elucidation of Sedimentary Phosphorus Species Using Two Methods, the SMT and SEDEX Methods.

Loh, Pei Sun / Ying, Chen-Yu / Alnoor, Hussien Ibrahim Mohammed / Huang, Xing-Rui / Lou, Zhang-Hua / Chen, Xue-Gang / He, Shuangyan / Jiang, Zong-Pei / Jin, Ai-Min

Journal of analytical methods in chemistry

2020 Volume 2020, Page(s) 8548126

Abstract	Sedimentary phosphorus (P) forms are important representatives of P sources and their bioavailability as well as the potential of sediments to release P in water. In this study, surface sediments along a transect of the Changjiang Estuary and two transects along the Andong salt marsh in the southwest of Hangzhou Bay were subjected to the elucidation of sedimentary P species using the standards, measurements, and testing (SMT) and sequential extraction (SEDEX) methods. The results showed that the mean sedimentary P forms elucidated by the SMT method were as follows: organic P (OP; ∼11-14 mg/kg; ∼30-45% of total P; TP) > apatite P (∼5-15 mg/kg; ∼21-36% TP) > Fe/Al-P (∼8-14 mg/kg; ∼31-34% TP), with inorganic P (IP) composing 54-70% of TP. The mean sedimentary P forms elucidated by the SEDEX method were as follows: authigenic P (∼54-68 mg/kg; ∼41-46% TP) > extractable P (Ex-P; ∼36-53 mg/kg; ∼28-34%) > Fe-P (∼21-27 mg/kg; ∼13-19%) > OP (∼8.7-13 mg/kg; ∼5-8%) > detrital P (De-P; ∼2 mg/kg; ∼1-2% TP), with IP composed of ∼91-94% TP. These results showed that the SEDEX method elucidated higher concentrations of sedimentary P forms as well as the TP from these coastal sediments although the SMT method had the advantage of being more economic and faster. The results of both the SMT and SEDEX methods showed that the Andong salt marsh and Changjiang Estuary sediments had much bioavailable P. The mean percentages of bioavailable P from the SMT and SEDEX methods were ∼64-74% and 52-56% of TP, respectively, indicating that these sediments were prone to release P to the coastal areas.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-22
Publishing country	Egypt
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2654178-6
ISSN	2090-8873 ; 2090-8865
ISSN (online)	2090-8873
ISSN	2090-8865
DOI	10.1155/2020/8548126
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Article: Quantification of internal phosphorus load in large, partially polymictic and mesotrophic Lake Simcoe, Ontario

Nürnberg, Gertrud K / LaZerte, Bruce D / Loh, Pei Sun / Molot, Lewis A

Journal of Great Lakes research. 2013 June, v. 39, no. 2

2013

Abstract: Hypoxia and cyanobacteria still occur occasionally in large, mesotrophic Lake Simcoe, and total phosphorus (TP) concentration has remained relatively constant despite external nutrient load reduction. This may indicate a potential internal P source. ... ...

Abstract	Hypoxia and cyanobacteria still occur occasionally in large, mesotrophic Lake Simcoe, and total phosphorus (TP) concentration has remained relatively constant despite external nutrient load reduction. This may indicate a potential internal P source. Internal load as redox-dependent P release from bottom sediments is hard to determine in such a relatively shallow and mostly mixed lake. This study represents the first attempt to quantify internal P loading over many years for the three main sections of Lake Simcoe. Internal load was determined (a) as in situ estimate based on TP increases between July and October and (b) as gross estimate from the product of experimentally determined P release rates and hypoxic extent of sediment surfaces in space and time. Hypoxic extent was quantified (1) as the hypoxic factor determined from dissolved oxygen profiles below the level of 3.5mg/L, and (2) as active sediment area release factor (AA) modeled from summer euphotic TP concentration, which is especially useful in the mixed sections. Annual internal load for the whole lake was determined as a near constant 62.2metric tonnes/yr (86mg/m²/yr) for 1980–2011 using the gross estimates of the AA approach and 88t/yr before and 53t/yr after external load abatement and zebra mussel invasion using in situ estimates. Means of in situ and AA-based estimates for 2000–2011 are in close agreement except for polymictic Cook's Bay. These estimates are 45 to 89% of external load, which suggests that internal loading is an important source of P in Lake Simcoe.
Keywords	Dreissena polymorpha ; dissolved oxygen ; hypoxia ; lakes ; phosphorus ; pollution load ; sediments ; space and time ; summer ; surfaces ; Ontario
Language	English
Dates of publication	2013-06
Size	p. 271-279.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2163239-X
ISSN	0380-1330 ; 0380-1330
ISSN (online)	0380-1330
ISSN	0380-1330
DOI	10.1016/j.jglr.2013.03.017
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Article ; Online: High-Ca vent fluids discharged from the Lutao arc volcanic hydrothermal system are associated with albitization and recycling of marine carbonate

Chen, Xue-Gang / Yu, Ming-Zhen / Qiu, Zhongyan / Loh, Pei-Sun / Chen, Chen-Tung Arthur / Garbe-Schönberg, Dieter / Schmidt, Mark / Wang, Xiaoyuan / Ye, Ying

2021

Abstract: The chemical and isotopic characteristics of calcium (Ca) in subduction zones are closely related to the budget of Ca and carbon cycles. Here we investigate the ultra-high Ca concentrations that characterize the hydrothermal fluids discharged from two ... ...

Abstract	The chemical and isotopic characteristics of calcium (Ca) in subduction zones are closely related to the budget of Ca and carbon cycles. Here we investigate the ultra-high Ca concentrations that characterize the hydrothermal fluids discharged from two types of vents, named the Zhudanqu brine vent (ZDQ) and the Huwaichi vapor spring (HWC), in the Lutao hydrothermal system at the north Luzon arc. The Ca concentrations of up to 159 mM and Ca/Cl ratio of up to 0.26 in the ZDQ vent fluids are possibly the highest ever reported for Ca enrichment in global seawater-circulated hydrothermal/geothermal systems. The differences in chemical compositions between the ZDQ and the HWC vent fluids are primary controlled by subcritical phase separation. The brine phase constitutes the ZDQ vent fluids, while the HWC vent fluids represent mixtures of the vapor phase and seawater. Both the vapor and the brine phases exhibit similar δ44/40Ca values (0.72 ± 0.05‰), suggesting no significant Ca isotope fractionation has occurred during phase separation. The hydrothermal endmember before phase separation (the “Lutao endmember”) presents depletions of 213 ± 15 mM of Na, 24.4 ± 0.4 mM of SO42−, and 10.2 mM of K, and enrichment of 130.2 ± 5.5 mM of Ca with respect to the percolated seawater. The total gained Ca is 154.6 ± 5.9 mM with a δ44/40Ca value of 0.67‰ – 0.77‰ (0.72 ± 0.05‰), considering anhydrite precipitation during hydrothermal circulation. The Holocene raised coral reef is unlikely to contribute substantial Ca into the Lutao system. Much of the gained Ca (111.6 ± 7.5 mM) is produced by high-degree albitization of the Lutao host rock, which is promoted by the low water/rock ratio (~ 2), slightly alkaline conditions, and relatively lower temperature of the Lutao system with respect to most mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. Ca derived from this process inherits the Ca isotopes of plagioclase in the Lutao host rocks (δ44/40Ca = 0.82 ± 0.06‰). According to mass and isotopic balances, the recycled marine carbonate is proposed to ...
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-20
Publisher	Elsevier
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: A tidal-influenced hydrothermal system temporarily cooled by a tropical storm

Chen, Xue-Gang / Yu, Ming-Zhen / Loh, Pei Sun / Garbe-Schönberg, Dieter / Qiu, Zhongyan / Schmidt, Mark / Zhang, Hai-Yan / Chen, Chen-Tung Arthur / Zheng, Hao / Ye, Ying

2020

Abstract: Highlights • The vent fluids discharged from the Lutao hydrothermal field experienced low-degree subcritical phase separation. • The temperature and chemical compositions of the vent fluids were modulated by tides. • The time delay between tides and the ... ...

Abstract	Highlights • The vent fluids discharged from the Lutao hydrothermal field experienced low-degree subcritical phase separation. • The temperature and chemical compositions of the vent fluids were modulated by tides. • The time delay between tides and the response of hydrothermal system was about 3 h. • The typhoon “Fung-wong” cooled the reaction zone and decreased the degree of phase separation. • The hydrothermal system began to recover after the typhoon passed by. Abstract The Lutao hydrothermal field is an intertidal arc-volcanic system located offshore southeast Taiwan, hosting a Zhudanqu (ZDQ) vent and a Huwaichi (HWC) spring with strongly contrasting fluid chemistry. Low Mg, moderately enriched Cl, and H+ with respect to seawater indicate that the ZDQ endmember was derived from the brine phase that was formed during low-degree subcritical phase separation. In contrast, the endmember for the HWC vent fluids is related to the vapor phase. Temperature and pressure of the phase separation were estimated as ~150 °C and ~7 bar, respectively. The water/rock ratio was roughly calculated as about 2. The Lutao hydrothermal system was slightly affected by semi-diurnal tides, by some combination of tidal loading and tidal currents. The time delay between tides and the response of the hydrothermal system was about 3 h. While freshwater was almost absent in the HWC vent fluids at normal conditions, the typhoon “Fung-wong” on Sep 21st, 2014, led to intrusions of freshwater into the vent fluids with a percentage of ~16%. Both the ZDQ and the HWC endmember compositions showed some changes after the typhoon event, suggesting a cooling of the reaction zone. After the typhoon passed by, the hydrothermal system began to recover, evidenced by increasing percentages of the HWC endmember and decreasing freshwater contributions. The flux of the HWC endmember was estimated as 460–560 L h−1 based on these observations. This study, for the first time, reports a shallow-depth tidal-influenced hydrothermal system that was temporarily ...
Subject code	551 ; 550
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-01
Publisher	Elsevier
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
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