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Article ; Online: An Assessment of the Physiological Costs of Autogenous Defenses in Native and Introduced Lady Beetles.

Lee, Benjamin W / Ugine, Todd A / Losey, John E

2018 Volume 47, Issue 4, Page(s) 1030–1038

Abstract: Many lady beetles expel an autogenously produced alkaloid-rich 'reflex blood' as an antipredator defense. We conducted an experiment to determine whether there was a measurable fitness cost associated with the daily induction of this defensive behavior, ... ...

Abstract	Many lady beetles expel an autogenously produced alkaloid-rich 'reflex blood' as an antipredator defense. We conducted an experiment to determine whether there was a measurable fitness cost associated with the daily induction of this defensive behavior, and whether costs differed between native (Coccinella novemnotata Herbst (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)) and invasive species (Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)). Newly mated females were provided a restricted or unrestricted amount of aphids and were bled for 10 d. We measured the mass of reflex blood produced and the total number and viability of eggs laid per day. The amount of reflex blood released per day increased for C. septempunctata at the restricted level and did not change for any other species-diet level combination. We did not detect a significant cost of reflex bleeding on the quantity or viability of eggs laid by any species, even at the restricted aphid level. Remarkably, bled individuals at the ad libitum level laid significantly more viable eggs compared to controls. All species laid significantly fewer total eggs (49-69% fewer) at the low versus high aphid level. These results demonstrate that while resource scarcity has a negative impact on fecundity, repeated use of the reflex bleeding defense system does not. These results support the findings of other reports and strongly suggest that adult lady beetles incur no measurable physiological costs related to the induction of the reflex-bleeding defense.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Coleoptera/physiology ; Diet ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction ; Species Specificity
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-05-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	120799-4
ISSN	1938-2936 ; 0046-2268 ; 0046-225X
ISSN (online)	1938-2936
ISSN	0046-2268 ; 0046-225X
DOI	10.1093/ee/nvy068
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Article ; Online: Interactions of Coccinella novemnotata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) While Foraging for Aphids.

Ugine, Todd A / Hoki, Evan / Losey, John E

Environmental entomology

2018 Volume 47, Issue 1, Page(s) 87–92

Abstract: The importation and establishment of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in North America purportedly caused the displacement and local extirpation of the native ninespotted lady beetle, Coccinella novemnotata Herbst (Coleoptera: ... ...

Abstract	The importation and establishment of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in North America purportedly caused the displacement and local extirpation of the native ninespotted lady beetle, Coccinella novemnotata Herbst (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), across most of its former range, and several reports have shown that C. septempunctata maintains competitive advantages over C. novemnotata. We investigated the role of aphid density on the retention time of these two species on fava bean plants, and the effect of con- versus heterospecific pairings of adult beetles on the foraging behavior of C. novemnotata. We found that aphid density did not affect C. novemnotata's retention time, but did affect the retention time of C. septempunctata, which left plants without aphids significantly faster than C. novemnotata. Additionally, C. septempunctata females left plants significantly faster than their male counterparts, whereas we observed no difference between the two sexes for C. novemnotata. Our test of pairs of beetles showed that C. novemnotata were together on plants more frequently than conspecific pairs of C. septempunctata and heterospecific pairs of beetles, and that all beetles were more likely to be found together on the aphid-infested plant versus the non-infested plant regardless of the pairs' composition. These results show that C. novemnotata spend more time foraging for aphids when aphids are scarce compared with C. septempunctata, and that C. novemnotata is less tolerant of occupying plants inhabited by C. septempunctata versus a conspecific beetle, adding additional mechanisms whereby C. septempunctata could outcompete C. novemnotata in the field.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Aphids/physiology ; Coleoptera/physiology ; Female ; Male ; Population Density ; Predatory Behavior ; Sex Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	120799-4
ISSN	1938-2936 ; 0046-2268 ; 0046-225X
ISSN (online)	1938-2936
ISSN	0046-2268 ; 0046-225X
DOI	10.1093/ee/nvx198
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Article: Interactions of Coccinella novemnotata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) While Foraging for Aphids

Ugine, Todd A / Hoki, Evan / Losey, John E

Environmental entomology. 2018 Feb. 08, v. 47, no. 1

2018

Abstract	The importation and establishment of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in North America purportedly caused the displacement and local extirpation of the native ninespotted lady beetle, Coccinella novemnotata Herbst (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), across most of its former range, and several reports have shown that C. septempunctata maintains competitive advantages over C. novemnotata. We investigated the role of aphid density on the retention time of these two species on fava bean plants, and the effect of con- versus heterospecific pairings of adult beetles on the foraging behavior of C. novemnotata. We found that aphid density did not affect C. novemnotata’s retention time, but did affect the retention time of C. septempunctata, which left plants without aphids significantly faster than C. novemnotata. Additionally, C. septempunctata females left plants significantly faster than their male counterparts, whereas we observed no difference between the two sexes for C. novemnotata. Our test of pairs of beetles showed that C. novemnotata were together on plants more frequently than conspecific pairs of C. septempunctata and heterospecific pairs of beetles, and that all beetles were more likely to be found together on the aphid-infested plant versus the non-infested plant regardless of the pairs’ composition. These results show that C. novemnotata spend more time foraging for aphids when aphids are scarce compared with C. septempunctata, and that C. novemnotata is less tolerant of occupying plants inhabited by C. septempunctata versus a conspecific beetle, adding additional mechanisms whereby C. septempunctata could outcompete C. novemnotata in the field.
Keywords	adults ; Aphidoidea ; Coccinella septempunctata ; faba beans ; females ; foraging ; males ; North America
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0208
Size	p. 87-92.
Publishing place	Oxford University Press
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	120799-4
ISSN	1938-2936 ; 0046-2268 ; 0046-225X
ISSN (online)	1938-2936
ISSN	0046-2268 ; 0046-225X
DOI	10.1093/ee/nvx198
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Article: Cover crop seed preference of four common weed seed predators

Youngerman, Connor Z / DiTommaso, Antonio / Losey, John E / Ryan, Matthew R

Renewable agriculture and food systems. 2020 Oct., v. 35, no. 5

2020

Abstract: Invertebrate seed predators (ISPs) are an important component of agroecosystems that help regulate weed populations. Previous research has shown that ISPs' seed preference depends on the plant and ISP species. Although numerous studies have quantified ... ...

Abstract	Invertebrate seed predators (ISPs) are an important component of agroecosystems that help regulate weed populations. Previous research has shown that ISPs' seed preference depends on the plant and ISP species. Although numerous studies have quantified weed seed losses from ISPs, limited research has been conducted on the potential for ISPs to consume cover crop seeds. Cover crops are sometimes broadcast seeded, and because seeds are left on the soil surface, they are susceptible to ISPs. We hypothesized that (1) ISPs will consume cover crop seeds to the same extent as weed seeds, (2) seed preference will vary by plant and ISP species, and (3) seed consumption will be influenced by seed morphology and nutritional characteristics. We conducted seed preference trials with four common ISPs [Pennsylvania dingy ground beetle (Harpalus pensylvanicus), common black ground beetle (Pterostichus melanarius), Allard's ground cricket (Allonemobius allardi) and fall field cricket (Gryllus pennsylvanicus)] in laboratory no choice and choice feeding assays. We compared seed predation of ten commonly used cover crop species [barley (Hordeum vulgare), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), forage radish (Raphanus sativus), cereal rye (Secale cereale), white mustard (Sinapis alba), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), red clover (Trifolium pratense), triticale (×Triticosecale) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa)] and three weed species [velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) and giant foxtail (Setaria faberi)]. All four ISPs readily consumed cover crop seeds (P < 0.05), but cover crops with hard seed coats and seed hulls such as hairy vetch and barley were less preferred. Our results suggest that farmers should select cover crop species that are avoided by ISPs if they plan on broadcasting the seed, such as with aerial interseeding.
Keywords	Abutilon theophrasti ; Allonemobius ; Ambrosia artemisiifolia ; Cenchrus americanus ; Gryllus pennsylvanicus ; Harpalus ; Hordeum vulgare ; Lolium multiflorum ; Pterostichus melanarius ; Raphanus sativus ; Secale cereale ; Setaria faberi ; Sinapis alba subsp. alba ; Trifolium incarnatum ; Trifolium pratense ; Vicia villosa ; agriculture ; agroecosystems ; barley ; cover crops ; invertebrates ; radishes ; rye ; seed morphology ; seed predation ; soil ; triticale ; weeds ; Pennsylvania
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-10
Size	p. 522-532.
Publishing place	Cambridge University Press
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	2142869-4
ISSN	1742-1713 ; 1742-1705 ; 0889-1893
ISSN (online)	1742-1713
ISSN	1742-1705 ; 0889-1893
DOI	10.1017/S1742170519000164
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Article: Herbivory improves the fitness of predatory beetles

Ugine, Todd A / Nagra, Avneet / Grebenok, Robert J / Behmer, Spencer T / Losey, John E

journal of animal ecology. 2020 Nov., v. 89, no. 11

2020

Abstract: While many predatory arthropods consume non‐prey foods from lower trophic levels, little is known about what drives the shift from predator to omnivore. Predatory lady beetles often consume non‐prey foods like plant foliage and pollen. One species, ... ...

Abstract	While many predatory arthropods consume non‐prey foods from lower trophic levels, little is known about what drives the shift from predator to omnivore. Predatory lady beetles often consume non‐prey foods like plant foliage and pollen. One species, Coccinella septempunctata, eats foliage to redress sterol deficits caused by eating sterol‐deficient prey. Here we explore how omnivory benefits lady beetle fitness. We reared seven species of lady beetles—from five genera distributed across the tribe Coccinellini—on pea aphids in the presence or absence of fava bean foliage; pea aphids have very low sterol content. Foliage supplements lengthened the development times of four species and decreased survival to adulthood of two species; it had no effect on adult mass. We mated beetles in a 2 × 2 factorial design (males with or without foliage paired with females with or without foliage). For each species, we observed a profound paternal effect of foliage supplements on fitness. Females mated to foliage‐supplemented males laid more eggs and more viable eggs compared to females mated to non‐supplemented males. Foliage‐supplemented males produced 2.9–4.6 times more sperm compared to non‐supplemented males for the three species we examined. We analysed the sterol profile of four beetle species reared on pea aphids—with or without foliage—and compared their sterol profile to field‐collected adults. For two laboratory‐reared species, sterols were not detected in adult male beetles, and overall levels were generally low (total ng of sterol/beetle range: 3–33 ng); the exception being Propylea quatuordecimpunctata females (total ng of sterol/beetle range: 50–157 ng). Laboratory‐reared lady beetle sterol content was not significantly affected by the presence of foliage. Field‐collected beetles had higher levels of sterols compared to laboratory‐reared beetles (2,452–145,348 ng per beetle); cholesterol and sitosterol were the dominant sterols in both field‐collected and laboratory‐reared beetles. Our findings indicate that herbivory benefits lady beetle fitness across the Coccinellini, and that this was entirely a paternal effect. Our data provide a rare example of a nutritional constraint impacting fitness in a sex‐specific manner. It also shows, more broadly, how a nutritional constraint can drive predators towards omnivory.
Keywords	Coccinella septempunctata ; Propylea quatuordecimpunctata ; adulthood ; adults ; animal ecology ; cholesterol ; faba beans ; herbivores ; laboratory rearing ; leaves ; males ; omnivores ; paternal effect ; peas ; pollen ; sitosterols ; spermatozoa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-11
Size	p. 2473-2484.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	3024-7
ISSN	1365-2656 ; 0021-8790
ISSN (online)	1365-2656
ISSN	0021-8790
DOI	10.1111/1365-2656.13313
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Article: Predator Performance and Fitness Is Dictated by Herbivore Prey Type Plus Indirect Effects of their Host Plant

Ugine, Todd A. / Gill, Harsimran K. / Hernandez, Nicolo / Grebenok, Robert J. / Behmer, Spencer T. / Losey, John E.

Journal of chemical ecology. 2021 Nov., v. 47, no. 10-11

2021

Abstract: Animals, including herbivores and predators, use diet-mixing to balance their macro- and micronutrient intake. Recent work demonstrated that lady beetles fed only pea aphids from fava beans had reduced fitness caused by a deficiency of dietary sterols. ... ...

Abstract	Animals, including herbivores and predators, use diet-mixing to balance their macro- and micronutrient intake. Recent work demonstrated that lady beetles fed only pea aphids from fava beans had reduced fitness caused by a deficiency of dietary sterols. However, beetles redressed this deficit by eating fava bean leaves. In the current study we used Coccinella septempunctata as a model to test the hypotheses that pea aphids are a poor sterol resource independent of their host plant, and that fava beans produce low quality prey regardless of aphid species. Additionally, we tested the reproductive rescue capacity of alfalfa and barley foliage compared to fava, and profiled the sterols of phloem exudates, foliage, and aphids reared on these different hosts. Beetle fecundity and egg viability was significantly better when provided pea aphids reared on alfalfa (compared to fava beans) and green peach aphids reared on fava plants. Alfalfa and barley leaves were not consumed by beetles and did not support beetle reproduction. The sterol profile of aphids largely reflected their host plant phloem. However, green peach aphids from fava acquired 125-times more sterol than pea aphids from fava. Our findings show how the sterol content of different host-plants can affect the third trophic level. Our results suggest that 1) prey quality varies depending on prey species, even when they occur on the same plant, 2) plant species can mediate prey quality, 3) host plant-mediated effects on prey quality partially drive omnivory, and 4) diet-mixing benefits growth and reproduction by redressing micronutrient deficits.
Keywords	Coccinella septempunctata ; alfalfa ; barley ; chemical ecology ; eggs ; faba beans ; fecundity ; herbivores ; host plants ; leaves ; omnivores ; peaches ; peas ; phloem ; prey species ; sterols ; trophic levels ; viability
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-11
Size	p. 877-888.
Publishing place	Springer US
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	800130-3
ISSN	1573-1561 ; 0098-0331
ISSN (online)	1573-1561
ISSN	0098-0331
DOI	10.1007/s10886-021-01251-4
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Article: Assessing the risk of insecticides to Actinopterygii in the combination of ecological planting and rearing

Wang, Dongsheng / Lv, Weiguang / Yuan, Yongda / Zhang, Tianshu / Teng, Haiyuan / Losey, John E / Chang, Xiaoli

Elsevier Ltd Environmental pollution. 2021 May 01, v. 276

2021

Abstract: In order to study the co-existing environment of pests and economic animals, the toxicity of 15 insecticides to Plutella xylostella, Monopterus albus, and Paramisgurnus dabryanus was tested. Combined with the recommended maximum doses in the field and ... ...

Abstract	In order to study the co-existing environment of pests and economic animals, the toxicity of 15 insecticides to Plutella xylostella, Monopterus albus, and Paramisgurnus dabryanus was tested. Combined with the recommended maximum doses in the field and bioassay, the results showed that for the three insecticides that were of relatively low toxicity to M. albus and P. dabryanus, spinetoram showed the best control effect on P. xylostella, followed by chlorfenapyr and chlorantraniliprole. However, P. xylostella showed a relatively high resistance to chlorfenapyr. Therefore, the best insecticide suitable for the fields with the cauliflower-finless eel or cauliflower-loach planting and rearing combination was spinetoram, followed by chlorantraniliprole and chlorfenapyr. Other insecticides such as emamectin benzoate, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), matrine, and so on were effective against the diamondback moth, but they were not suitable for use because of their high toxicity to the finless eel and loach.
Keywords	Bacillus thuringiensis ; Monopterus albus ; Paramisgurnus dabryanus ; Plutella xylostella ; bioassays ; chlorfenapyr ; eel ; pollution ; toxicity
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0501
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	280652-6
ISSN	1873-6424 ; 0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
ISSN (online)	1873-6424
ISSN	0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
DOI	10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116702
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Article ; Online: Development times and age-specific life table parameters of the native lady beetle species Coccinella novemnotata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and its invasive congener Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).

Ugine, Todd A / Losey, John E

Environmental entomology

2014 Volume 43, Issue 4, Page(s) 1067–1075

Abstract: To determine if differences in life history parameters contribute to native species exclusion, immature development times, larval survivorship, reproductive life history parameters, and age-specific life tables were determined for two populations ( ... ...

Abstract	To determine if differences in life history parameters contribute to native species exclusion, immature development times, larval survivorship, reproductive life history parameters, and age-specific life tables were determined for two populations (eastern United States and western United States) of ninespotted lady beetles (Coccinella novemnotata Herbst) and one population of sevenspotted lady beetles (Coccinella septempunctata L.). Developing larvae were provided an ad libitum diet of pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) at a constant temperature of 25°C. The first and fourth larval stadia of C. novemnotata were significantly longer than that of C. septempunctata, as was their total development time from egg to newly eclosed adult. Stage-specific developmental mortality was low for both species and did not exceed 7% for the entire development period. The preoviposition period of the two C. novemnotata populations was significantly shorter (15-20%) than that of C. septempunctata. C. novemnotata from both locations laid significantly fewer total eggs than C. septempunctata (34-40% fewer) over the 31-d test period, and also fewer eggs per day (37-43% fewer). The net reproductive rate of the C. novemnotata populations was 42-50% lower than that of C. septempunctata as was C. novemnotata's intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm: 0.1716 and 0.1840 vs. 0.1959 for western and eastern C. novemnotata and C. septempunctata, respectively).
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Coleoptera/growth & development ; Coleoptera/physiology ; Female ; Larva/growth & development ; Life Tables ; Longevity ; Male ; Pupa/growth & development ; Reproduction
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	120799-4
ISSN	1938-2936 ; 0046-2268 ; 0046-225X
ISSN (online)	1938-2936
ISSN	0046-2268 ; 0046-225X
DOI	10.1603/EN14053
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Article ; Online: Herbivory improves the fitness of predatory beetles.

Ugine, Todd A / Nagra, Avneet / Grebenok, Robert J / Behmer, Spencer T / Losey, John E

The Journal of animal ecology

2020 Volume 89, Issue 11, Page(s) 2473–2484

Abstract: While many predatory arthropods consume non-prey foods from lower trophic levels, little is known about what drives the shift from predator to omnivore. Predatory lady beetles often consume non-prey foods like plant foliage and pollen. One species, ... ...

Abstract	While many predatory arthropods consume non-prey foods from lower trophic levels, little is known about what drives the shift from predator to omnivore. Predatory lady beetles often consume non-prey foods like plant foliage and pollen. One species, Coccinella septempunctata, eats foliage to redress sterol deficits caused by eating sterol-deficient prey. Here we explore how omnivory benefits lady beetle fitness. We reared seven species of lady beetles-from five genera distributed across the tribe Coccinellini-on pea aphids in the presence or absence of fava bean foliage; pea aphids have very low sterol content. Foliage supplements lengthened the development times of four species and decreased survival to adulthood of two species; it had no effect on adult mass. We mated beetles in a 2 × 2 factorial design (males with or without foliage paired with females with or without foliage). For each species, we observed a profound paternal effect of foliage supplements on fitness. Females mated to foliage-supplemented males laid more eggs and more viable eggs compared to females mated to non-supplemented males. Foliage-supplemented males produced 2.9-4.6 times more sperm compared to non-supplemented males for the three species we examined. We analysed the sterol profile of four beetle species reared on pea aphids-with or without foliage-and compared their sterol profile to field-collected adults. For two laboratory-reared species, sterols were not detected in adult male beetles, and overall levels were generally low (total ng of sterol/beetle range: 3-33 ng); the exception being Propylea quatuordecimpunctata females (total ng of sterol/beetle range: 50-157 ng). Laboratory-reared lady beetle sterol content was not significantly affected by the presence of foliage. Field-collected beetles had higher levels of sterols compared to laboratory-reared beetles (2,452-145,348 ng per beetle); cholesterol and sitosterol were the dominant sterols in both field-collected and laboratory-reared beetles. Our findings indicate that herbivory benefits lady beetle fitness across the Coccinellini, and that this was entirely a paternal effect. Our data provide a rare example of a nutritional constraint impacting fitness in a sex-specific manner. It also shows, more broadly, how a nutritional constraint can drive predators towards omnivory.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Aphids ; Coleoptera ; Female ; Herbivory ; Male ; Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	3024-7
ISSN	1365-2656 ; 0021-8790
ISSN (online)	1365-2656
ISSN	0021-8790
DOI	10.1111/1365-2656.13313
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Article ; Online: Effects of insecticides on malacostraca when managing diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) in combination planting-rearing fields.

Wang, Dongsheng / Lv, Weiguang / Yuan, Yongda / Zhang, Tianshu / Teng, Haiyuan / Losey, John E / Chang, Xiaoli

Ecotoxicology and environmental safety

2021 Volume 229, Page(s) 113090

Abstract: The combination of crop planting and animal rearing in the same area is popular. However, if the methods of planting and rearing are not appropriate, it will result in losses and the disruption of pest management. The toxicities of 17 insecticides to ... ...

Abstract	The combination of crop planting and animal rearing in the same area is popular. However, if the methods of planting and rearing are not appropriate, it will result in losses and the disruption of pest management. The toxicities of 17 insecticides to Plutella xylostella, Eriocheir sinensis, and Procambarus clarkii were tested. The recommended maximum field doses were used in 2 d and 4 d bioassays, and the levels of resistance of P. xylostella to insecticides were determined. Of five insecticides that had relatively low toxicity to E. sinensis and P. clarkii, spinetoram and MbNPV showed the best control efficacy of P. xylostella, followed by tetrachlorantraniliprole, chlorantraniliprole, and avermectin. P. xylostella had relatively little resistance to spinetoram, MbNPV, chlorantraniliprole, and avermectin. Therefore, we concluded that the best insecticides suitable for combination planting and rearing fields (cauliflower-crab or cauliflower-crayfish) were spinetoram and MbNPV, followed by chlorantraniliprole and avermectin. Other insecticides, such as emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb, and chlorfenapyr were effective at controlling P. xylostella, but they were not suitable for use in combination planting and rearing fields because of their high toxicity to crabs and crayfish.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Crustacea ; Insecticide Resistance ; Insecticides/toxicity ; Larva ; Moths
Chemical Substances	Insecticides
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-17
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	436536-7
ISSN	1090-2414 ; 0147-6513
ISSN (online)	1090-2414
ISSN	0147-6513
DOI	10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113090
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Zs.A 1418: Show issues

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