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Article ; Online: Abstracts of Scottish Vision Group 2023 Meeting.

Lovell, Paul George / Sharman, Rebecca J

Vision (Basel, Switzerland)

2024 Volume 8, Issue 1

Abstract: Scottish Vision Group has become a yearly event for vision scientists based in Scotland since its inception in 2001. Each year, the conference is hosted at a different location and organised by a different team. The 2023 SVG meeting was hosted in the ... ...

Abstract	Scottish Vision Group has become a yearly event for vision scientists based in Scotland since its inception in 2001. Each year, the conference is hosted at a different location and organised by a different team. The 2023 SVG meeting was hosted in the city of Dundee by Abertay University. Delegates travelled from the United Kingdom, Europe and beyond. The meeting started with a roundtable panel discussion sponsored by Meta Reality Labs. The roundtable, titled The Past, Present and Future of Visual Search, was organised and presented by Árni Kristjánsson (Iceland), Ioan Smart (Abertay) and Ian Thornton (Malta). The MDPI Keynote lecture was introduced by Professor Andrew Parker (Oxford University and Otto-von-Guericke University in Magdeburg, Germany) and presented by Prof. Timothy Ledgeway (Nottingham) on sensory eye dominance and plasticity in adult binocular vision. The remaining two days of the conference hosted a wide range of talks on topics ranging from insect navigation to visual illusions, facial recognition and binocular coding. The Saturday evening saw a special event where delegates explored the sensory properties of a range of single-malt whiskies. Here, we present a selection of abstracts for the various talks and posters.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-11
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Congress
ISSN	2411-5150
ISSN (online)	2411-5150
DOI	10.3390/vision8010012
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Article ; Online: Optimizing the performance of silica nanoparticles functionalized with a near-infrared fluorescent dye for bioimaging applications.

Ehrhorn, Evie G / Lovell, Paul / Svechkarev, Denis / Romanova, Svetlana / Mohs, Aaron M

Nanotechnology

2024 Volume 35, Issue 30

Abstract: Modified fluorescent nanoparticles continue to emerge as promising candidates for drug delivery, bioimaging, and labeling tools for various biomedical applications. The ability of nanomaterials to fluorescently label cells allow for the enhanced ... ...

Abstract	Modified fluorescent nanoparticles continue to emerge as promising candidates for drug delivery, bioimaging, and labeling tools for various biomedical applications. The ability of nanomaterials to fluorescently label cells allow for the enhanced detection and understanding of diseases. Silica nanoparticles have a variety of unique properties that can be harnessed for many different applications, causing their increased popularity. In combination with an organic dye, fluorescent nanoparticles demonstrate a vast range of advantageous properties including long photostability, surface modification, and signal amplification, thus allowing ease of manipulation to best suit bioimaging purposes. In this study, the Stöber method with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and a fluorescent dye sulfo-Cy5-amine was used to synthesize fluorescent silica nanoparticles. The fluorescence spectra, zeta potential, quantum yield, cytotoxicity, and photostability were evaluated. The increased intracellular uptake and photostability of the dye-silica nanoparticles show their potential for bioimaging.
MeSH term(s)	Silicon Dioxide/chemistry ; Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry ; Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Humans ; Carbocyanines/chemistry ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Optical Imaging/methods
Chemical Substances	Silicon Dioxide (7631-86-9) ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Carbocyanines
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1362365-5
ISSN	1361-6528 ; 0957-4484
ISSN (online)	1361-6528
ISSN	0957-4484
DOI	10.1088/1361-6528/ad3fc5
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Article ; Online: Dynamic hyaluronic acid hydrogel with covalent linked gelatin as an anti-oxidative bioink for cartilage tissue engineering.

Shi, Wen / Fang, Fang / Kong, Yunfan / Greer, Sydney E / Kuss, Mitchell / Liu, Bo / Xue, Wen / Jiang, Xiping / Lovell, Paul / Mohs, Aaron M / Dudley, Andrew T / Li, Tieshi / Duan, Bin

Biofabrication

2021 Volume 14, Issue 1

Abstract: In the past decade, cartilage tissue engineering has arisen as a promising therapeutic option for degenerative joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis, in the hope of restoring the structure and physiological functions. Hydrogels are promising ... ...

Abstract	In the past decade, cartilage tissue engineering has arisen as a promising therapeutic option for degenerative joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis, in the hope of restoring the structure and physiological functions. Hydrogels are promising biomaterials for developing engineered scaffolds for cartilage regeneration. However, hydrogel-delivered mesenchymal stem cells or chondrocytes could be exposed to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the inflammatory microenvironment after being implanted into injured joints, which may affect their phenotype and normal functions and thereby hinder the regeneration efficacy. To attenuate ROS induced side effects, a multifunctional hydrogel with an innate anti-oxidative ability was produced in this study. The hydrogel was rapidly formed through a dynamic covalent bond between phenylboronic acid grafted hyaluronic acid (HA-PBA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) and was further stabilized through a secondary crosslinking between the acrylate moiety on HA-PBA and the free thiol group from thiolated gelatin. The hydrogel is cyto-compatible and injectable and can be used as a bioink for 3D bioprinting. The viscoelastic properties of the hydrogels could be modulated through the hydrogel precursor concentration. The presence of dynamic covalent linkages contributed to its shear-thinning property and thus good printability of the hydrogel, resulting in the fabrication of a porous grid construct and a meniscus like scaffold at high structural fidelity. The bioprinted hydrogel promoted cell adhesion and chondrogenic differentiation of encapsulated rabbit adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells. Meanwhile, the hydrogel supported robust deposition of extracellular matrix components, including glycosaminoglycans and type II collagen, by embedded mouse chondrocytes
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bioprinting/methods ; Cartilage ; Chondrocytes ; Gelatin/pharmacology ; Hyaluronic Acid/chemistry ; Hydrogels/chemistry ; Hydrogels/pharmacology ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Mice ; Rabbits ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Tissue Engineering/methods ; Tissue Scaffolds/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Hydrogels ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Gelatin (9000-70-8) ; Hyaluronic Acid (9004-61-9) ; Hydrogen Peroxide (BBX060AN9V)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-31
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2500944-8
ISSN	1758-5090 ; 1758-5082
ISSN (online)	1758-5090
ISSN	1758-5082
DOI	10.1088/1758-5090/ac42de
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Article ; Online: Optimal integration of shading and binocular disparity for depth perception.

Lovell, Paul G / Bloj, Marina / Harris, Julie M

Journal of vision

2012 Volume 12, Issue 1

Abstract: We explore the relative utility of shape from shading and binocular disparity for depth perception. Ray-traced images either featured a smooth surface illuminated from above (shading-only) or were defined by small dots (disparity-only). Observers judged ... ...

Abstract	We explore the relative utility of shape from shading and binocular disparity for depth perception. Ray-traced images either featured a smooth surface illuminated from above (shading-only) or were defined by small dots (disparity-only). Observers judged which of a pair of smoothly curved convex objects had most depth. The shading cue was around half as reliable as the rich disparity information for depth discrimination. Shading- and disparity-defined cues where combined by placing dots in the stimulus image, superimposed upon the shaded surface, resulting in veridical shading and binocular disparity. Independently varying the depth delivered by each channel allowed creation of conflicting disparity-defined and shading-defined depth. We manipulated the reliability of the disparity information by adding disparity noise. As noise levels in the disparity channel were increased, perceived depths and variances shifted toward those of the now more reliable shading cue. Several different models of cue combination were applied to the data. Perceived depths and variances were well predicted by a classic maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) model of cue integration, for all but one observer. We discuss the extent to which MLE is the most parsimonious model to account for observer performance.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Cues ; Depth Perception/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology ; Vision Disparity/physiology ; Vision, Binocular/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2012
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1534-7362
ISSN (online)	1534-7362
DOI	10.1167/12.1.1
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Article ; Online: Edge enhancement improves disruptive camouflage by emphasising false edges and creating pictorial relief.

Egan, John / Sharman, Rebecca J / Scott-Brown, Kenneth C / Lovell, Paul George

Scientific reports

2016 Volume 6, Page(s) 38274

Abstract: Disruptive colouration is a visual camouflage composed of false edges and boundaries. Many disruptively camouflaged animals feature enhanced edges; light patches are surrounded by a lighter outline and/or a dark patches are surrounded by a darker outline. ...

Abstract	Disruptive colouration is a visual camouflage composed of false edges and boundaries. Many disruptively camouflaged animals feature enhanced edges; light patches are surrounded by a lighter outline and/or a dark patches are surrounded by a darker outline. This camouflage is particularly common in amphibians, reptiles and lepidopterans. We explored the role that this pattern has in creating effective camouflage. In a visual search task utilising an ultra-large display area mimicking search tasks that might be found in nature, edge enhanced disruptive camouflage increases crypsis, even on substrates that do not provide an obvious visual match. Specifically, edge enhanced camouflage is effective on backgrounds both with and without shadows; i.e. this is not solely due to background matching of the dark edge enhancement element with the shadows. Furthermore, when the dark component of the edge enhancement is omitted the camouflage still provided better crypsis than control patterns without edge enhancement. This kind of edge enhancement improved camouflage on all background types. Lastly, we show that edge enhancement can create a perception of multiple surfaces. We conclude that edge enhancement increases the effectiveness of disruptive camouflage through mechanisms that may include the improved disruption of the object outline by implying pictorial relief.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anura/anatomy & histology ; Anura/physiology ; Color ; Moths/anatomy & histology ; Moths/physiology ; Optical Phenomena ; Panthera/anatomy & histology ; Panthera/physiology ; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology ; Pigmentation/physiology ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Snakes/anatomy & histology ; Snakes/physiology ; Vision, Ocular
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-12-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/srep38274
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Article ; Online: The role of spatial integration in the perception of surface orientation with active touch.

Giachritsis, Christos D / Wing, Alan M / Lovell, Paul G

Attention, perception & psychophysics

2009 Volume 71, Issue 7, Page(s) 1628–1640

Abstract: Vision research has shown that perception of line orientation, in the fovea area, improves with line length (Westheimer & Ley, 1997). This suggests that the visual system may use spatial integration to improve perception of orientation. In the present ... ...

Abstract	Vision research has shown that perception of line orientation, in the fovea area, improves with line length (Westheimer & Ley, 1997). This suggests that the visual system may use spatial integration to improve perception of orientation. In the present experiments, we investigated the role of spatial integration in the perception of surface orientation using kinesthetic and proprioceptive information from shoulder and elbow. With their left index fingers, participants actively explored virtual slanted surfaces of different lengths and orientations, and were asked to reproduce an orientation or discriminate between two orientations. Results showed that reproduction errors and discrimination thresholds improve with surface length. This suggests that the proprioceptive shoulder-elbow system may integrate redundant spatial information resulting from extended arm movements to improve orientation judgments.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Concept Formation ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Distance Perception ; Female ; Humans ; Judgment ; Kinesthesis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Orientation ; Proprioception ; Psychomotor Performance ; Psychophysics ; Robotics ; Sensory Thresholds ; Software ; Space Perception ; Stereognosis ; Touch ; User-Computer Interface
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2464550-3
ISSN	1943-393X ; 1943-3921
ISSN (online)	1943-393X
ISSN	1943-3921
DOI	10.3758/APP.71.7.1628
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Article ; Online: (with research data) Optimizing countershading camouflage.

Cuthill, Innes C / Sanghera, N Simon / Penacchio, Olivier / Lovell, Paul George / Ruxton, Graeme D / Harris, Julie M

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2016 Volume 113, Issue 46, Page(s) 13093–13097

Abstract: Countershading, the widespread tendency of animals to be darker on the side that receives strongest illumination, has classically been explained as an adaptation for camouflage: obliterating cues to 3D shape and enhancing background matching. However, ... ...

Abstract	Countershading, the widespread tendency of animals to be darker on the side that receives strongest illumination, has classically been explained as an adaptation for camouflage: obliterating cues to 3D shape and enhancing background matching. However, there have only been two quantitative tests of whether the patterns observed in different species match the optimal shading to obliterate 3D cues, and no tests of whether optimal countershading actually improves concealment or survival. We use a mathematical model of the light field to predict the optimal countershading for concealment that is specific to the light environment and then test this prediction with correspondingly patterned model "caterpillars" exposed to avian predation in the field. We show that the optimal countershading is strongly illumination-dependent. A relatively sharp transition in surface patterning from dark to light is only optimal under direct solar illumination; if there is diffuse illumination from cloudy skies or shade, the pattern provides no advantage over homogeneous background-matching coloration. Conversely, a smoother gradation between dark and light is optimal under cloudy skies or shade. The demonstration of these illumination-dependent effects of different countershading patterns on predation risk strongly supports the comparative evidence showing that the type of countershading varies with light environment.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biological Mimicry ; Birds/physiology ; Color ; Larva ; Light ; Pigmentation ; Predatory Behavior ; Weather
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-11-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.1611589113
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Article ; Online: Eggshell appearance does not signal maternal corticosterone exposure in Japanese quail: an experimental study with brown-spotted eggs.

Duval, Camille / Cassey, Phillip / Lovell, Paul G / Mikšík, Ivan / Reynolds, S James / Spencer, Karen A

PloS one

2013 Volume 8, Issue 12, Page(s) e80485

Abstract: Reproduction is a critical period for birds as they have to cope with many stressful events. One consequence of an acute exposure to stress is the release of corticosterone, the avian stress hormone. Prolonged stress can have negative impacts on the ... ...

Abstract	Reproduction is a critical period for birds as they have to cope with many stressful events. One consequence of an acute exposure to stress is the release of corticosterone, the avian stress hormone. Prolonged stress can have negative impacts on the immune system, resulting in, for example, increased oxidative stress. Through maternal effects, females are known to modulate their investment in eggs content according to their own physiological condition. Less is known about maternal investment in eggshells, especially in pigments. The two main eggshell pigments may possess opposite antioxidant properties: protoporphyrin (brown) is a pro-oxidant, whereas biliverdin (blue-green) is an antioxidant. In Japanese quail, we know that the deposition of both pigments is related to female body condition. Thus, a chronic stress response may be reflected in eggshell coloration. Using female Japanese quails that lay brown-spotted eggs, we explored whether physiological exposure to corticosterone induces a change in female basal stress and antioxidant factors, and eggshell pigment concentration, spectrophotometric reflectance, and maculation coverage. We supplemented adult females over a 2 week period with either peanut oil (control) or corticosterone (treatment). We collected pre- and post-supplementation eggs and analysed the effect of corticosterone treatment on female physiology and eggshell appearance parameters. Except for corticosterone-fed birds which laid eggs with brighter spots, supplementation had no significant effect on female physiology or eggshell pigment concentration, reflectance and maculation. The change in eggshell spot brightness was not detected by a photoreceptor noise-limited color opponent model of avian visual perception. Our data confirms that eggshell reflectance in spotted eggs varies over the laying sequence, and spot reflectance may be a key factor that is affected by females CORT exposure, even if the changes are not detected by an avian visual model.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology ; Corticosterone/pharmacology ; Male ; Ovum ; Pigmentation/drug effects ; Quail/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Corticosterone (W980KJ009P)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-12-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0080485
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Article ; Online: Visual impairments in dementia with Lewy bodies and posterior cortical atrophy.

Metzler-Baddeley, Claudia / Baddeley, Roland J / Lovell, Paul G / Laffan, Amanda / Jones, Roy W

Neuropsychology

2010 Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 35–48

Abstract: Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA), the visual variant of Alzheimer's disease, are neurodegenerative diseases that present with progressive deterioration in visual perception. However, little is known about the precise ... ...

Abstract	Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA), the visual variant of Alzheimer's disease, are neurodegenerative diseases that present with progressive deterioration in visual perception. However, little is known about the precise nature underlying the complex visual deficits associated with both conditions. The present study compared DLB, PCA, and healthy control participants, in four visual tasks designed to measure the efficiency of the visual system at different levels of processing. In ascending order of complexity there were tasks of visual acuity, line orientation, contour integration, and rotated object comparison. DLB patients did not differ from controls in low level visual functions of visual acuity and line orientation, suggesting that early visual processing areas including V1 were relatively preserved, consistent with pathology evidence (Yamamoto et al., 2006). However, higher level visual functions of contour integration, mediated by extrastriatal areas, and the most complex task of object rotation, relying on processing within inferior temporal (IT), parietal, and frontal cortices, were impaired in DLB. In contrast, PCA patients were impaired in all tasks, consistent with evidence of widespread pathology within occipital and parietal areas in PCA. The latter suggests that both lower and higher level visual impairments contribute to the complex visual symptoms associated with PCA.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Analysis of Variance ; Atrophy/complications ; Cerebral Cortex/pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Lewy Body Disease/complications ; Male ; Orientation/physiology ; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology ; Perceptual Disorders/etiology ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Rotation ; Visual Acuity/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1042412-x
ISSN	1931-1559 ; 0894-4105
ISSN (online)	1931-1559
ISSN	0894-4105
DOI	10.1037/a0016834
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Zs.A 3002: Show issues

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Article: Integrating care for high-risk patients in England using the virtual ward model: lessons in the process of care integration from three case sites.

Lewis, Geraint / Vaithianathan, Rhema / Wright, Lorraine / Brice, Mary R / Lovell, Paul / Rankin, Seth / Bardsley, Martin

International journal of integrated care

2013 Volume 13, Page(s) e046

Abstract: Background: Patients at high risk of emergency hospitalisation are particularly likely to experience fragmentation in care. The virtual ward model attempts to integrate health and social care by offering multidisciplinary case management to people at ... ...

Abstract	Background: Patients at high risk of emergency hospitalisation are particularly likely to experience fragmentation in care. The virtual ward model attempts to integrate health and social care by offering multidisciplinary case management to people at high predicted risk of unplanned hospitalisation. Objective: To describe the care practice in three virtual ward sites in England and to explore how well each site had achieved meaningful integration. Method: Case studies conducted in Croydon, Devon and Wandsworth during 2011-2012, consisting of semi-structured interviews, workshops, and site visits. Results: Different versions of the virtual wards intervention had been implemented in each site. In Croydon, multidisciplinary care had reverted back to one-to-one case management. Conclusions: To integrate successfully, virtual ward projects should safeguard the multidisciplinary nature of the intervention, ensure the active involvement of General Practitioners, and establish feedback processes to monitor performance such as the number of professions represented at each team meeting.
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-11-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2119289-3
ISSN	1568-4156
ISSN	1568-4156
DOI	10.5334/ijic.1150
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