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  1. Article ; Online: Is there a basis for a weight cut-off point? A large-scale investigation of atypical anorexia and anorexia nervosa subtypes among patients at a residential treatment centre.

    Wong, Valerie Z / Lowe, Michael R

    European eating disorders review : the journal of the Eating Disorders Association

    2024  

    Abstract: Objective: There is debate surrounding how to differentiate between anorexia nervosa (AN) and atypical AN (atypAN) as diagnostic entities, and whether a distinction based on BMI is warranted. Better understanding eating disorder (ED) and emotional ... ...

    Abstract Objective: There is debate surrounding how to differentiate between anorexia nervosa (AN) and atypical AN (atypAN) as diagnostic entities, and whether a distinction based on BMI is warranted. Better understanding eating disorder (ED) and emotional symptoms across atypAN and AN subtypes [AN-restricting (AN-R), AN-binge/purge (AN-BP)], with and without controlling for BMI, can elucidate how atypAN differs from AN subtypes and whether there is a basis for a BMI cut-off.
    Methods: 1810 female patients at an ED treatment centre completed intake surveys. ANCOVAs assessed differences across AN-R (n = 853), AN-BP (n = 726), and atypAN (n = 231) groups on ED, depressive, and anxiety symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, experiential avoidance, and mindfulness, with and without controlling for BMI.
    Results: Relative to AN-R, atypAN and AN-BP groups endorsed significantly higher ED and depressive symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, experiential avoidance, and significantly lower mindfulness (all p < 0.001), but atypAN and AN-BP groups did not differ from one another. When controlling for BMI, all previously significant differences between atypAN and AN-R did not remain significant.
    Conclusion: Individuals with atypAN who have a higher BMI experience more pronounced ED and emotional symptoms, suggesting that relying solely on BMI as a marker of illness severity may be problematic.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1159507-3
    ISSN 1099-0968 ; 1067-1633 ; 1072-4133
    ISSN (online) 1099-0968
    ISSN 1067-1633 ; 1072-4133
    DOI 10.1002/erv.3077
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    Zs.A 3760: Show issues Location:
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  2. Article ; Online: Commentary on: "What is restrained eating and how do we identify it?": Unveiling the elephant in the room.

    Lowe, Michael R

    Appetite

    2021  Volume 168, Page(s) 105221

    Abstract: This paper is a commentary on Polivy, Herman and Mills' (2020) article, entitled "What is restrained eating and how do we identify it?". Polivy et al.'s paper makes a useful contribution by providing guidelines to researchers for choosing the most ... ...

    Abstract This paper is a commentary on Polivy, Herman and Mills' (2020) article, entitled "What is restrained eating and how do we identify it?". Polivy et al.'s paper makes a useful contribution by providing guidelines to researchers for choosing the most appropriate measure of restraint for their research questions. However, the authors assume that restrained eating can be appropriately conceptualized as a trait, an assumption I question. They also assume that restrained eating has a causal influence on the outcomes (e.g., counterregulatory eating, negative affect eating, binge eating) with which it has been associated, which I also question. Finally, they ignored a second prominent model for conceptualizing dieting behavior, the Three-Factor Model of Dieting. The Three-Factor Model decomposes the construct of restrained eating into two types of dieting (current weight loss dieting and weight suppression) that do appear to be causally related to eating control and one type (restrained eating to avoid excessive consumption) that modulates likelihood of overeating but does not cause it. I conclude by noting that scientific progress is best served by promoting, not avoiding, discussion and debate about a multiplicity of perspectives on topics of interest, especially when incompatible hypotheses and data exist on such topics.
    MeSH term(s) Binge-Eating Disorder ; Bulimia ; Diet, Reducing ; Eating ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Hyperphagia
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1461347-5
    ISSN 1095-8304 ; 0195-6663
    ISSN (online) 1095-8304
    ISSN 0195-6663
    DOI 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105221
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  3. Article ; Online: Weight suppression is a risk factor for eating disorders: Implications for etiology, maintenance, and treatment.

    Lowe, Michael R

    The American journal of clinical nutrition

    2020  Volume 112, Issue 4, Page(s) 907–908

    MeSH term(s) Anorexia Nervosa ; Body Weight ; Bulimia Nervosa ; Feeding and Eating Disorders ; Humans ; Risk Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 280048-2
    ISSN 1938-3207 ; 0002-9165
    ISSN (online) 1938-3207
    ISSN 0002-9165
    DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa212
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  4. Article ; Online: Physiological, body composition, and body mass measures show that a developmental measure of weight suppression is more valid than the traditional measure.

    Lowe, Michael R / Singh, Simar / Rosenbaum, Michael / Mayer, Laurel

    The International journal of eating disorders

    2024  

    Abstract: Objective: The traditional measure of weight suppression (TWS; the difference between an individual's highest past weight at adult height and current weight), has been associated with many psychological, behavioral and biological variables in those with ...

    Abstract Objective: The traditional measure of weight suppression (TWS; the difference between an individual's highest past weight at adult height and current weight), has been associated with many psychological, behavioral and biological variables in those with eating disorders. A new measure of weight suppression, called developmental weight suppression (DWS), corrects two major problems in the original measure. Initial research indicates that DWS represents a superior operationalization of the construct weight suppression was originally designed to measure (Lowe [1993, Psychol Bull, 114: 100]). This study is the first to examine the relation between both WS measures and weight history, body composition and a variety of metabolic hormones.
    Methods: Data were collected in 91 women with bulimia nervosa (BN) or BN-spectrum disorders.
    Results: Both weight suppression indices were related to multiple hormones. However, multiple regression analyses showed that the independent effects of DWS differed from the independent effects of TWS in that only DWS was negatively related to: (1) current z-BMI, (2) body fat percentage, and (3) insulin, leptin, T3 free, and TSH. This differential pattern also occurred when results were corrected for multiple comparisons.
    Discussion: Findings provide stronger biological support for the construct validity of DWS than TWS and suggest that: (1) from the perspective of individuals with BN, high DWS embodies success at food restriction and weight loss, (2) elevated DWS may trap individuals with BN in a powerful biobehavioral bind, and (3) DWS is the preferred measure of weight suppression in future research on eating disorders.
    Public significance: Most individuals with bulimia nervosa lose substantial weight in the process of developing their disorder. Such weight suppression is related to many characteristics of those with the eating disorder bulimia nervosa. This study shows why a new measure of weight suppression, based on an individual's growth during development, is more biologically valid than the traditional measure of weight suppression.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 603170-5
    ISSN 1098-108X ; 0276-3478
    ISSN (online) 1098-108X
    ISSN 0276-3478
    DOI 10.1002/eat.24210
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  5. Article ; Online: An examination of frontal asymmetry in relation to eating in the absence of hunger and loss-of-control eating.

    Chen, Joanna Y / Oh, Yongtaek / Kounios, John / Lowe, Michael R

    Appetite

    2023  Volume 191, Page(s) 107090

    Abstract: Loss-of-control (LOC) eating involves a subjective feeling that one cannot stop eating or control one's eating. Individuals with LOC eating may exhibit strong appetitive drives and weak inhibitory control, and these two opposing motivations have been ... ...

    Abstract Loss-of-control (LOC) eating involves a subjective feeling that one cannot stop eating or control one's eating. Individuals with LOC eating may exhibit strong appetitive drives and weak inhibitory control, and these two opposing motivations have been related to EEG measurements of frontal asymmetry or lateralized frontal activation. The present study investigated whether frontal asymmetry is related to hedonic hunger, LOC eating severity and frequency, and eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) in the laboratory. Fifty-nine individuals participated in an ostensible taste study after resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. After the EEGs, they were provided a meal to eat until fullness, followed by an array of snacks and instructions to eat as much as they would like. The results indicated that several measures of right-frontal asymmetry were related to greater EAH and greater self-reported LOC eating severity. Although right-frontal asymmetry has been theorized to reflect avoidance motivation, recent evidence suggests it may indicate effortful control during approach-avoidance conflicts. Because individuals with LOC eating presumably experience heightened conflict between drives to eat beyond energy needs and to minimize such eating, those experiencing greater LOC may exert greater effort to manage these conflicting motivations. An integration of these neurobiological correlates of LOC eating may help provide a more comprehensive understanding of LOC eating and inform treatments.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1461347-5
    ISSN 1095-8304 ; 0195-6663
    ISSN (online) 1095-8304
    ISSN 0195-6663
    DOI 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107090
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  6. Article ; Online: A comparison of traditional and developmental measures of weight suppression in residential patients with bulimia nervosa.

    Wong, Valerie Z / Singh, Simar / Lowe, Michael R

    The International journal of eating disorders

    2022  Volume 56, Issue 2, Page(s) 446–451

    Abstract: Objective: Weight suppression (WS) is associated with many eating disorder (ED)-related symptoms. However, traditional calculations of WS do not consider the age or height at which one's highest past weight was reached. Lowe et al. (2022) found that ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Weight suppression (WS) is associated with many eating disorder (ED)-related symptoms. However, traditional calculations of WS do not consider the age or height at which one's highest past weight was reached. Lowe et al. (2022) found that developmental WS (DWS) was associated with a wider variety of ED-related symptoms compared with traditional WS (TWS). This study replicated and extended these findings in a larger sample of individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN) at a residential ED treatment center.
    Methods: Participants were 1051 female patients with BN. We examined the relations between each WS measure and ED symptoms, emotional symptoms, and weight history variables.
    Results: TWS and DWS showed a similar number of relations with ED-related symptoms. DWS was positively related to behavioral symptoms (e.g., vomiting), and negatively related to cognitive symptoms (e.g., weight/eating concern). TWS was positively related to highest premorbid, highest postmorbid, and lowest postmorbid weights. DWS was also positively related to highest premorbid z-scored body mass index (zBMI), but negatively related to lowest and highest postmorbid zBMI.
    Conclusions: DWS, relative to TWS, may better capture the psychobiological impact of the weight discrepancy that a measure of WS is meant to reflect.
    Public significance: Weight suppression, the difference between an individual's past highest weight and current weight, is significantly related to many ED-related symptoms. This study found that a new weight suppression measure, based on expected weight-for-height during physical development, relates to ED characteristics in a different manner from the traditional measure of weight suppression, showing positive associations with behavioral symptoms and negative associations with cognitive symptoms.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Female ; Bulimia Nervosa/psychology ; Body Weight ; Body Mass Index ; Feeding and Eating Disorders ; Weight Loss
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-31
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 603170-5
    ISSN 1098-108X ; 0276-3478
    ISSN (online) 1098-108X
    ISSN 0276-3478
    DOI 10.1002/eat.23840
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  7. Article: The food restriction wars: Proposed resolution of a primary battle

    Chen, Joanna Y. / Singh, Simar / Lowe, Michael R.

    Physiology & behavior. 2021 Oct. 15, v. 240

    2021  

    Abstract: Research regarding the definition and consequences of dieting has generated controversy for years. This controversy has spilled over into the public domain, especially as eating disorders and obesity have become more prevalent. One of the earliest and ... ...

    Abstract Research regarding the definition and consequences of dieting has generated controversy for years. This controversy has spilled over into the public domain, especially as eating disorders and obesity have become more prevalent. One of the earliest and longest-lasting controversies involves the restrained eating framework, which was originally developed by Herman and Polivy and also strongly influenced the development of the cognitive-behavioral model of bulimia nervosa. An alternative framework for understanding the role of dieting in nonclinical and clinical groups, called the Three-Factor Model of Dieting, took a sharply different approach to defining, and understanding the impact of, dieting. This paper provides a brief historical review of the development of these divergent perspectives and updates the Three Factor Model's critical distinction between restraining eating to prevent over-consumption and dieting to lose weight. We suggest that three historical trends impacted the development of Restraint Theory in ways that unfairly impugned dieting for weight control: the emergence of the new eating disorders of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder, a population-based increase in loss of control eating and a population-based increase in obesity. This update is aimed in part at encouraging new research to reconcile ongoing, unresolved issues between Herman and Polivy's restrained eating model and the Three-Factor model of Dieting model. Such research might also contribute to the public's understanding of the pros and cons of dieting and to new approaches to treating eating disorders and obesity.
    Keywords bulimia nervosa ; models ; obesity ; weight control ; weight loss
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-1015
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 3907-x
    ISSN 1873-507X ; 0031-9384
    ISSN (online) 1873-507X
    ISSN 0031-9384
    DOI 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113530
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  8. Article ; Online: The effect of weight suppression on eating behavior: Does the intentionality of weight loss matter?

    Chen, Joanna Y / Piers, Amani D / Lesser, Elin L / Lowe, Michael R

    Appetite

    2022  Volume 174, Page(s) 106017

    Abstract: Weight suppression (WS) has been consistently related to eating pathology. The weight loss that produces weight suppression has always been assumed to be intentional, but no study has tested whether unintentional weight loss would also be associated with ...

    Abstract Weight suppression (WS) has been consistently related to eating pathology. The weight loss that produces weight suppression has always been assumed to be intentional, but no study has tested whether unintentional weight loss would also be associated with eating pathology. The current study examined whether the association between WS and eating pathology may be moderated by intentionality of weight loss in a community-based sample of 520 adults. Participants were categorized into low WS (<5% weight loss from highest past weight), intentional, high WS (>5% intentional weight loss), and unintentional, high WS (>5% unintentional weight loss) groups. The intentional WS group reported greater restraint than the unintentional WS and low WS groups, and the low WS group reported greater restraint and more frequent loss-of-control (LOC) eating than those with unintentional WS. Further, WS was positively related to loss-of-control eating frequency only in the intentional WS group, and negatively associated with LOC eating frequency in the low WS group. Additionally, BMI was positively associated with LOC and binge eating frequency and restraint only in the low WS group. Given the relatively high prevalence of substantial but unintended weight loss found in this study, researchers studying weight suppression should consider asking about intentionality of weight loss and analyzing their data with and without unintentional weight suppressors included in the sample.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Body Weight ; Bulimia ; Feeding Behavior ; Feeding and Eating Disorders ; Humans ; Thinness ; Weight Loss
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1461347-5
    ISSN 1095-8304 ; 0195-6663
    ISSN (online) 1095-8304
    ISSN 0195-6663
    DOI 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106017
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  9. Article ; Online: Overlapping and distinct relationships between hedonic hunger, uncontrolled eating, food craving, and the obesogenic home food environment during and after a 12-month behavioral weight loss program.

    Crane, Nicole T / Butryn, Meghan L / Gorin, Amy A / Lowe, Michael R / LaFata, Erica M

    Appetite

    2023  Volume 185, Page(s) 106543

    Abstract: Hedonic hunger, reward-driven eating outside of biological need, is a newer construct in eating behavior research. During behavioral weight loss (BWL), greater improvements in hedonic hunger are associated with higher weight loss, but it remains unclear ... ...

    Abstract Hedonic hunger, reward-driven eating outside of biological need, is a newer construct in eating behavior research. During behavioral weight loss (BWL), greater improvements in hedonic hunger are associated with higher weight loss, but it remains unclear if hedonic hunger predicts weight loss independent of more well-established, similar constructs (uncontrolled eating and food craving). Research also is needed to understand how hedonic hunger interacts with contextual factors (e.g., obesogenic food environment) during weight loss. Adults (N = 283) in a 12-month randomized controlled trial of BWL were weighed at 0, 12, and 24 months, and completed questionnaires assessing hedonic hunger, food craving, uncontrolled eating, and the home food environment. All variables improved at 12 and 24 months. Decreases in hedonic hunger at 12 months were associated with higher concurrent weight loss, but not when accounting for improvements in craving and uncontrolled eating. At 24 months, reduction in craving was a stronger predictor of weight loss than hedonic hunger, but improvement in hedonic hunger was a stronger predictor of weight loss than change in uncontrolled eating. Changes to the obesogenic home food environment failed to predict weight loss, regardless of levels of hedonic hunger. This study adds novel information on the individual and contextual factors associated with short- and long-term weight control, which can help refine conceptual models and treatment strategies.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Hunger ; Weight Reduction Programs ; Craving ; Feeding Behavior ; Overweight/therapy ; Weight Loss
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 1461347-5
    ISSN 1095-8304 ; 0195-6663
    ISSN (online) 1095-8304
    ISSN 0195-6663
    DOI 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106543
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  10. Article ; Online: Why is premorbid BMI consistently elevated in clinical samples, but not in risk factor samples, of individuals with eating disorders?

    Muratore, Alexandra F / Lowe, Michael R

    The International journal of eating disorders

    2019  Volume 52, Issue 2, Page(s) 117–120

    Abstract: Body image disturbance is widely viewed as contributing to the development and maintenance of disordered eating. Yet this perspective is not inconsistent with the possibility that elevated premorbid BMIs also increase the risk of developing eating ... ...

    Abstract Body image disturbance is widely viewed as contributing to the development and maintenance of disordered eating. Yet this perspective is not inconsistent with the possibility that elevated premorbid BMIs also increase the risk of developing eating disorders. Research examining whether actual body size may play a role in eating disorder development reveals a curious pattern of findings. Few prospective risk factor studies conducted with community-based samples found a relationship between premorbid BMI and subsequent eating disorder pathology whereas retrospective research conducted with clinical samples indicates a consistent pattern of elevated premorbid BMIs relative to population norms or control groups. This study documents these disparate findings, considers potential explanations for them and proposes further study of premorbid BMI as a factor contributing to the psychopathology of eating disorders, particularly among those who come to the attention of treatment providers.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Body Image/psychology ; Body Mass Index ; Feeding and Eating Disorders/diagnosis ; Feeding and Eating Disorders/pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Psychopathology/methods ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-01-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 603170-5
    ISSN 1098-108X ; 0276-3478
    ISSN (online) 1098-108X
    ISSN 0276-3478
    DOI 10.1002/eat.23029
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