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  1. Article ; Online: Global Transcriptional Responses to Osmotic, Oxidative, and Imipenem Stress Conditions in Pseudomonas putida.

    Bojanovič, Klara / D'Arrigo, Isotta / Long, Katherine S

    Applied and environmental microbiology

    2017  Volume 83, Issue 7

    Abstract: Bacteria cope with and adapt to stress by modulating gene expression in response to specific environmental cues. In this study, the transcriptional response ... ...

    Abstract Bacteria cope with and adapt to stress by modulating gene expression in response to specific environmental cues. In this study, the transcriptional response of
    MeSH term(s) Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Imipenem/pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Osmotic Pressure ; Oxidative Stress ; Pseudomonas putida/drug effects ; Pseudomonas putida/genetics ; Pseudomonas putida/physiology ; RNA, Antisense/genetics ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; RNA, Small Untranslated/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, RNA
    Chemical Substances Anti-Bacterial Agents ; RNA, Antisense ; RNA, Bacterial ; RNA, Messenger ; RNA, Small Untranslated ; Imipenem (71OTZ9ZE0A)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-04-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 223011-2
    ISSN 1098-5336 ; 0099-2240
    ISSN (online) 1098-5336
    ISSN 0099-2240
    DOI 10.1128/AEM.03236-16
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: A Capture-SELEX Strategy for Multiplexed Selection of RNA Aptamers Against Small Molecules.

    Lauridsen, Lasse H / Doessing, Holger B / Long, Katherine S / Nielsen, Alex T

    Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

    2017  Volume 1671, Page(s) 291–306

    Abstract: In vitro selection of aptamers that recognize small organic molecules has proven difficult, in part due to the challenge of immobilizing small molecules on solid supports for SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment). This study ... ...

    Abstract In vitro selection of aptamers that recognize small organic molecules has proven difficult, in part due to the challenge of immobilizing small molecules on solid supports for SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment). This study describes the implementation of RNA Capture-SELEX, a selection strategy that uses an RNA library to yield ligand-responsive RNA aptamers targeting small organic molecules in solution. To demonstrate the power of this method we selected several aptamers with specificity towards either the natural sweetener rebaudioside A or the food-coloring agent carminic acid. In addition, Bio-layer interferometry is used to screen clonal libraries of aptamer candidates and is used to interrogate aptamer affinity. The RNA-based Capture-SELEX strategy described here simplifies selection of RNA aptamers against small molecules by avoiding ligand immobilization, while also allowing selection against multiple candidate targets in a single experiment. This makes RNA Capture-SELEX particularly attractive for accelerated development of RNA aptamers targeting small metabolites for incorporation into synthetic riboswitches and for analytical biosensors.
    MeSH term(s) Aptamers, Nucleotide ; Biosensing Techniques ; Cloning, Molecular ; Gene Library ; Ligands ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; SELEX Aptamer Technique ; Sensitivity and Specificity
    Chemical Substances Aptamers, Nucleotide ; Ligands
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-11-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1940-6029
    ISSN (online) 1940-6029
    DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-7295-1_18
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Resistance to linezolid caused by modifications at its binding site on the ribosome.

    Long, Katherine S / Vester, Birte

    Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

    2011  Volume 56, Issue 2, Page(s) 603–612

    Abstract: Linezolid is an oxazolidinone antibiotic in clinical use for the treatment of serious infections of resistant Gram-positive bacteria. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the peptidyl transferase center on the ribosome. Almost all known resistance ...

    Abstract Linezolid is an oxazolidinone antibiotic in clinical use for the treatment of serious infections of resistant Gram-positive bacteria. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the peptidyl transferase center on the ribosome. Almost all known resistance mechanisms involve small alterations to the linezolid binding site, so this review will therefore focus on the various changes that can adversely affect drug binding and confer resistance. High-resolution structures of linezolid bound to the 50S ribosomal subunit show that it binds in a deep cleft that is surrounded by 23S rRNA nucleotides. Mutation of 23S rRNA has for some time been established as a linezolid resistance mechanism. Although ribosomal proteins L3 and L4 are located further away from the bound drug, mutations in specific regions of these proteins are increasingly being associated with linezolid resistance. However, very little evidence has been presented to confirm this. Furthermore, recent findings on the Cfr methyltransferase underscore the modification of 23S rRNA as a highly effective and transferable form of linezolid resistance. On a positive note, detailed knowledge of the linezolid binding site has facilitated the design of a new generation of oxazolidinones that show improved properties against the known resistance mechanisms.
    MeSH term(s) Acetamides/chemistry ; Acetamides/metabolism ; Acetamides/pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites/drug effects ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects ; Humans ; Linezolid ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oxazolidinones/chemistry ; Oxazolidinones/metabolism ; Oxazolidinones/pharmacology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/chemistry ; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/metabolism ; Ribosomes/drug effects ; Ribosomes/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Acetamides ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Oxazolidinones ; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S ; Linezolid (ISQ9I6J12J)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-12-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 217602-6
    ISSN 1098-6596 ; 0066-4804
    ISSN (online) 1098-6596
    ISSN 0066-4804
    DOI 10.1128/AAC.05702-11
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Differential expression of small RNAs under chemical stress and fed-batch fermentation in E. coli.

    Rau, Martin Holm / Bojanovič, Klara / Nielsen, Alex Toftgaard / Long, Katherine S

    BMC genomics

    2015  Volume 16, Page(s) 1051

    Abstract: Background: Bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) are recognized as posttranscriptional regulators involved in the control of bacterial lifestyle and adaptation to stressful conditions. Although chemical stress due to the toxicity of precursor and product ... ...

    Abstract Background: Bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) are recognized as posttranscriptional regulators involved in the control of bacterial lifestyle and adaptation to stressful conditions. Although chemical stress due to the toxicity of precursor and product compounds is frequently encountered in microbial bioprocessing applications, the involvement of sRNAs in this process is not well understood. We have used RNA sequencing to map sRNA expression in E. coli under chemical stress and high cell density fermentation conditions with the aim of identifying sRNAs involved in the transcriptional response and those with potential roles in stress tolerance.
    Results: RNA sequencing libraries were prepared from RNA isolated from E. coli K-12 MG1655 cells grown under high cell density fermentation conditions or subjected to chemical stress with twelve compounds including four organic solvent-like compounds, four organic acids, two amino acids, geraniol and decanoic acid. We have discovered 253 novel intergenic transcripts with this approach, adding to the roughly 200 intergenic sRNAs previously reported in E. coli. There are eighty-four differentially expressed sRNAs during fermentation, of which the majority are novel, supporting possible regulatory roles for these transcripts in adaptation during different fermentation stages. There are a total of 139 differentially expressed sRNAs under chemical stress conditions, where twenty-nine exhibit significant expression changes in multiple tested conditions, suggesting that they may be involved in a more general chemical stress response. Among those with known functions are sRNAs involved in regulation of outer membrane proteins, iron availability, maintaining envelope homeostasis, as well as sRNAs incorporated into complex networks controlling motility and biofilm formation.
    Conclusions: This study has used deep sequencing to reveal a wealth of hitherto undescribed sRNAs in E. coli and provides an atlas of sRNA expression during seventeen different growth and stress conditions. Although the number of novel sRNAs with regulatory functions is unknown, several exhibit specific expression patterns during high cell density fermentation and are differentially expressed in the presence of multiple chemicals, suggesting they may play regulatory roles during these stress conditions. These novel sRNAs, together with specific known sRNAs, are candidates for improving stress tolerance and our understanding of the E. coli regulatory network during fed-batch fermentation.
    MeSH term(s) Batch Cell Culture Techniques ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Escherichia coli/metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics ; Fermentation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Small Untranslated/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods ; Solvents/pharmacology
    Chemical Substances Escherichia coli Proteins ; RNA, Bacterial ; RNA, Small Untranslated ; Solvents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-12-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1471-2164
    ISSN (online) 1471-2164
    DOI 10.1186/s12864-015-2231-8
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms, with an Emphasis on Those Related to the Ribosome.

    Long, Katherine S / Vester, Birte

    EcoSal Plus

    2008  Volume 3, Issue 1

    Abstract: Antibiotic resistance is a fundamental aspect of microbiology, but it is also a phenomenon of vital importance in the treatment of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. A resistance mechanism can involve an inherent trait or the acquisition of a ... ...

    Abstract Antibiotic resistance is a fundamental aspect of microbiology, but it is also a phenomenon of vital importance in the treatment of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. A resistance mechanism can involve an inherent trait or the acquisition of a new characteristic through either mutation or horizontal gene transfer. The natural susceptibilities of bacteria to a certain drug vary significantly from one species of bacteria to another and even from one strain to another. Once inside the cell, most antibiotics affect all bacteria similarly. The ribosome is a major site of antibiotic action and is targeted by a large and chemically diverse group of antibiotics. A number of these antibiotics have important applications in human and veterinary medicine in the treatment of bacterial infections. The antibiotic binding sites are clustered at functional centers of the ribosome, such as the decoding center, the peptidyl transferase center, the GTPase center, the peptide exit tunnel, and the subunit interface spanning both subunits on the ribosome. Upon binding, the drugs interfere with the positioning and movement of substrates, products, and ribosomal components that are essential for protein synthesis. Ribosomal antibiotic resistance is due to the alteration of the antibiotic binding sites through either mutation or methylation. Our knowledge of antibiotic resistance mechanisms has increased, in particular due to the elucidation of the detailed structures of antibiotic-ribosome complexes and the components of the efflux systems. A number of mutations and methyltransferases conferring antibiotic resistance have been characterized. These developments are important for understanding and approaching the problems associated with antibiotic resistance, including design of antimicrobials that are impervious to known bacterial resistance mechanisms.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2324-6200
    ISSN 2324-6200
    DOI 10.1128/ecosalplus.2.5.7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Identification of bacterial small RNAs by RNA sequencing.

    Gómez-Lozano, María / Marvig, Rasmus Lykke / Molin, Søren / Long, Katherine S

    Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

    2014  Volume 1149, Page(s) 433–456

    Abstract: Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) in bacteria are known to modulate gene expression and control a variety of processes including metabolic reactions, stress responses, and pathogenesis in response to environmental signals. A method to identify bacterial ... ...

    Abstract Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) in bacteria are known to modulate gene expression and control a variety of processes including metabolic reactions, stress responses, and pathogenesis in response to environmental signals. A method to identify bacterial sRNAs on a genome-wide scale based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is described that involves the preparation and analysis of three different sequencing libraries. As a significant number of unique sRNAs are identified in each library, the libraries can be used either alone or in combination to increase the number of sRNAs identified. The approach may be applied to identify sRNAs in any bacterium under different growth and stress conditions.
    MeSH term(s) Base Pairing/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Deoxyribonuclease I/metabolism ; Gene Library ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/growth & development ; Pyrophosphatases/metabolism ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods ; Transcriptome/genetics
    Chemical Substances RNA, Bacterial ; RNA, Messenger ; Deoxyribonuclease I (EC 3.1.21.1) ; Pyrophosphatases (EC 3.6.1.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1940-6029
    ISSN (online) 1940-6029
    DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-0473-0_34
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Genome-wide Escherichia coli stress response and improved tolerance towards industrially relevant chemicals.

    Rau, Martin Holm / Calero, Patricia / Lennen, Rebecca M / Long, Katherine S / Nielsen, Alex T

    Microbial cell factories

    2016  Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 176

    Abstract: Background: Economically viable biobased production of bulk chemicals and biofuels typically requires high product titers. During microbial bioconversion this often leads to product toxicity, and tolerance is therefore a critical element in the ... ...

    Abstract Background: Economically viable biobased production of bulk chemicals and biofuels typically requires high product titers. During microbial bioconversion this often leads to product toxicity, and tolerance is therefore a critical element in the engineering of production strains.
    Results: Here, a systems biology approach was employed to understand the chemical stress response of Escherichia coli, including a genome-wide screen for mutants with increased fitness during chemical stress. Twelve chemicals with significant production potential were selected, consisting of organic solvent-like chemicals (butanol, hydroxy-γ-butyrolactone, 1,4-butanediol, furfural), organic acids (acetate, itaconic acid, levulinic acid, succinic acid), amino acids (serine, threonine) and membrane-intercalating chemicals (decanoic acid, geraniol). The transcriptional response towards these chemicals revealed large overlaps of transcription changes within and between chemical groups, with functions such as energy metabolism, stress response, membrane modification, transporters and iron metabolism being affected. Regulon enrichment analysis identified key regulators likely mediating the transcriptional response, including CRP, RpoS, OmpR, ArcA, Fur and GadX. These regulators, the genes within their regulons and the above mentioned cellular functions therefore constitute potential targets for increasing E. coli chemical tolerance. Fitness determination of genome-wide transposon mutants (Tn-seq) subjected to the same chemical stress identified 294 enriched and 336 depleted mutants and experimental validation revealed up to 60 % increase in mutant growth rates. Mutants enriched in several conditions contained, among others, insertions in genes of the Mar-Sox-Rob regulon as well as transcription and translation related gene functions.
    Conclusions: The combination of the transcriptional response and mutant screening provides general targets that can increase tolerance towards not only single, but multiple chemicals.
    MeSH term(s) 4-Butyrolactone/pharmacology ; Biofuels ; Butanols/pharmacology ; Butylene Glycols/pharmacology ; Drug Tolerance/genetics ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Escherichia coli/physiology ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/genetics ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genome, Bacterial ; Mutation ; Organic Chemicals/pharmacology ; Regulon ; Solvents/pharmacology ; Stress, Physiological/genetics ; Succinates/pharmacology ; Systems Biology/methods
    Chemical Substances Biofuels ; Butanols ; Butylene Glycols ; Escherichia coli Proteins ; Organic Chemicals ; Solvents ; Succinates ; 1,4-butanediol (7XOO2LE6G3) ; 4-Butyrolactone (OL659KIY4X) ; itaconic acid (Q4516562YH)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-10-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1475-2859
    ISSN (online) 1475-2859
    DOI 10.1186/s12934-016-0577-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Identification and validation of novel small proteins in Pseudomonas putida.

    Yang, Xiaochen / Jensen, Sheila I / Wulff, Tune / Harrison, Scott J / Long, Katherine S

    Environmental microbiology reports

    2016  Volume 8, Issue 6, Page(s) 966–974

    Abstract: Small proteins of 50 amino acids or less have been understudied due to difficulties that impede their annotation and detection. In order to obtain information on small open reading frames (sORFs) in Pseudomonas putida, bioinformatic and proteomic ... ...

    Abstract Small proteins of 50 amino acids or less have been understudied due to difficulties that impede their annotation and detection. In order to obtain information on small open reading frames (sORFs) in Pseudomonas putida, bioinformatic and proteomic approaches were used to identify putative sORFs in the well-characterized strain KT2440. A plasmid-based system was established for sORF validation, enabling expression of C-terminal sequential peptide affinity tagged variants and their detection via protein immunoblotting. Out of 22 tested putative sORFs, the expression of 14 sORFs was confirmed, where all except one are novel. All of the validated sORFs except one are located adjacent to annotated genes on the same strand and three are in close proximity to genes with known functions. These include an ABC transporter operon and the two transcriptional regulators Fis and CysB involved in biofilm formation and cysteine biosynthesis respectively. The work sheds light on the P. putida small proteome and small protein identification, a necessary first step towards gaining insights into their functions and possible evolutionary implications.
    MeSH term(s) Bacterial Proteins/analysis ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Immunoblotting ; Open Reading Frames ; Proteomics ; Pseudomonas putida/chemistry ; Pseudomonas putida/genetics
    Chemical Substances Bacterial Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1758-2229
    ISSN (online) 1758-2229
    DOI 10.1111/1758-2229.12473
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Genome-wide mapping of transcription start sites yields novel insights into the primary transcriptome of Pseudomonas putida.

    D'Arrigo, Isotta / Bojanovič, Klara / Yang, Xiaochen / Holm Rau, Martin / Long, Katherine S

    Environmental microbiology

    2016  Volume 18, Issue 10, Page(s) 3466–3481

    Abstract: The environmental bacterium Pseudomonas putida is an organism endowed with a versatile metabolism and stress tolerance traits that are desirable in an efficient production organism. In this work, differential RNA sequencing was used to investigate the ... ...

    Abstract The environmental bacterium Pseudomonas putida is an organism endowed with a versatile metabolism and stress tolerance traits that are desirable in an efficient production organism. In this work, differential RNA sequencing was used to investigate the primary transcriptome and RNA regulatory elements of P. putida strain KT2440. A total of 7937 putative transcription start sites (TSSs) were identified, where over two-thirds were located either on the opposite strand or internal to annotated genes. For TSSs associated with mRNAs, sequence analysis revealed a clear Shine-Dalgarno sequence but a lack of conserved overrepresented promoter motifs. These TSSs defined approximately 50 leaderless transcripts and an abundance of mRNAs with long leader regions of which 18 contain RNA regulatory elements from the Rfam database. The thiamine pyrophosphate riboswitch upstream of the thiC gene was examined using an in vivo assay with GFP-fusion vectors and shown to function via a translational repression mechanism. Furthermore, 56 novel intergenic small RNAs and 8 putative actuaton transcripts were detected, as well as 8 novel open reading frames (ORFs). This study illustrates how global mapping of TSSs can yield novel insights into the transcriptional features and RNA output of bacterial genomes.
    MeSH term(s) Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Chromosome Mapping ; Genome, Bacterial ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Open Reading Frames ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Pseudomonas putida/genetics ; Pseudomonas putida/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Transcription Initiation Site ; Transcriptome
    Chemical Substances Bacterial Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2020213-1
    ISSN 1462-2920 ; 1462-2912
    ISSN (online) 1462-2920
    ISSN 1462-2912
    DOI 10.1111/1462-2920.13326
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Analysis of Pseudomonas putida growth on non-trivial carbon sources using transcriptomics and genome-scale modelling.

    D'Arrigo, Isotta / Cardoso, João G R / Rennig, Maja / Sonnenschein, Nikolaus / Herrgård, Markus J / Long, Katherine S

    Environmental microbiology reports

    2018  Volume 11, Issue 2, Page(s) 87–97

    Abstract: Pseudomonas putida is characterized by a versatile metabolism and stress tolerance traits that allow the bacterium to cope with different environmental conditions. In this work, the mechanisms that allow P. putida KT2440 to grow in the presence of four ... ...

    Abstract Pseudomonas putida is characterized by a versatile metabolism and stress tolerance traits that allow the bacterium to cope with different environmental conditions. In this work, the mechanisms that allow P. putida KT2440 to grow in the presence of four sole carbon sources (glucose, citrate, ferulic acid, serine) were investigated by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and genome-scale metabolic modelling. Transcriptomic data identified uptake systems for the four carbon sources, and candidates were subjected to preliminary experimental characterization by mutant strain growth to test their involvement in substrate assimilation. The OpdH and BenF-like porins were involved in citrate and ferulic acid uptake respectively. The citrate transporter (encoded by PP_0147) and the TctABC system were important for supporting cell growth in citrate; PcaT and VanK were associated with ferulic acid uptake; and the ABC transporter AapJPQM was involved in serine transport. A genome-scale metabolic model of P. putida KT2440 was used to integrate and analyze the transcriptomic data, identifying and confirming the active catabolic pathways for each carbon source. This study reveals novel information about transporters that are essential for understanding bacterial adaptation to different environments.
    MeSH term(s) Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Biological Transport/genetics ; Carbon/metabolism ; Citric Acid/metabolism ; Coumaric Acids/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Glucose/metabolism ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Mutation ; Pseudomonas putida/genetics ; Pseudomonas putida/growth & development ; Pseudomonas putida/metabolism ; Serine/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Bacterial Proteins ; Coumaric Acids ; Citric Acid (2968PHW8QP) ; Serine (452VLY9402) ; Carbon (7440-44-0) ; ferulic acid (AVM951ZWST) ; Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-11-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1758-2229
    ISSN (online) 1758-2229
    DOI 10.1111/1758-2229.12704
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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