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  1. Article: Using wastewater-based epidemiology as a potential instrument for the prediction and control of COVID-19 disease outbreaks.

    Lowe, Natalie / Bencko, Vladimír

    Central European journal of public health

    2022  Volume 30, Issue 1, Page(s) 3–6

    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a significant number of cracks in the current vigilance techniques that stand to minimise outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2. There is a serious inadequacy of the testing capacity of healthcare systems worldwide, which can be ... ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a significant number of cracks in the current vigilance techniques that stand to minimise outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2. There is a serious inadequacy of the testing capacity of healthcare systems worldwide, which can be attributed to the lack of appropriate testing and monitoring methods for a disease such as COVID-19. The current tools in use for COVID-19 surveillance are either expensive, not applicable to large populations or yield results after the outbreak has already occurred. The immense contagiousness in combination with a wealth of asymptomatic carriers means that RT-PCR testing is not feasible on a mass scale. It is evident that new methods are required for the monitoring of COVID-19 and a range of new epidemiological tools must be implemented if public health systems worldwide want to make relevant predictions on the patterns of disease spread and increase the efficacy of their decisions. In addition to this, the pandemic has highlighted the necessity for redirecting biomedical research towards early diagnosis and rational therapy of respiratory viruses in particular, as well as prevention of their spread by conventional means. An efficient early detection system would save lives and allow countries to return to pre-pandemic standards of living. At the forefront of this lies wastewater-based epidemiology, which carries immense potential as a means of pre-symptomatic diagnosis and population-based surveillance.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Humans ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Waste Water ; Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring
    Chemical Substances Waste Water
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-11
    Publishing country Czech Republic
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1176053-9
    ISSN 1803-1048 ; 1210-7778 ; 0022-1732
    ISSN (online) 1803-1048
    ISSN 1210-7778 ; 0022-1732
    DOI 10.21101/cejph.a7161
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  2. Article ; Online: Assessment of tympanic membrane perforation size using ImageJ software by ENT clinicians of different grades.

    Chandrasekar, Bhargavi / Milinis, Kristijonas / Lowe, Natalie / De, Sujata / Sharma, Sunil D

    The Journal of laryngology and otology

    2023  Volume 138, Issue 4, Page(s) 388–390

    Abstract: Objective: To compare visual estimation versus ImageJ calculation of tympanic membrane perforation size in the paediatric population between clinicians of different experience.: Methods: Five images of tympanic membrane perforations in children, ... ...

    Abstract Objective: To compare visual estimation versus ImageJ calculation of tympanic membrane perforation size in the paediatric population between clinicians of different experience.
    Methods: Five images of tympanic membrane perforations in children, captured using an otoendoscope, were selected. The gold standard was the ImageJ results by one consultant otologist. Consultants, registrars and Senior House Officers or equivalent were asked to visually estimate and calculate the perforation size using ImageJ software.
    Results: The mean difference in variation from gold standard between visual estimation and ImageJ calculation was 12.16 per cent, 95 per cent CI (10.55, 13.78)
    Conclusion: Using ImageJ software is more accurate at estimating tympanic membrane perforation size than visual assessment for all ENT clinicians regardless of experience.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Humans ; Tympanic Membrane Perforation ; Software ; Consultants ; Tympanic Membrane/diagnostic imaging
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 218299-3
    ISSN 1748-5460 ; 0022-2151
    ISSN (online) 1748-5460
    ISSN 0022-2151
    DOI 10.1017/S0022215123001676
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  3. Article ; Online: Vocal cord palsy as a sequela of paediatric cardiac surgery - a review.

    Sinha, Aditi / Geragotellis, Alexander / Singh, Guntaj Kaur / Verma, Devika / Ansari, Daniyal Matin / Tarmahomed, Abdullah / Whitehall, Emma / Lowe, Natalie / Ashry, Amer / Harky, Amer

    Cardiology in the young

    2021  Volume 31, Issue 12, Page(s) 1929–1937

    Abstract: Background: Vocal cord palsy is one of the recognised complications of complex cardiac surgery in the paediatric population. While there is an abundance of literature highlighting the presence of this complication, there is a scarcity of research ... ...

    Abstract Background: Vocal cord palsy is one of the recognised complications of complex cardiac surgery in the paediatric population. While there is an abundance of literature highlighting the presence of this complication, there is a scarcity of research focusing on the pathophysiology, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options available for children affected by vocal cord palsy.
    Materials and methods: Electronic searches were conducted using the search terms: "Vocal Cord Palsy," "VCP," "Vocal Cord Injury," "Paediatric Heart Surgery," "Congenital Heart Surgery," "Pediatric Heart Surgery," "Vocal Fold Movement Impairment," "VFMI," "Vocal Fold Palsy," "PDA Ligation." The inclusion criteria were any articles discussing the outcomes of vocal cord palsy following paediatric cardiac surgery.
    Results: The two main populations affected by vocal cord palsy are children undergoing aortic arch surgery or those undergoing PDA ligation. There is paucity of prospective follow-up studies; it is therefore difficult to reliably assess the current approaches and the long-term implications of management options.
    Conclusion: Vocal cord palsy can be a devastating complication following cardiac surgery, which if left untreated, could potentially result in debilitation of quality of life and in severe circumstances could even lead to death. Currently, there is not enough high-quality evidence in the literature to aid recognition, diagnosis, and management leaving clinicians to extrapolate evidence from adult studies to make clinical judgements. Future research with a focus on the paediatric perspective is necessary in providing evidence for good standards of care.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Cardiac Surgical Procedures/adverse effects ; Child ; Humans ; Postoperative Complications ; Prospective Studies ; Quality of Life ; Vocal Cord Paralysis/diagnosis ; Vocal Cord Paralysis/etiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1078466-4
    ISSN 1467-1107 ; 1047-9511
    ISSN (online) 1467-1107
    ISSN 1047-9511
    DOI 10.1017/S1047951121001165
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  4. Article ; Online: Anaplastic thyroid cancer: the addition of systemic chemotherapy to radiotherapy led to an observed improvement in survival--a single centre experience and review of the literature.

    Lowe, Natalie M / Loughran, Sean / Slevin, Nicholas J / Yap, Beng K

    TheScientificWorldJournal

    2014  Volume 2014, Page(s) 674583

    Abstract: Introduction: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is rare yet accounts for up to 50% of all thyroid cancer deaths. This study reviews outcomes of patients with confirmed ATC referred to a tertiary oncology centre plus reviews the literature to explore ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is rare yet accounts for up to 50% of all thyroid cancer deaths. This study reviews outcomes of patients with confirmed ATC referred to a tertiary oncology centre plus reviews the literature to explore how poor outcomes may be improved.
    Materials and methods: The management and outcomes of 20 patients with ATC were reviewed.
    Results: Median age at diagnosis was 69.5 years. 19 patients died due to ATC, 40% of whom died from asphyxiation. Median survival for all cases was 59 days. Patients who had previous surgery prior to other treatment modalities had a longer median survival overall compared to those who had not had previous surgery (142 days compared to 59 days) and produced the one long-term survivor. Chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (without previous surgery) was associated with longer median survival (220 days). Palliative radiotherapy alone did not decrease the rate of death by asphyxiation when compared to other single modality treatments.
    Conclusion: Multimodality treatment including surgery when feasible remains the best strategy to improve survival and prevent death from asphyxiation in the management of ATC. The addition of chemotherapy to our institutional protocol led to improved survival but prognosis remains very poor.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; Cause of Death ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Radiotherapy ; Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/diagnosis ; Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/mortality ; Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/therapy ; Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Thyroid Neoplasms/mortality ; Thyroid Neoplasms/therapy ; Treatment Outcome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-02-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2075968-X
    ISSN 1537-744X ; 1537-744X
    ISSN (online) 1537-744X
    ISSN 1537-744X
    DOI 10.1155/2014/674583
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  5. Article ; Online: Management of the compromised airway and role of tracheotomy in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.

    Mani, Navin / McNamara, Katherine / Lowe, Natalie / Loughran, Sean / Yap, Beng K

    Head & neck

    2016  Volume 38, Issue 1, Page(s) 85–88

    Abstract: Background: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is an uncommon thyroid malignancy with a poor prognosis. American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines acknowledge the complexity of airway management in these patients. We studied our local experience with ...

    Abstract Background: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is an uncommon thyroid malignancy with a poor prognosis. American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines acknowledge the complexity of airway management in these patients. We studied our local experience with the aim of providing guidance in airway management in ATC.
    Methods: Patients with histologically confirmed ATC from January 2004 to December 2011 were identified from our institutional database. The data were retrospectively analyzed using hospital case notes.
    Results: Twenty-six patients were identified with ATC, 25 of who died from the disease. Five of 26 patients (19%) had stridor at presentation. A further 6 of 26 patients (23%) developed stridor during or soon after radiotherapy. Nine patients (36%) died of airway obstruction.
    Conclusion: Tracheotomy can facilitate completion of palliative treatment in those patients with ATC and stridor. Given the short life expectancy of these patients, a balanced decision must be made regarding the role and timing of tracheotomy.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Airway Obstruction/etiology ; Airway Obstruction/surgery ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant/methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Palliative Care ; Retrospective Studies ; Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/complications ; Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/diagnosis ; Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/mortality ; Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/therapy ; Thyroid Neoplasms/complications ; Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Thyroid Neoplasms/mortality ; Thyroid Neoplasms/therapy ; Tracheotomy/methods
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 645165-2
    ISSN 1097-0347 ; 0148-6403 ; 1043-3074
    ISSN (online) 1097-0347
    ISSN 0148-6403 ; 1043-3074
    DOI 10.1002/hed.23857
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    Zs.A 1493: Show issues Location:
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  6. Article ; Online: Linkage maps of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) genome derived from RAD sequencing.

    Gonen, Serap / Lowe, Natalie R / Cezard, Timothé / Gharbi, Karim / Bishop, Stephen C / Houston, Ross D

    BMC genomics

    2014  Volume 15, Page(s) 166

    Abstract: Background: Genetic linkage maps are useful tools for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing variation in traits of interest in a population. Genotyping-by-sequencing approaches such as Restriction-site Associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) now ...

    Abstract Background: Genetic linkage maps are useful tools for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing variation in traits of interest in a population. Genotyping-by-sequencing approaches such as Restriction-site Associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) now enable the rapid discovery and genotyping of genome-wide SNP markers suitable for the development of dense SNP linkage maps, including in non-model organisms such as Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). This paper describes the development and characterisation of a high density SNP linkage map based on SbfI RAD-Seq SNP markers from two Atlantic salmon reference families.
    Results: Approximately 6,000 SNPs were assigned to 29 linkage groups, utilising markers from known genomic locations as anchors. Linkage maps were then constructed for the four mapping parents separately. Overall map lengths were comparable between male and female parents, but the distribution of the SNPs showed sex-specific patterns with a greater degree of clustering of sire-segregating SNPs to single chromosome regions. The maps were integrated with the Atlantic salmon draft reference genome contigs, allowing the unique assignment of ~4,000 contigs to a linkage group. 112 genome contigs mapped to two or more linkage groups, highlighting regions of putative homeology within the salmon genome. A comparative genomics analysis with the stickleback reference genome identified putative genes closely linked to approximately half of the ordered SNPs and demonstrated blocks of orthology between the Atlantic salmon and stickleback genomes. A subset of 47 RAD-Seq SNPs were successfully validated using a high-throughput genotyping assay, with a correspondence of 97% between the two assays.
    Conclusions: This Atlantic salmon RAD-Seq linkage map is a resource for salmonid genomics research as genotyping-by-sequencing becomes increasingly common. This is aided by the integration of the SbfI RAD-Seq SNPs with existing reference maps and the draft reference genome, as well as the identification of putative genes proximal to the SNPs. Differences in the distribution of recombination events between the sexes is evident, and regions of homeology have been identified which are reflective of the recent salmonid whole genome duplication.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Chromosome Mapping ; Female ; Gene Duplication ; Genetic Linkage ; Genetic Markers ; Genome ; Genomics ; Genotype ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; Recombination, Genetic ; Reproducibility of Results ; Salmo salar/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Synteny
    Chemical Substances Genetic Markers
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-02-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2041499-7
    ISSN 1471-2164 ; 1471-2164
    ISSN (online) 1471-2164
    ISSN 1471-2164
    DOI 10.1186/1471-2164-15-166
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  7. Article ; Online: Balancing selection at a premature stop mutation in the myostatin gene underlies a recessive leg weakness syndrome in pigs.

    Matika, Oswald / Robledo, Diego / Pong-Wong, Ricardo / Bishop, Stephen C / Riggio, Valentina / Finlayson, Heather / Lowe, Natalie R / Hoste, Annabelle E / Walling, Grant A / Del-Pozo, Jorge / Archibald, Alan L / Woolliams, John A / Houston, Ross D

    PLoS genetics

    2019  Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) e1007759

    Abstract: Balancing selection provides a plausible explanation for the maintenance of deleterious alleles at moderate frequency in livestock, including lethal recessives exhibiting heterozygous advantage in carriers. In the current study, a leg weakness syndrome ... ...

    Abstract Balancing selection provides a plausible explanation for the maintenance of deleterious alleles at moderate frequency in livestock, including lethal recessives exhibiting heterozygous advantage in carriers. In the current study, a leg weakness syndrome causing mortality of piglets in a commercial line showed monogenic recessive inheritance, and a region on chromosome 15 associated with the syndrome was identified by homozygosity mapping. Whole genome resequencing of cases and controls identified a mutation causing a premature stop codon within exon 3 of the porcine Myostatin (MSTN) gene, similar to those causing a double-muscling phenotype observed in several mammalian species. The MSTN mutation was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the population at birth, but significantly distorted amongst animals still in the herd at 110 kg, due to an absence of homozygous mutant genotypes. In heterozygous form, the MSTN mutation was associated with a major increase in muscle depth and decrease in fat depth, suggesting that the deleterious allele was maintained at moderate frequency due to heterozygous advantage (allele frequency, q = 0.22). Knockout of the porcine MSTN by gene editing has previously been linked to problems of low piglet survival and lameness. This MSTN mutation is an example of putative balancing selection in livestock, providing a plausible explanation for the lack of disrupting MSTN mutations in pigs despite many generations of selection for lean growth.
    MeSH term(s) Alleles ; Animals ; Codon, Nonsense/genetics ; Foot/physiopathology ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology ; Mutation ; Myostatin/genetics ; Phenotype ; Selection, Genetic ; Sus scrofa/genetics ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/genetics ; Swine Diseases/physiopathology
    Chemical Substances Codon, Nonsense ; Myostatin
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-01-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2186725-2
    ISSN 1553-7404 ; 1553-7390
    ISSN (online) 1553-7404
    ISSN 1553-7390
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007759
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  8. Article ; Online: Construction and Annotation of a High Density SNP Linkage Map of the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Genome.

    Tsai, Hsin Y / Robledo, Diego / Lowe, Natalie R / Bekaert, Michael / Taggart, John B / Bron, James E / Houston, Ross D

    G3 (Bethesda, Md.)

    2016  Volume 6, Issue 7, Page(s) 2173–2179

    Abstract: High density linkage maps are useful tools for fine-scale mapping of quantitative trait loci, and characterization of the recombination landscape of a species' genome. Genomic resources for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) include a well-assembled reference ...

    Abstract High density linkage maps are useful tools for fine-scale mapping of quantitative trait loci, and characterization of the recombination landscape of a species' genome. Genomic resources for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) include a well-assembled reference genome, and high density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. Our aim was to create a high density linkage map, and to align it with the reference genome assembly. Over 96,000 SNPs were mapped and ordered on the 29 salmon linkage groups using a pedigreed population comprising 622 fish from 60 nuclear families, all genotyped with the 'ssalar01' high density SNP array. The number of SNPs per group showed a high positive correlation with physical chromosome length (r = 0.95). While the order of markers on the genetic and physical maps was generally consistent, areas of discrepancy were identified. Approximately 6.5% of the previously unmapped reference genome sequence was assigned to chromosomes using the linkage map. Male recombination rate was lower than females across the vast majority of the genome, but with a notable peak in subtelomeric regions. Finally, using RNA-Seq data to annotate the reference genome, the mapped SNPs were categorized according to their predicted function, including annotation of ∼2500 putative nonsynonymous variants. The highest density SNP linkage map for any salmonid species has been created, annotated, and integrated with the Atlantic salmon reference genome assembly. This map highlights the marked heterochiasmy of salmon, and provides a useful resource for salmonid genetics and genomics research.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Chromosome Mapping/methods ; Female ; Genetic Linkage ; Genetic Loci ; Genetic Markers ; Genome ; Genotype ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Recombination, Genetic ; Salmo salar/genetics
    Chemical Substances Genetic Markers
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-07-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2629978-1
    ISSN 2160-1836 ; 2160-1836
    ISSN (online) 2160-1836
    ISSN 2160-1836
    DOI 10.1534/g3.116.029009
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  9. Article ; Online: (with research data) RAD-Seq derived markers flank the shell colour and banding loci of the Cepaea nemoralis supergene.

    Richards, Paul M / Liu, M Maureen / Lowe, Natalie / Davey, John W / Blaxter, Mark L / Davison, Angus

    Molecular ecology

    2013  Volume 22, Issue 11, Page(s) 3077–3089

    Abstract: Studies on the classic shell colour and banding polymorphism of the land snail Cepaea played a crucial role in establishing the importance of natural selection in maintaining morphological variation. Cepaea is also a pre-eminent model for ecological ... ...

    Abstract Studies on the classic shell colour and banding polymorphism of the land snail Cepaea played a crucial role in establishing the importance of natural selection in maintaining morphological variation. Cepaea is also a pre-eminent model for ecological genetics because the outward colour and banding phenotype is entirely genetically determined, primarily by a 'supergene' of at least five loci. Unfortunately, progress in understanding the evolution and maintenance of the Cepaea polymorphism stalled, partly because of a lack of genetic markers. With a view to re-establish Cepaea as a prominent model of molecular ecology, we made six laboratory crosses of Cepaea nemoralis, five of which segregated for shell ground colour (C) and the presence or absence of bands (B). First, scoring of colour and banding in 323 individuals found no recombination between the C and B loci of the supergene. Second, using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) of two parents and 22 offspring, we identified 44 anonymous markers putatively linked to the colour (C) and banding (B) loci. The genotype of eleven of the most promising RAD-Seq markers was independently validated in the same 22 offspring, then up to a further 146 offspring were genotyped. The closest RAD-Seq markers scored are within ~0.6 centimorgan (cM) of the C-B supergene linkage group, with the combined loci together forming a 35.8 cM linkage map of markers that flank both sides of the Cepaea C-B supergene.
    MeSH term(s) Animal Shells/physiology ; Animals ; Chromosome Mapping ; Genetic Markers ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Phenotype ; Pigmentation/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Recombination, Genetic ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Snails/genetics
    Chemical Substances Genetic Markers
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-03-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1126687-9
    ISSN 1365-294X ; 0962-1083
    ISSN (online) 1365-294X
    ISSN 0962-1083
    DOI 10.1111/mec.12262
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    Z 2005/723: Show issues

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  10. Article ; Online: The duration of temporal lobe epilepsy and seizure outcome after epilepsy surgery.

    Lowe, Natalie Marie / Eldridge, Paul / Varma, Thelekat / Wieshmann, Udo C

    Seizure

    2010  Volume 19, Issue 5, Page(s) 261–263

    Abstract: Unlabelled: To assess the effect of the duration of epilepsy on the outcome of epilepsy surgery in non-lesional medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy we reviewed the outcome of 76 patients.: Methods: All patients had anterior temporal ... ...

    Abstract Unlabelled: To assess the effect of the duration of epilepsy on the outcome of epilepsy surgery in non-lesional medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy we reviewed the outcome of 76 patients.
    Methods: All patients had anterior temporal resections for "non-lesional" temporal epilepsy (excluding any patient with tumours or vascular malformations but including patients with hippocampal sclerosis). Outcome at one year was assessed using Engel's scale.
    Results: 67% had a good outcome (Engel I or II). The mean duration of epilepsy was 23.0 years (range 2.9-46.9 years). Overall, there was no significant difference between patients with good outcome (mean duration 22.4 years) and poor outcome (mean duration 24.2 years) (p=0.49). The proportion of patients with good outcome was slightly higher in the shorter duration groups. (Duration less than 10 years 75%, 10-19 years 71%, 20-29 years 65%, 30-39 years 62%, and 40-49 years 60% good outcome, p=0.95).
    Conclusion: We found no significant associations between outcome and duration of epilepsy.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Age of Onset ; Aged ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neurosurgical Procedures ; Seizures/surgery ; Treatment Failure ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1137610-7
    ISSN 1532-2688 ; 1059-1311
    ISSN (online) 1532-2688
    ISSN 1059-1311
    DOI 10.1016/j.seizure.2010.02.011
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