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  1. Article: Upright walking has driven unique vascular specialization of the hominin ilium.

    Zirkle, Dexter / Meindl, Richard S / Lovejoy, C Owen

    PeerJ

    2021  Volume 9, Page(s) e12240

    Abstract: Background: A novel physis in hominins modulates broadening and shortening of the ilium. We report analysis of a vascular canal system whose origin may be associated with this physis and which appears to be also unique to hominins. Its presence is ... ...

    Abstract Background: A novel physis in hominins modulates broadening and shortening of the ilium. We report analysis of a vascular canal system whose origin may be associated with this physis and which appears to be also unique to hominins. Its presence is potentially identifiable in the fossil record by its association with a highly enlarged foramen that is consistently present in modern humans and hominin fossils.
    Methods: We measured the diameter of this foramen in humans, fossil hominins, and African great apes and corrected for body size.
    Results: The mean relative human foramen diameter is significantly greater than those of either
    Conclusions: We posit that the presence and significant enlargement of this foramen in fossils can reasonably serve as an indicator that its anterior inferior iliac spine emerged
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2703241-3
    ISSN 2167-8359
    ISSN 2167-8359
    DOI 10.7717/peerj.12240
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  2. Article ; Online: The hominid ilium is shaped by a synapomorphic growth mechanism that is unique within primates.

    Zirkle, Dexter / Lovejoy, C Owen

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2019  Volume 116, Issue 28, Page(s) 13915–13920

    Abstract: The human ilium is significantly shorter and broader than those of all other primates. In addition, it exhibits an anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) that emerges via a secondary center of ossification, which is unique to hominids (i.e., all taxa ... ...

    Abstract The human ilium is significantly shorter and broader than those of all other primates. In addition, it exhibits an anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) that emerges via a secondary center of ossification, which is unique to hominids (i.e., all taxa related to the human clade following their phyletic separation from the African apes). Here, we track the ontogeny of human and other primate ossa coxae. The human pattern is unique, from anlage to adulthood, and fusion of its AIIS is the capstone event in a repositioning of the anterior gluteals that maximizes control of pelvic drop during upright walking. It is therefore a hominid synapomorphy that can be used to assess the presence and age of bipedal locomotion in extinct taxa.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Fossils/anatomy & histology ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Hominidae/genetics ; Humans ; Ilium/anatomy & histology ; Osteogenesis/genetics ; Osteogenesis/physiology ; Pelvis/anatomy & histology ; Phylogeny ; Primates/anatomy & histology ; Primates/genetics ; Tooth/anatomy & histology ; Walking/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-06-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.1905242116
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  3. Article ; Online: Scapular breadth does not discriminate suspension from clambering in hominoids: A response to Spear and Williams.

    Selby, Michael S / Lovejoy, C Owen

    American journal of physical anthropology

    2018  Volume 167, Issue 1, Page(s) 197–199

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Hominidae ; Locomotion ; Scapula
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-05-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 219376-0
    ISSN 1096-8644 ; 0002-9483
    ISSN (online) 1096-8644
    ISSN 0002-9483
    DOI 10.1002/ajpa.23598
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  4. Article ; Online: Odd-nosed monkey scapular morphology converges on that of arm-swinging apes.

    Selby, Michael S / Lovejoy, C Owen / Byron, Craig D

    Journal of human evolution

    2020  Volume 143, Page(s) 102784

    Abstract: Odd-nosed monkeys 'arm-swing' more frequently than other colobines. They are therefore somewhat behaviorally analogous to atelines and apes. Scapular morphology regularly reflects locomotor mode, with both arm-swinging and climbing anthropoids showing ... ...

    Abstract Odd-nosed monkeys 'arm-swing' more frequently than other colobines. They are therefore somewhat behaviorally analogous to atelines and apes. Scapular morphology regularly reflects locomotor mode, with both arm-swinging and climbing anthropoids showing similar characteristics, especially a mediolaterally narrow blade and cranially angled spine and glenoid. However, these traits are not expressed uniformly among anthropoids. Therefore, behavioral convergences in the odd-nosed taxa of Nasalis, Pygathrix, and Rhinopithecus with hominoids may not have resulted in similar structural convergences. We therefore used a broad sample of anthropoids to test how closely odd-nosed monkey scapulae resemble those of other arm-swinging primates. We used principal component analyses on size-corrected linear metrics and angles that reflect scapular size and shape in a broad sample of anthropoids. As in previous studies, our first component separated terrestrial and above-branch quadrupeds from clambering and arm-swinging taxa. On this axis, odd-nosed monkeys were closer than other colobines to modern apes and Ateles. All three odd-nosed genera retain glenoid orientations that are more typical of other colobines, but Pygathrix and Rhinopithecus are closer to hominoids than to other Asian colobines in mediolateral blade breadth, spine angle, and glenoid position. This suggests that scapular morphology of Pygathrix may reflect a significant reliance on arm-swinging and that the morphology of Rhinopithecus may reflect more reliance on general climbing. As 'arm-swinging' features are also found in taxa that only rarely arm-swing, we hypothesize that these features are also adaptive for scrambling and bridging in larger bodied anthropoids that use the fine-branch component of their arboreal niches.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Hominidae/physiology ; Locomotion ; Phylogeny ; Presbytini/anatomy & histology ; Presbytini/physiology ; Scapula/anatomy & histology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 120141-4
    ISSN 1095-8606 ; 0047-2484
    ISSN (online) 1095-8606
    ISSN 0047-2484
    DOI 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102784
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  5. Article ; Online: The foot of the human-chimpanzee last common ancestor was not African ape-like: A response to Prang (2019).

    Chaney, Morgan E / Ruiz, Cody A / Meindl, Richard S / Lovejoy, C Owen

    Journal of human evolution

    2021  Volume 164, Page(s) 102940

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Foot ; Hominidae/physiology ; Humans ; Pan troglodytes/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 120141-4
    ISSN 1095-8606 ; 0047-2484
    ISSN (online) 1095-8606
    ISSN 0047-2484
    DOI 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102940
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  6. Article ; Online: Evolution of the hominoid scapula and its implications for earliest hominid locomotion.

    Selby, Michael S / Lovejoy, C Owen

    American journal of physical anthropology

    2017  Volume 162, Issue 4, Page(s) 682–700

    Abstract: Objectives: The higher primate scapula has been subject to many explanations of the putative "adaptive value" of its individual traits. However, the shift from the bone's position in above branch quadrupeds to its more posterolateral position in recent ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: The higher primate scapula has been subject to many explanations of the putative "adaptive value" of its individual traits. However, the shift from the bone's position in above branch quadrupeds to its more posterolateral position in recent hominoids obviously required fundamental changes to its general form. We hypothesize that most features argued to be individually adaptive are more likely secondary consequences of changes in its fundamental bauplan, a view more consistent with modern developmental biology.
    Materials and methods: We tested this hypothesis with scapular metrics and angles from a broad anthropoid sample.
    Results: Our results support our hypothesis. Contrary to earlier predictions, vertebral border length differs little relative to body size in anthropoids, inferior angle position primarily reflects mediolateral scapular breadth, and supraspinous and infraspinous fossa sizes largely reflect scapular spine orientation. Suspensory taxa have cranially oriented glenoids, whereas slow clamberers and humans do not. Australopithecus most closely resembles the latter.
    Discussion: Most scapular features can be explained by only two primary changes: (1) reduction in mediolateral breadth and (2) change in the glenoid position relative to the vertebral border with increased reliance on suspension, which led to a more cranially angled scapular spine. Virtually all other scapular traits appear to be byproducts of these two changes. Based on fossil morphology, hominids
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Anthropology, Physical ; Biological Evolution ; Fossils ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Principal Component Analysis ; Scapula/anatomy & histology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-01-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 219376-0
    ISSN 1096-8644 ; 0002-9483
    ISSN (online) 1096-8644
    ISSN 0002-9483
    DOI 10.1002/ajpa.23158
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  7. Article ; Online: Early hominids may have been weed species.

    Meindl, Richard S / Chaney, Morgan E / Lovejoy, C Owen

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2018  Volume 115, Issue 6, Page(s) 1244–1249

    Abstract: Panid, gorillid, and hominid social structures appear to have diverged as dramatically as did their locomotor patterns as they emerged from a late Miocene last common ancestor (LCA). Despite their elimination of the sectorial canine complex and adoption ... ...

    Abstract Panid, gorillid, and hominid social structures appear to have diverged as dramatically as did their locomotor patterns as they emerged from a late Miocene last common ancestor (LCA). Despite their elimination of the sectorial canine complex and adoption of bipedality with its attendant removal of their ready access to the arboreal canopy,
    MeSH term(s) Africa ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Fertility/physiology ; Forests ; Fossils ; Haplorhini/physiology ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Hominidae/physiology ; Macaca/physiology ; Male ; Mortality ; Social Behavior
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-01-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.1719669115
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  8. Article ; Online: Why Do Knuckle-Walking African Apes Knuckle-Walk?

    Simpson, Scott W / Latimer, Bruce / Lovejoy, C Owen

    Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)

    2018  Volume 301, Issue 3, Page(s) 496–514

    Abstract: Among living mammals, only the African apes and some anteaters adopt knuckle-walking as their primary locomotor behavior. That Pan and Gorilla both knuckle-walk has been cited as evidence of their common ancestry and a primitive condition for a combined ... ...

    Abstract Among living mammals, only the African apes and some anteaters adopt knuckle-walking as their primary locomotor behavior. That Pan and Gorilla both knuckle-walk has been cited as evidence of their common ancestry and a primitive condition for a combined Homo, Pan, and Gorilla clade. Recent research on forelimb ontogeny and anatomy, in addition to recently described hominin fossils, indicate that knuckle-walking was independently acquired after divergence of the Pan and Gorilla lineages. Although the large-bodied, largely suspensory orangutan shares some aspects of the African ape bauplan, it does not regularly knuckle-walk when terrestrial. While many anatomical correlates of knuckle-walking have been identified, a functional explanation of this unusual locomotor pattern has yet to be proposed. Here, we argue that it was adopted by African apes as a means of ameliorating the consequences of repetitive impact loadings on the soft and hard tissues of the forelimb by employing isometric and/or eccentric contraction of antebrachial musculature during terrestrial locomotion. Evidence of this adaptation can be found in the differential size and fiber geometry of the forearm musculature, and differences in torso shape between the knuckle-walking and non-knuckle-walking apes (including humans). We also argue that some osteological features of the carpus and metacarpus that have been identified as adaptations to knuckle-walking are consequences of cartilage remodeling during ontogeny rather than traits limiting motion in the hand and wrist. An understanding of the functional basis of knuckle-walking provides an explanation of the locomotor parallelisms in modern Pan and Gorilla. Anat Rec, 301:496-514, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    MeSH term(s) Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Female ; Fossils ; Hand/anatomy & histology ; Hand/physiology ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Hominidae/classification ; Hominidae/physiology ; Locomotion/physiology ; Male ; Metacarpal Bones/anatomy & histology ; Metacarpal Bones/physiology ; Walking/physiology ; Wrist Joint/anatomy & histology ; Wrist Joint/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-02-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2269667-2
    ISSN 1932-8494 ; 1932-8486
    ISSN (online) 1932-8494
    ISSN 1932-8486
    DOI 10.1002/ar.23743
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  9. Article: From Lucy to Kadanuumuu: balanced analyses of Australopithecus afarensis assemblages confirm only moderate skeletal dimorphism.

    Reno, Philip L / Lovejoy, C Owen

    PeerJ

    2015  Volume 3, Page(s) e925

    Abstract: Sexual dimorphism in body size is often used as a correlate of social and reproductive behavior in Australopithecus afarensis. In addition to a number of isolated specimens, the sample for this species includes two small associated skeletons (A.L. 288-1 ... ...

    Abstract Sexual dimorphism in body size is often used as a correlate of social and reproductive behavior in Australopithecus afarensis. In addition to a number of isolated specimens, the sample for this species includes two small associated skeletons (A.L. 288-1 or "Lucy" and A.L. 128/129) and a geologically contemporaneous death assemblage of several larger individuals (A.L. 333). These have driven both perceptions and quantitative analyses concluding that Au. afarensis was markedly dimorphic. The Template Method enables simultaneous evaluation of multiple skeletal sites, thereby greatly expanding sample size, and reveals that A. afarensis dimorphism was similar to that of modern humans. A new very large partial skeleton (KSD-VP-1/1 or "Kadanuumuu") can now also be used, like Lucy, as a template specimen. In addition, the recently developed Geometric Mean Method has been used to argue that Au. afarensis was equally or even more dimorphic than gorillas. However, in its previous application Lucy and A.L. 128/129 accounted for 10 of 11 estimates of female size. Here we directly compare the two methods and demonstrate that including multiple measurements from the same partial skeleton that falls at the margin of the species size range dramatically inflates dimorphism estimates. Prevention of the dominance of a single specimen's contribution to calculations of multiple dimorphism estimates confirms that Au. afarensis was only moderately dimorphic.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-04-28
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2703241-3
    ISSN 2167-8359
    ISSN 2167-8359
    DOI 10.7717/peerj.925
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  10. Article ; Online: Reexamining human origins in light of Ardipithecus ramidus.

    Lovejoy, C Owen

    Science (New York, N.Y.)

    2009  Volume 326, Issue 5949, Page(s) 74e1–8

    Abstract: Referential models based on extant African apes have dominated reconstructions of early human evolution since Darwin's time. These models visualize fundamental human behaviors as intensifications of behaviors observed in living chimpanzees and/or ... ...

    Abstract Referential models based on extant African apes have dominated reconstructions of early human evolution since Darwin's time. These models visualize fundamental human behaviors as intensifications of behaviors observed in living chimpanzees and/or gorillas (for instance, upright feeding, male dominance displays, tool use, culture, hunting, and warfare). Ardipithecus essentially falsifies such models, because extant apes are highly derived relative to our last common ancestors. Moreover, uniquely derived hominid characters, especially those of locomotion and canine reduction, appear to have emerged shortly after the hominid/chimpanzee divergence. Hence, Ardipithecus provides a new window through which to view our clade's earliest evolution and its ecological context. Early hominids and extant apes are remarkably divergent in many cardinal characters. We can no longer rely on homologies with African apes for accounts of our origins and must turn instead to general evolutionary theory. A proposed adaptive suite for the emergence of Ardipithecus from the last common ancestor that we shared with chimpanzees accounts for these principal ape/human differences, as well as the marked demographic success and cognitive efflorescence of later Plio-Pleistocene hominids.
    MeSH term(s) Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Cuspid/anatomy & histology ; Dentition ; Diet ; Ethiopia ; Female ; Fossils ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Hominidae/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Male ; Posture ; Reproduction ; Sex Characteristics ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Spermatozoa/physiology ; Walking
    Language English
    Publishing date 2009-10-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 128410-1
    ISSN 1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
    ISSN (online) 1095-9203
    ISSN 0036-8075
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