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  1. Article: Modified Lipoproteins Induce Arterial Wall Inflammation During Atherogenesis.

    Lorey, Martina B / Öörni, Katariina / Kovanen, Petri T

    Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine

    2022  Volume 9, Page(s) 841545

    Abstract: Circulating apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, notably the low-density lipoproteins, enter the inner layer of the arterial wall, the intima, where a fraction of them is retained and modified by proteases, lipases, and oxidizing agents and enzymes. ...

    Abstract Circulating apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, notably the low-density lipoproteins, enter the inner layer of the arterial wall, the intima, where a fraction of them is retained and modified by proteases, lipases, and oxidizing agents and enzymes. The modified lipoproteins and various modification products, such as fatty acids, ceramides, lysophospholipids, and oxidized lipids induce inflammatory reactions in the macrophages and the covering endothelial cells, initiating an increased leukocyte diapedesis. Lipolysis of the lipoproteins also induces the formation of cholesterol crystals with strong proinflammatory properties. Modified and aggregated lipoproteins, cholesterol crystals, and lipoproteins isolated from human atherosclerotic lesions, all can activate macrophages and thereby induce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes. The extent of lipoprotein retention, modification, and aggregation have been shown to depend largely on differences in the composition of the circulating lipoprotein particles. These properties can be modified by pharmacological means, and thereby provide opportunities for clinical interventions regarding the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic vascular diseases.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-03
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2781496-8
    ISSN 2297-055X
    ISSN 2297-055X
    DOI 10.3389/fcvm.2022.841545
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Immunoliposomes for detection of rupture-prone intracranial aneurysms.

    Jahromi, Behnam Rezai / Zamotin, Vladimir / Code, Christian / Netti, Eliisa / Lorey, Martina B / Alitalo, Kari / Öörni, Katariina / Laakso, Aki / Tulamo, Riikka / Niemelä, Mika

    Acta neurochirurgica

    2023  Volume 165, Issue 11, Page(s) 3353–3360

    Abstract: Background: It is estimated that significant (3.2%) of population carries intracranial aneurysm (IA). An increasing number of imaging studies have caused that the chance of finding an incidental aneurysm is becoming more common. Since IA rupture causes ... ...

    Abstract Background: It is estimated that significant (3.2%) of population carries intracranial aneurysm (IA). An increasing number of imaging studies have caused that the chance of finding an incidental aneurysm is becoming more common. Since IA rupture causes subarachnoidal hemorrhage (SAH) and have significant mortality and morbidity prophylactic treatment should be considered when IA is detected. The benefit and risk of treatment of IA is based on epidemiological estimate which takes account patient and aneurysm characteristics. However we know that aneurysm rupture is biological process where inflammation of aneurysm wall is actively leading to degeneration of aneurysm wall and finally weakens it until it bursts. Until now, there have not been imaging method to detect inflammatory process of aneurysm wall METHODS: We created targeting immunoliposome for use in the imaging of aneurysm. Immunoliposome comprises antibodies against at least one vascular inflammatory marker associated with aneurysm inflammation and a label and/or a contrast agent.
    Results: Histological analysis of IAs where immunoliposome comprises antibodies against vascular inflammation with a label shows promising results for selectively detecting aneurysms inflammation. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) we were able to detect immunoliposomes carrying gadolinium.
    Conclusion: Our work opens a new avenue for using contrast labeled immunoliposomes for detecting rupture-prone aneurysms. Immunoliposomes can cary gadolinium and selectively bind to inflammatory section of aneurysm that can be detected with MRI. Further research is needed to develop immunoliposomes to be used with MRI in humans to target treatment to those patients who benefit from it the most.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm/epidemiology ; Gadolinium ; Inflammation/complications ; Inflammation/pathology ; Risk Factors ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/adverse effects ; Aneurysm, Ruptured/diagnostic imaging ; Aneurysm, Ruptured/epidemiology ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/complications
    Chemical Substances Gadolinium (AU0V1LM3JT)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-26
    Publishing country Austria
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 80010-7
    ISSN 0942-0940 ; 0001-6268
    ISSN (online) 0942-0940
    ISSN 0001-6268
    DOI 10.1007/s00701-023-05770-9
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: Lipoprotein(a) induces caspase-1 activation and IL-1 signaling in human macrophages.

    Lorey, Martina B / Youssef, Amer / Äikäs, Lauri / Borrelli, Matthew / Hermansson, Martin / Assini, Julia M / Kemppainen, Aapeli / Ruhanen, Hanna / Ruuth, Maija / Matikainen, Sampsa / Kovanen, Petri T / Käkelä, Reijo / Boffa, Michael B / Koschinsky, Marlys L / Öörni, Katariina

    Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine

    2023  Volume 10, Page(s) 1130162

    Abstract: Introduction: Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is an LDL-like particle with an additional apolipoprotein (apo)(a) covalently attached. Elevated levels of circulating Lp(a) are a risk factor for atherosclerosis. A proinflammatory role for Lp(a) has been proposed, ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is an LDL-like particle with an additional apolipoprotein (apo)(a) covalently attached. Elevated levels of circulating Lp(a) are a risk factor for atherosclerosis. A proinflammatory role for Lp(a) has been proposed, but its molecular details are incompletely defined.
    Methods and results: To explore the effect of Lp(a) on human macrophages we performed RNA sequencing on THP-1 macrophages treated with Lp(a) or recombinant apo(a), which showed that especially Lp(a) induces potent inflammatory responses. Thus, we stimulated THP-1 macrophages with serum containing various Lp(a) levels to investigate their correlations with cytokines highlighted by the RNAseq, showing significant correlations with caspase-1 activity and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. We further isolated both Lp(a) and LDL particles from three donors and then compared their atheroinflammatory potentials together with recombinant apo(a) in primary and THP-1 derived macrophages. Compared with LDL, Lp(a) induced a robust and dose-dependent caspase-1 activation and release of IL-1β and IL-18 in both macrophage types. Recombinant apo(a) strongly induced caspase-1 activation and IL-1β release in THP-1 macrophages but yielded weak responses in primary macrophages. Structural analysis of these particles revealed that the Lp(a) proteome was enriched in proteins associated with complement activation and coagulation, and its lipidome was relatively deficient in polyunsaturated fatty acids and had a high n-6/n-3 ratio promoting inflammation.
    Discussion: Our data show that Lp(a) particles induce the expression of inflammatory genes, and Lp(a) and to a lesser extent apo(a) induce caspase-1 activation and IL-1 signaling. Major differences in the molecular profiles between Lp(a) and LDL contribute to Lp(a) being more atheroinflammatory.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-24
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2781496-8
    ISSN 2297-055X
    ISSN 2297-055X
    DOI 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1130162
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Mass spectrometry-based proteomic exploration of the human immune system: focus on the inflammasome, global protein secretion, and T cells.

    Nyman, Tuula A / Lorey, Martina B / Cypryk, Wojciech / Matikainen, Sampsa

    Expert review of proteomics

    2017  Volume 14, Issue 5, Page(s) 395–407

    Abstract: Introduction: The immune system is our defense system against microbial infections and tissue injury, and understanding how it works in detail is essential for developing drugs for different diseases. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics can provide in- ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: The immune system is our defense system against microbial infections and tissue injury, and understanding how it works in detail is essential for developing drugs for different diseases. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics can provide in-depth information on the molecular mechanisms involved in immune responses. Areas covered: Summarized are the key immunology findings obtained with MS-based proteomics in the past five years, with a focus on inflammasome activation, global protein secretion, mucosal immunology, immunopeptidome and T cells. Special focus is on extracellular vesicle-mediated protein secretion and its role in immune responses. Expert commentary: Proteomics is an essential part of modern omics-scale immunology research. To date, MS-based proteomics has been used in immunology to study protein expression levels, their subcellular localization, secretion, post-translational modifications, and interactions in immune cells upon activation by different stimuli. These studies have made major contributions to understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. New developments in proteomics offer constantly novel possibilities for exploring the immune system. Examples of these techniques include mass cytometry and different MS-based imaging approaches which can be widely used in immunology.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2299100-1
    ISSN 1744-8387 ; 1478-9450
    ISSN (online) 1744-8387
    ISSN 1478-9450
    DOI 10.1080/14789450.2017.1319768
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: Native and oxidised lipoproteins negatively regulate the serum amyloid A-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human macrophages.

    Nurmi, Katariina / Niemi, Katri / Kareinen, Ilona / Silventoinen, Kristiina / Lorey, Martina B / Chen, Yan / Kouri, Vesa-Petteri / Parantainen, Jukka / Juutilainen, Timo / Öörni, Katariina / Kovanen, Petri T / Nordström, Dan / Matikainen, Sampsa / Eklund, Kari K

    Clinical & translational immunology

    2021  Volume 10, Issue 8, Page(s) e1323

    Abstract: Objectives: The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a key role in arterial wall inflammation. In this study, we elucidated the role of serum lipoproteins in the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by serum amyloid A (SAA) and other inflammasome activators.! ...

    Abstract Objectives: The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a key role in arterial wall inflammation. In this study, we elucidated the role of serum lipoproteins in the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by serum amyloid A (SAA) and other inflammasome activators.
    Methods: The effect of lipoproteins on the NLRP3 inflammasome activation was studied in primary human macrophages and THP-1 macrophages. The effect of oxidised low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was examined in an
    Results: Native and oxidised high-density lipoproteins (HDL
    Conclusions: These findings reveal that both HDL
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-03
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2694482-0
    ISSN 2050-0068
    ISSN 2050-0068
    DOI 10.1002/cti2.1323
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Overfeeding Saturated Fat Increases LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Aggregation Susceptibility While Overfeeding Unsaturated Fat Decreases Proteoglycan-Binding of Lipoproteins.

    Ruuth, Maija / Lahelma, Mari / Luukkonen, Panu K / Lorey, Martina B / Qadri, Sami / Sädevirta, Sanja / Hyötyläinen, Tuulia / Kovanen, Petri T / Hodson, Leanne / Yki-Järvinen, Hannele / Öörni, Katariina

    Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology

    2021  Volume 41, Issue 11, Page(s) 2823–2836

    Abstract: Objective: We recently showed that measurement of the susceptibility of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) to aggregation is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. We now wished to compare effects of overfeeding different dietary macronutrients ... ...

    Abstract Objective: We recently showed that measurement of the susceptibility of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) to aggregation is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. We now wished to compare effects of overfeeding different dietary macronutrients on LDL aggregation, proteoglycan-binding of plasma lipoproteins, and on the concentration of oxidized LDL in plasma, 3 in vitro parameters consistent with increased atherogenicity.
    Approach and results: The participants (36 subjects; age, 48+/-10 years; body mass index, 30.9+/-6.2 kg/m2) were randomized to consume an extra 1000 kcal/day of either unsaturated fat, saturated fat, or simple sugars (CARB) for 3 weeks. We measured plasma proatherogenic properties (susceptibility of LDL to aggregation, proteoglycan-binding, oxidized LDL) and concentrations and composition of plasma lipoproteins using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and in LDL using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, before and after the overfeeding diets. LDL aggregation increased in the saturated fat but not the other groups. This change was associated with increased sphingolipid and saturated triacylglycerols in LDL and in plasma and reduction of clusterin on LDL particles. Proteoglycan binding of plasma lipoproteins decreased in the unsaturated fat group relative to the baseline diet. Lipoprotein properties remained unchanged in the CARB group.
    Conclusions: The type of fat during 3 weeks of overfeeding is an important determinant of the characteristics and functional properties of plasma lipoproteins in humans.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects ; Dietary Fats/administration & dosage ; Dietary Fats/adverse effects ; Fats, Unsaturated/administration & dosage ; Fats, Unsaturated/adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Lipoproteins, LDL/blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Protein Aggregates ; Protein Binding ; Proteoglycans/blood ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
    Chemical Substances Dietary Fats ; Fats, Unsaturated ; Lipoproteins, LDL ; Protein Aggregates ; Proteoglycans ; oxidized low density lipoprotein
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1221433-4
    ISSN 1524-4636 ; 1079-5642
    ISSN (online) 1524-4636
    ISSN 1079-5642
    DOI 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.315766
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Lysophosphatidylcholine in phospholipase A

    Nguyen, Su Duy / Korhonen, Emilia A / Lorey, Martina B / Hakanpää, Laura / Mäyränpää, Mikko I / Kovanen, Petri T / Saharinen, Pipsa / Alitalo, Kari / Öörni, Katariina

    Atherosclerosis

    2021  Volume 327, Page(s) 87–99

    Abstract: Background and aims: Secretory phospholipase A: Methods: Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were stimulated with PLA: Results: Exposure of HCAECs to PLA: Conclusions: Our studies reveal ... ...

    Abstract Background and aims: Secretory phospholipase A
    Methods: Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were stimulated with PLA
    Results: Exposure of HCAECs to PLA
    Conclusions: Our studies reveal PLA
    MeSH term(s) Angiopoietin-2 ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Endothelial Cells ; Humans ; Lysophosphatidylcholines ; Mice ; Phospholipases ; Weibel-Palade Bodies
    Chemical Substances Angiopoietin-2 ; Lysophosphatidylcholines ; Phospholipases (EC 3.1.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-02
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 80061-2
    ISSN 1879-1484 ; 0021-9150
    ISSN (online) 1879-1484
    ISSN 0021-9150
    DOI 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.04.007
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Global Characterization of Protein Secretion from Human Macrophages Following Non-canonical Caspase-4/5 Inflammasome Activation.

    Lorey, Martina B / Rossi, Katriina / Eklund, Kari K / Nyman, Tuula A / Matikainen, Sampsa

    Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP

    2017  Volume 16, Issue 4 suppl 1, Page(s) S187–S199

    Abstract: Gram-negative bacteria are associated with a wide spectrum of infectious diseases in humans. Inflammasomes are cytosolic protein complexes that are assembled when the cell encounters pathogens or other harmful agents. The non-canonical caspase-4/5 ... ...

    Abstract Gram-negative bacteria are associated with a wide spectrum of infectious diseases in humans. Inflammasomes are cytosolic protein complexes that are assembled when the cell encounters pathogens or other harmful agents. The non-canonical caspase-4/5 inflammasome is activated by Gram-negative bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and by endogenous oxidized phospholipids. Protein secretion is a critical component of the innate immune response. Here, we have used label-free quantitative proteomics to characterize global protein secretion in response to non-canonical inflammasome activation upon intracellular LPS recognition in human primary macrophages. Before proteomics, the total secretome was separated into two fractions, enriched extracellular vesicle (EV) fraction and rest-secretome (RS) fraction using size-exclusion centrifugation. We identified 1048 proteins from the EV fraction and 1223 proteins from the RS fraction. From these, 640 were identified from both fractions suggesting that the non-canonical inflammasome activates multiple, partly overlapping protein secretion pathways. We identified several secreted proteins that have a critical role in host response against severe Gram-negative bacterial infection. The soluble secretome (RS fraction) was highly enriched with inflammation-associated proteins upon intracellular LPS recognition. Several ribosomal proteins were highly abundant in the EV fraction upon infection, and our data strongly suggest that secretion of translational machinery and concomitant inhibition of translation are important parts of host response against Gram-negative bacteria sensing caspase-4/5 inflammasome. Intracellular recognition of LPS resulted in the secretion of two metalloproteinases,
    MeSH term(s) ADAM10 Protein/metabolism ; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism ; Caspases/metabolism ; Caspases, Initiator/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Inflammasomes/metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides/adverse effects ; Macrophages/drug effects ; Macrophages/immunology ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 14/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Proteome/metabolism ; Proteomics/methods
    Chemical Substances Inflammasomes ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Membrane Proteins ; Proteome ; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases (EC 3.4.-) ; CASP4 protein, human (EC 3.4.22.-) ; CASP5 protein, human (EC 3.4.22.-) ; Caspases (EC 3.4.22.-) ; Caspases, Initiator (EC 3.4.22.-) ; MMP14 protein, human (EC 3.4.24.80) ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 14 (EC 3.4.24.80) ; ADAM10 Protein (EC 3.4.24.81) ; ADAM10 protein, human (EC 3.4.24.81)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-02-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2075924-1
    ISSN 1535-9484 ; 1535-9476
    ISSN (online) 1535-9484
    ISSN 1535-9476
    DOI 10.1074/mcp.M116.064840
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  9. Article ; Online: Streptococcus pneumoniae

    Syed, Shahan / Nissilä, Eija / Ruhanen, Hanna / Fudo, Satoshi / Gaytán, Meztlli O / Sihvo, Sanna P / Lorey, Martina B / Metso, Jari / Öörni, Katariina / King, Samantha J / Oommen, Oommen P / Jauhiainen, Matti / Meri, Seppo / Käkelä, Reijo / Haapasalo, Karita

    iScience

    2021  Volume 24, Issue 6, Page(s) 102535

    Abstract: High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are a group of different subpopulations of sialylated particles that have an essential role in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway. Importantly, changes in the protein and lipid composition of HDLs may lead to ...

    Abstract High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are a group of different subpopulations of sialylated particles that have an essential role in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway. Importantly, changes in the protein and lipid composition of HDLs may lead to the formation of particles with reduced atheroprotective properties. Here, we show that
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2589-0042
    ISSN (online) 2589-0042
    DOI 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102535
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  10. Article ; Online: Regulation of kynurenine biosynthesis during influenza virus infection.

    Gaelings, Lana / Söderholm, Sandra / Bugai, Andrii / Fu, Yu / Nandania, Jatin / Schepens, Bert / Lorey, Martina B / Tynell, Janne / Vande Ginste, Liesbeth / Le Goffic, Ronan / Miller, Matthew S / Kuisma, Marika / Marjomäki, Varpu / De Brabander, Jef / Matikainen, Sampsa / Nyman, Tuula A / Bamford, Dennis H / Saelens, Xavier / Julkunen, Ilkka /
    Paavilainen, Henrik / Hukkanen, Veijo / Velagapudi, Vidya / Kainov, Denis E

    The FEBS journal

    2016  Volume 284, Issue 2, Page(s) 222–236

    Abstract: Influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain serious threats to public health because of the shortage of effective means of control. Developing more effective virus control modalities requires better understanding of virus-host interactions. It has previously been ... ...

    Abstract Influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain serious threats to public health because of the shortage of effective means of control. Developing more effective virus control modalities requires better understanding of virus-host interactions. It has previously been shown that IAV induces the production of kynurenine, which suppresses T-cell responses, enhances pain hypersensitivity and disturbs behaviour in infected animals. However, the regulation of kynurenine biosynthesis during IAV infection remains elusive. Here we showed that IAV infection induced expression of interferons (IFNs), which upregulated production of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), which catalysed the kynurenine biosynthesis. Furthermore, IAV attenuated the IDO1 expression and the production of kynurenine through its NS1 protein. Interestingly, inhibition of viral replication prior to IFN induction limited IDO1 expression, while inhibition after did not. Finally, we showed that kynurenine biosynthesis was activated in macrophages in response to other stimuli, such as influenza B virus, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 as well as bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Thus, the tight regulation of the kynurenine biosynthesis by host cell and, perhaps, pathogen might be a basic signature of a wide range of host-pathogen interactions, which should be taken into account during development of novel antiviral and antibacterial drugs.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors/pharmacology ; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors ; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics ; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/immunology ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/growth & development ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/metabolism ; Interferons/genetics ; Interferons/immunology ; Kynurenine/antagonists & inhibitors ; Kynurenine/biosynthesis ; Lung/drug effects ; Lung/immunology ; Lung/virology ; Macrophages/drug effects ; Macrophages/virology ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways/drug effects ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways/genetics ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/drug therapy ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/pathology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology ; Oxazoles/pharmacology ; Oximes/pharmacology ; Primary Cell Culture ; Pyrroles/pharmacology ; Sulfonamides/pharmacology ; Thiazoles/pharmacology ; Transcriptome ; Tryptophan/metabolism ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism ; Virus Replication
    Chemical Substances Antiviral Agents ; IDO1 protein, human ; INS1 protein, influenza virus ; Immunologic Factors ; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase ; N-(5-(((5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-oxazolyl)methyl)thio)-2-thiazolyl)-4-piperidinecarboxamide ; Oxazoles ; Oximes ; Pyrroles ; Sulfonamides ; Thiazoles ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins ; Kynurenine (343-65-7) ; epacadostat (71596A9R13) ; Tryptophan (8DUH1N11BX) ; Interferons (9008-11-1) ; obatoclax (QN4128B52A)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-12-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 2173655-8
    ISSN 1742-4658 ; 1742-464X
    ISSN (online) 1742-4658
    ISSN 1742-464X
    DOI 10.1111/febs.13966
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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