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  1. Article ; Online: British surname origins, population structure and health outcomes-an observational study of hospital admissions.

    Petersen, Jakob / Kandt, Jens / Longley, Paul A

    Scientific reports

    2022  Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 2156

    Abstract: Population structure is a confounder on pathways linking genotypes to health outcomes. This study examines whether the historical, geographical origins of British surnames are associated with health outcomes today. We coded hospital admissions of over 30 ...

    Abstract Population structure is a confounder on pathways linking genotypes to health outcomes. This study examines whether the historical, geographical origins of British surnames are associated with health outcomes today. We coded hospital admissions of over 30 million patients in England between 1999 and 2013 to their British surname origin and divided their diagnoses into 125 major disease categories (of which 94 were complete-case). A base population was constructed with patients' first admission of any kind. Age- and sex-standardised odds ratios were calculated with logistic regression using patients with ubiquitous English surnames such as "Smith" as reference (alpha = .05; Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) = .05). The results were scanned for "signals", where a branch of related surname origins all had significantly higher or lower risk. Age- and sex-standardised admission (alpha = .05) was calculated for each signal across area deprivation and surname origin density quintiles. Signals included three branches of English surnames (disorders of teeth and jaw, fractures, upper gastrointestinal disorders). Although the signal with fractures was considered unusual overall, 2 out of the 9 origins in the branch would only be significant at a FDR > .05: OR 0.92 (95% confidence interval 0.86-0.98) and 0.70 (0.55-0.90). The risk was only different in the quintile with the highest density of that group. Differential risk remained when studied across quintiles of area deprivation. The study shows that surname origins are associated with diverse health outcomes and thus act as markers of population structure over and above area deprivation.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; England ; Female ; Fractures, Bone ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; Geography ; Health Status ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Jaw Diseases ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Names ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Tooth Diseases ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Observational Study ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-05651-8
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Ethnic inequalities in hospital admissions in England: an observational study.

    Petersen, Jakob / Kandt, Jens / Longley, Paul A

    BMC public health

    2021  Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 862

    Abstract: Background: Ethnic inequalities in health are well-known and partly explained by social determinants such as poorer living and working conditions, health behaviours, discrimination, social exclusion, and healthcare accessibility factors. Inequalities ... ...

    Abstract Background: Ethnic inequalities in health are well-known and partly explained by social determinants such as poorer living and working conditions, health behaviours, discrimination, social exclusion, and healthcare accessibility factors. Inequalities are known both for self-reported health and for diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and non-specific chest pains. Most studies however concern individual diseases or self-reported health and do not provide an overview that can detect gaps in existing knowledge. The aim of this study is thus to identify ethnic inequalities in inpatient hospital admission for all major disease categories in England.
    Methods: Observational study of the inpatient hospital admission database in England enhanced with ethnicity coding of participants' surnames. The primary diagnosis was coded to Level 1 of the Global Burden of Disease groups. For each year, only the first admission for each condition for each participant was included. If a participant was readmitted within two days only the first admission was counted. Admission risk for all major disease groups for each ethnic group relative to the White British group were calculated using logistic regression adjusting for age and area deprivation.
    Results: 40,928,105 admissions were identified between April 2009 and March 2014. Ethnic inequalities were found in cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, chest pain, and diabetes in line with previous studies. Additional inequalities were found in nutritional deficiencies, endocrine disorders, and sense organ diseases.
    Conclusions: The results of this study were consistent with known inequalities, but also found previously unreported disparities in nutritional deficiencies, endocrine disorders, and sense organ diseases. Further studies would be required to map out the relevant care pathways for ethnic minorities and establish whether preventive measures can be strengthened.
    MeSH term(s) England/epidemiology ; Ethnic Groups ; Health Status Disparities ; Hospitalization ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Minority Groups
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Observational Study ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1471-2458
    ISSN (online) 1471-2458
    DOI 10.1186/s12889-021-10923-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: The geography of intergenerational social mobility in Britain.

    Longley, Paul A / van Dijk, Justin / Lan, Tian

    Nature communications

    2021  Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 6050

    Abstract: Empirical analysis of social mobility is typically framed by outcomes recorded for only a single, recent generation, ignoring intergenerational preconditions and historical conferment of opportunity. We use the detailed geography of relative deprivation ( ...

    Abstract Empirical analysis of social mobility is typically framed by outcomes recorded for only a single, recent generation, ignoring intergenerational preconditions and historical conferment of opportunity. We use the detailed geography of relative deprivation (hardship) to demonstrate that different family groups today experience different intergenerational outcomes and that there is a distinct Great Britain-wide geography to these inequalities. We trace the evolution of these inequalities back in time by coupling family group level data for the entire Victorian population with a present day population-wide consumer register. Further geographical linkage to neighbourhood deprivation data allows us to chart the different social mobility outcomes experienced by every one of the 13,378 long-established family groups. We identify clear and enduring regional divides in England and Scotland. In substantive terms, use of family names and new historical digital census resources are central to recognising that geography is pivotal to understanding intergenerational inequalities.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-021-26185-z
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Names-based ethnicity enhancement of hospital admissions in England, 1999-2013.

    Petersen, Jakob / Kandt, Jens / Longley, Paul A

    International journal of medical informatics

    2021  Volume 149, Page(s) 104437

    Abstract: Background: Accurate recording of ethnicity in electronic healthcare records is important for the monitoring of health inequalities. Yet until the late 1990s, ethnicity information was absent from more than half of records of patients who received ... ...

    Abstract Background: Accurate recording of ethnicity in electronic healthcare records is important for the monitoring of health inequalities. Yet until the late 1990s, ethnicity information was absent from more than half of records of patients who received inpatient care in England. In this study, we report on the usefulness of a names-based ethnicity classification, Ethnicity Estimator (EE), for addressing this gap in the hospital records.
    Materials and methods: Data on inpatient hospital admissions were obtained from Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) between April 1999 and March 2014. The data were enhanced with ethnicity coding of participants' surnames using the EE software. Only data on the first episode for each patient each year were included.
    Results: A total of 111,231,653 patient-years were recorded between April 1999 and March 2014. The completeness of ethnicity records improved from 59.5 % in 1999 to 90.5 % in 2013 (financial year). Biggest improvement was seen in the White British group, which increased from 55.4 % in 1999 to 73.9 % in 2013. The correct prediction of NHS-reported ethnicity varied by ethnic group (2013 figures): White British (89.8 %), Pakistani (81.7 %), Indian (74.6 %), Chinese (72.9 %), Bangladeshi (63.4 %), Black African (57.3 %), White Other (50.5 %), White Irish (45.0 %). For other ethnic groups the prediction success was low to none. Prediction success was above 70 % in most areas outside London but fell below 40 % in parts of London.
    Conclusion: Studies of ethnic inequalities in hospital inpatient care in England are limited by incomplete data on patient ethnicity collected in the 1990s and 2000s. The prediction success of a names-based ethnicity classification tool has been quantified in HES for the first time and the results can be used to inform decisions around the optimal analysis of ethnic groups using this data source.
    MeSH term(s) England ; Ethnic Groups ; European Continental Ancestry Group ; Hospitalization ; Hospitals ; Humans
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-05
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1466296-6
    ISSN 1872-8243 ; 1386-5056
    ISSN (online) 1872-8243
    ISSN 1386-5056
    DOI 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2021.104437
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Ethnicity estimation using family naming practices.

    Kandt, Jens / Longley, Paul A

    PloS one

    2018  Volume 13, Issue 8, Page(s) e0201774

    Abstract: This paper examines the association between given and family names and self-ascribed ethnicity as classified by the 2011 Census of Population for England and Wales. Using Census data in an innovative way under the new Office for National Statistics (ONS) ...

    Abstract This paper examines the association between given and family names and self-ascribed ethnicity as classified by the 2011 Census of Population for England and Wales. Using Census data in an innovative way under the new Office for National Statistics (ONS) Secure Research Service (SRS; previously the ONS Virtual Microdata Laboratory, VML), we investigate how bearers of a full range of given and family names assigned themselves to 2011 Census categories, using a names classification tool previously described in this journal. Based on these results, we develop a follow-up ethnicity estimation tool and describe how the tool may be used to observe changing relations between naming practices and ethnic identities as a facet of social integration and cosmopolitanism in an increasingly diverse society.
    MeSH term(s) Acculturation ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Algorithms ; Censuses ; Cluster Analysis ; England ; Ethnic Groups/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Marital Status ; Middle Aged ; Models, Psychological ; Names ; Sex Factors ; Wales ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-08-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Evaluation Studies ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0201774
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Data infrastructure requirements for new geodemographic classifications: The example of London's workplace zones

    Singleton, Alex D / Longley, Paul A

    Applied geography. 2019 Aug., v. 109

    2019  

    Abstract: In recent years a mix of Open Data and commercial sources have been used to build geodemographic classifications of neighbourhoods. In this paper we argue that geodemographics are coming to embody new thinking about the emergent mixed Big Data economy. ... ...

    Abstract In recent years a mix of Open Data and commercial sources have been used to build geodemographic classifications of neighbourhoods. In this paper we argue that geodemographics are coming to embody new thinking about the emergent mixed Big Data economy. This has implications for openness and full scientific reproducibility of classifications, as well as the engagement of stakeholders in the process of building classifications. We propose and implement an operational framework for blending open and other data sources that can stimulate development of classifications that are more timely and data rich yet sufficiently open to peer scrutiny. We illustrate these ideas and challenges by describing the creation and content of the London Workplace Zone Classification.
    Keywords infrastructure ; mixing ; stakeholders ; working conditions
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-08
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ISSN 0143-6228
    DOI 10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.102038
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  7. Article: Regional surnames and genetic structure in Great Britain.

    Kandt, Jens / Cheshire, James A / Longley, Paul A

    Transactions (Institute of British Geographers : 1965)

    2016  Volume 41, Issue 4, Page(s) 554–569

    Abstract: Following the increasing availability of DNA-sequenced data, the genetic structure of populations can now be inferred and studied in unprecedented detail. Across social science, this innovation is shaping new bio-social research agendas, attracting ... ...

    Abstract Following the increasing availability of DNA-sequenced data, the genetic structure of populations can now be inferred and studied in unprecedented detail. Across social science, this innovation is shaping new bio-social research agendas, attracting substantial investment in the collection of genetic, biological and social data for large population samples. Yet genetic samples are special because the precise populations that they represent are uncertain and ill-defined. Unlike most social surveys, a genetic sample's representativeness of the population cannot be established by conventional procedures of statistical inference, and the implications for population-wide generalisations about bio-social phenomena are little understood. In this paper, we seek to address these problems by linking surname data to a censored and geographically uneven sample of DNA scans, collected for the People of the British Isles study. Based on a combination of global and local spatial correspondence measures, we identify eight regions in Great Britain that are most likely to represent the geography of genetic structure of Great Britain's long-settled population. We discuss the implications of this regionalisation for bio-social investigations. We conclude that, as the often highly selective collection of DNA and biomarkers becomes a more common practice, geography is crucial to understanding variation in genetic information within diverse populations.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2031328-7
    ISSN 1475-5661 ; 0020-2754 ; 1478-4009 ; 1478-4017
    ISSN (online) 1475-5661
    ISSN 0020-2754 ; 1478-4009 ; 1478-4017
    DOI 10.1111/tran.12131
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: Japanese surname regions

    Cheshire, James A / Longley, Paul A / Nakaya, Tomoki / Yano, Keiji

    Papers in regional science : the journal of the Regional Science Association International Vol. 93, No. 3 , p. 539-555

    2014  Volume 93, Issue 3, Page(s) 539–555

    Author's details James A. Cheshire; Paul A. Longley; Keiji Yano; Tomoki Nakaya
    Keywords Surnames ; regionalization ; geodemographics ; Lasker distance ; clustering
    Language English
    Size graph. Darst., Kt.
    Publisher Wiley-Blackwell
    Publishing place Oxford [u.a.]
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 1078701x ; 1472494-7
    ISSN 1435-5957 ; 1056-8190
    ISSN (online) 1435-5957
    ISSN 1056-8190
    Database ECONomics Information System

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  9. Book ; Audio / Video: Geographical information systems

    Longley, Paul A

    principles, techniques, management, and applications

    2005  

    Author's details Paul A. Longley
    Language English
    Size 1 CD-ROM, 12 cm
    Edition 2. ed., abridged
    Publisher Wiley
    Publishing place Hoboken, NJ
    Document type Book ; Audio / Video
    Note Auf dieser CD-ROM ist der gesamte Inhalt der zweibändigen Ausg. 1999 (2. ed.) enthalten. Einzelne Kapitel sind aktualisiert ; Dateiformat: PDF
    ISBN 0471735450 ; 9780471735458
    Database Library catalogue of the German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB), Hannover

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  10. Book: Geographical information systems

    Longley, Paul A

    principles, techniques, management, and applications

    2005  

    Author's details ed. by Paul A. Longley
    Keywords Geographic information systems ; Geoinformationssystem
    Language English
    Size XLV, 358 S., Ill., graph. Darst.
    Edition 2. ed., abridged
    Publisher Wiley
    Publishing place Hoboken, NJ
    Document type Book
    Note In dieser gekürzten Ausg. sind nur ausgewählte Kapitel der 2. ed. 1999 enthalten, auf der CD-ROM ist der gesamte Text der Ausg. (z.T. aktualisiert) vorhanden
    ISBN 0471735450 ; 9780471735458
    Database Library catalogue of the German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB), Hannover

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