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Article ; Online: The seroprevalence of African horse sickness virus, and risk factors to exposure, in domestic dogs in Tshwane, South Africa

Hanekom, Josef / Lubisi, Baratang A. / Leisewitz, Andrew / Guthrie, Alan / Fosgate, Geoffrey T.

Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2023 Apr., v. 213 p.105868-

2023

Abstract: Dogs are the only non-equid species to develop the fatal form of African horse sickness (AHS). Research conducted in 2013 questioned the long-held belief that naturally occurring cases of AHS in dogs were contracted exclusively through the ingestion of ... ...

Abstract	Dogs are the only non-equid species to develop the fatal form of African horse sickness (AHS). Research conducted in 2013 questioned the long-held belief that naturally occurring cases of AHS in dogs were contracted exclusively through the ingestion of contaminated horse meat. Culicoides midges, the vector of AHS virus (AHSV) for horses, have an aversion to dog blood meals and dogs were believed to be dead-end or incidental hosts. More recently, dog mortalities have occurred in the absence of horse meat consumption and vector transmission has been suspected. The current study is a retrospective serological survey of AHSV exposure in dogs from an endemic area. Dog sera collected from dogs (n = 366) living in the city of Tshwane, Gauteng Province, South Africa, were randomly selected from a biobank at a veterinary teaching hospital, corresponding to the years 2014–2019. The study used a laboratory in-house indirect recombinant VP7 antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) with a test cut-off calculated from AHSV exposure-free dog sera (n = 32). Study AHSV seroprevalence was 6 % (22/366) with an estimated true prevalence of 4.1 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.3–8.1 %). Incidence was estimated for dogs with multiple serological results with seroconversion occurring at a rate of 2.3 seroconversions per 10 dog years at risk (95 % CI = 0.6–6.2). A subsection of the study sera was tested with AHSV viral neutralisation test (VN) (n = 42) for serotype determination. Antibodies to AHSV serotype 6 were most prevalent (90 %) in VN seropositive dogs (n = 20) with most dogs seemingly subclinically infected (>95 %). Seroprevalence descriptively varied by year and identified risk factors were annual rainfall > 754 mm (odds ratio (OR) = 5.76; 95 % CI = 2.22 – 14.95; p < 0.001), medium human population densities, 783–1663 people/km² (OR = 7.14; 95 % CI = 1.39 – 36.73; p = 0.019) and 1664–2029 people/km² (OR = 6.74; 95 % CI = 1.40 – 32.56; p = 0.018), and the month of March (OR = 5.12; 95 % CI = 1.41 – 18.61; p = 0.013). All identified risk factors were consistent with midge-borne transmission to dogs. The relatively high seroprevalence and seroconversion rates suggest frequent exposure of dogs to AHSV and indicates the need to investigate the role dogs might play in the overall epidemiology and transmission of AHSV.
Keywords	African horse sickness ; African horse sickness virus ; Culicoides ; blood ; confidence interval ; dogs ; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; horse meat ; hospitals ; human population ; ingestion ; meat consumption ; neutralization tests ; odds ratio ; rain ; risk ; seroconversion ; serological surveys ; seroprevalence ; serotypes ; veterinary medicine ; viruses ; South Africa ; AHS ; AHSV ; iELISA ; cELISA ; BTV ; OD ; S/P ; VN ; Serotype 6 ; Culicoides imicola ; Canine ; Vector-borne transmission ; Subclinical infection
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-04
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	43399-8
ISSN	1873-1716 ; 0167-5877
ISSN (online)	1873-1716
ISSN	0167-5877
DOI	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105868
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Article ; Online: The seroprevalence of African horse sickness virus, and risk factors to exposure, in domestic dogs in Tshwane, South Africa.

Hanekom, Josef / Lubisi, Baratang A / Leisewitz, Andrew / Guthrie, Alan / Fosgate, Geoffrey T

Preventive veterinary medicine

2023 Volume 213, Page(s) 105868

Abstract	Dogs are the only non-equid species to develop the fatal form of African horse sickness (AHS). Research conducted in 2013 questioned the long-held belief that naturally occurring cases of AHS in dogs were contracted exclusively through the ingestion of contaminated horse meat. Culicoides midges, the vector of AHS virus (AHSV) for horses, have an aversion to dog blood meals and dogs were believed to be dead-end or incidental hosts. More recently, dog mortalities have occurred in the absence of horse meat consumption and vector transmission has been suspected. The current study is a retrospective serological survey of AHSV exposure in dogs from an endemic area. Dog sera collected from dogs (n = 366) living in the city of Tshwane, Gauteng Province, South Africa, were randomly selected from a biobank at a veterinary teaching hospital, corresponding to the years 2014-2019. The study used a laboratory in-house indirect recombinant VP7 antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) with a test cut-off calculated from AHSV exposure-free dog sera (n = 32). Study AHSV seroprevalence was 6 % (22/366) with an estimated true prevalence of 4.1 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.3-8.1 %). Incidence was estimated for dogs with multiple serological results with seroconversion occurring at a rate of 2.3 seroconversions per 10 dog years at risk (95 % CI = 0.6-6.2). A subsection of the study sera was tested with AHSV viral neutralisation test (VN) (n = 42) for serotype determination. Antibodies to AHSV serotype 6 were most prevalent (90 %) in VN seropositive dogs (n = 20) with most dogs seemingly subclinically infected (>95 %). Seroprevalence descriptively varied by year and identified risk factors were annual rainfall > 754 mm (odds ratio (OR) = 5.76; 95 % CI = 2.22 - 14.95; p < 0.001), medium human population densities, 783-1663 people/km
MeSH term(s)	Dogs ; Humans ; Animals ; Horses ; African Horse Sickness Virus ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Hospitals, Animal ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Hospitals, Teaching ; African Horse Sickness/epidemiology ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology ; Horse Diseases
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-02
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	43399-8
ISSN	1873-1716 ; 0167-5877
ISSN (online)	1873-1716
ISSN	0167-5877
DOI	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105868
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Article: The financial burden of African Horse Sickness: a case of the European Union trade ban on South Africa’s horse industry

Mdlulwa, Zimbini / Masemola, Mampe / Lubisi, Baratang A. / Chaminuka, Petronella

Agrekon. 2021 Oct. 02, v. 60, no. 4

2021

Abstract: Globalisation and the increased movement of goods such as live animals and animal products across national borders can exacerbate the introduction and spread of diseases. This risk can be mitigated through adherence to trade control measures such as the ... ...

Abstract	Globalisation and the increased movement of goods such as live animals and animal products across national borders can exacerbate the introduction and spread of diseases. This risk can be mitigated through adherence to trade control measures such as the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) of the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, compliance with SPS measures usually results in additional production and trade costs. This paper applied cost–benefit analysis, using stochastic scenario analysis, to estimate the financial burden of SPS measures on exporting horses from South Africa to the European Union (EU). These measures were instituted following a ban on the direct export of horses from South Africa to the EU, triggered by outbreaks of African Horse Sickness (AHS) in the AHS Controlled Area in the Western Cape Province. Analysis revealed that compliance to existing SPS measures by exporting a horse via a third country is 1.67 times more costly than exporting directly to the EU. A strengthened public-private sector partnership is recommended to jointly identify the most efficient and effective ways to develop capacity for collaborative judicious investment in order to build a resilient horse industry thereby enabling employment creation and economic growth.
Keywords	African horse sickness ; European Union ; World Trade Organization ; compliance ; cost benefit analysis ; economic development ; employment ; exports ; globalization ; horses ; industry ; risk ; South Africa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-1002
Size	p. 353-369.
Publishing place	Routledge
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2118634-0
ISSN	2078-0400 ; 0303-1853
ISSN (online)	2078-0400
ISSN	0303-1853
DOI	10.1080/03031853.2021.1975549
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Rift Valley fever vaccines: current and future needs.

Dungu, Baptiste / Lubisi, Baratang A / Ikegami, Tetsuro

Current opinion in virology

2018 Volume 29, Page(s) 8–15

Abstract: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne bunyaviral disease associated with high abortion rates, neonatal deaths, and fetal malformations in ruminants, and mild to severe disease in humans. Outbreaks of RVF cause huge economic losses and ... ...

Abstract	Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne bunyaviral disease associated with high abortion rates, neonatal deaths, and fetal malformations in ruminants, and mild to severe disease in humans. Outbreaks of RVF cause huge economic losses and public health impacts in endemic countries in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. A proper vaccination strategy is important for preventing or minimizing outbreaks. Vaccination against RVF is not practiced in many countries, however, due to absence or irregular occurrences of outbreaks, despite serological evidence of RVF viral activity. Nonetheless, effective vaccination strategies, and functional national and international multi-disciplinary networks, remain crucial for ensuring availability of vaccines and supporting execution of vaccination in high risk areas for efficient response to RVF alerts and outbreaks.
MeSH term(s)	Africa/epidemiology ; Animals ; Disease Outbreaks ; Rift Valley Fever/immunology ; Rift Valley Fever/prevention & control ; Rift Valley fever virus/immunology ; Vaccination ; Viral Vaccines/immunology
Chemical Substances	Viral Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-04
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	2611378-8
ISSN	1879-6265 ; 1879-6257
ISSN (online)	1879-6265
ISSN	1879-6257
DOI	10.1016/j.coviro.2018.02.001
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Article ; Online: Evaluation of a Virus Neutralisation Test for Detection of Rift Valley Fever Antibodies in Suid Sera.

Lubisi, Baratang A / Ndouvhada, Phumudzo N / Neiffer, Donald / Penrith, Mary-Louise / Sibanda, Donald-Ray / Bastos, Armanda D S

Tropical medicine and infectious disease

2019 Volume 4, Issue 1

Abstract: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne viral disease of ruminants mainly, and man, characterized by abortions and neonatal deaths in animals and flu-like to more severe symptoms that can result in death in humans. The disease is endemic in Africa, ... ...

Abstract	Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne viral disease of ruminants mainly, and man, characterized by abortions and neonatal deaths in animals and flu-like to more severe symptoms that can result in death in humans. The disease is endemic in Africa, Saudi Arabia and Yemen, and outbreaks occur following proliferation of RVF virus (RVFV) infected mosquito vectors. Vertebrate animal maintenance hosts of RVFV, which serve as a source of virus during inter-epidemic periods remain unknown, with wild and domestic suids being largely overlooked. To address this, we evaluated the virus neutralization test (VNT) for RVF antibody detection in suid sera, as a first step in assessing the role of suids in the epidemiology of RVF in Africa. Testing of experimental and field sera from domestic pigs and warthogs with a commercial RVF competitive antibody ELISA, served as a reference standard against which the VNT results were compared. Results indicate that VNT can detect anti-RVFV antibodies within three days post-infection, has an analytical specificity of 100% and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 97%, respectively. Although labour-intensive and time-consuming, the VNT proved suitable for screening suid sera and plasma for presence of RVFV antibodies in viraemic and recovered animals.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-25
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2414-6366
ISSN (online)	2414-6366
DOI	10.3390/tropicalmed4010052
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Article ; Online: A comparative genome analysis of Rift Valley Fever virus isolates from foci of the disease outbreak in South Africa in 2008-2010.

Maluleke, Moabi R / Phosiwa, Maanda / van Schalkwyk, Antoinette / Michuki, George / Lubisi, Baratang A / Kegakilwe, Phemelo S / Kemp, Steve J / Majiwa, Phelix A O

PLoS neglected tropical diseases

2019 Volume 13, Issue 3, Page(s) e0006576

Abstract: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a re-emerging zoonotic disease responsible for major losses in livestock production, with negative impact on the livelihoods of both commercial and resource-poor farmers in sub-Sahara African countries. The disease remains a ... ...

Abstract	Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a re-emerging zoonotic disease responsible for major losses in livestock production, with negative impact on the livelihoods of both commercial and resource-poor farmers in sub-Sahara African countries. The disease remains a threat in countries where its mosquito vector thrives. Outbreaks of RVF usually follow weather conditions which favour increase in mosquito populations. Such outbreaks are usually cyclical, occurring every 10-15 years. Recent outbreaks of the disease in South Africa have occurred unpredictably and with increased frequency. In 2008, outbreaks were reported in Mpumalanga, Limpopo and Gauteng provinces, followed by 2009 outbreaks in KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga and Northern Cape provinces and in 2010 in the Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, Western Cape, North West, Free State and Mpumalanga provinces. By August 2010, 232 confirmed infections had been reported in humans, with 26 confirmed deaths.To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of RVF viruses (RVFVs) circulating in South Africa, we undertook complete genome sequence analysis of isolates from animals at discrete foci of the 2008-2010 outbreaks. The genome sequences of these viruses were compared with those of the viruses from earlier outbreaks in South Africa and in other countries. The data indicate that one 2009 and all the 2008 isolates from South Africa and Madagascar (M49/08) cluster in Lineage C or Kenya-1. The remaining of the 2009 and 2010 isolates cluster within Lineage H, except isolate M259_RSA_09, which is a probable segment M reassortant. This information will be useful to agencies involved in the control and management of Rift Valley fever in South Africa and the neighbouring countries.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Buffaloes ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology ; Cattle Diseases/prevention & control ; Cattle Diseases/virology ; Computational Biology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; Humans ; Kenya/epidemiology ; Madagascar/epidemiology ; Mosquito Vectors/virology ; Phylogeny ; Reassortant Viruses ; Rift Valley Fever/epidemiology ; Rift Valley Fever/prevention & control ; Rift Valley Fever/virology ; Rift Valley fever virus/genetics ; Rift Valley fever virus/immunology ; Rift Valley fever virus/isolation & purification ; Sheep ; Sheep Diseases/epidemiology ; Sheep Diseases/prevention & control ; Sheep Diseases/virology ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Zoonoses
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2429704-5
ISSN	1935-2735 ; 1935-2727
ISSN (online)	1935-2735
ISSN	1935-2727
DOI	10.1371/journal.pntd.0006576
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Article ; Online: A comparative genome analysis of Rift Valley Fever virus isolates from foci of the disease outbreak in South Africa in 2008-2010

Maluleke, Moabi R. / Phosiwa, Maanda / Schalkwyk, Antoinette van / Michuki, George / Lubisi, Baratang A. / Kegakilwe, Phemelo S. / Kemp, Stephen J. / Majiwa, Phelix A.O.

PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

2019

Keywords	rift valley fever virus ; genomes ; animal diseases ; research
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-08-29T09:22:51Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science
Publishing country	fr
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Assessment of reproducibility of a VP7 Blocking ELISA diagnostic test for African horse sickness

Durán‐Ferrer, Manuel / Agüero, Montserrat / Zientara, Stephan / Beck, Cécile / Lecollinet, Sylvie / Sailleau, Corinne / Smith, Shirley / Potgieter, Christiaan / Rueda, Paloma / Sastre, Patricia / Monaco, Federica / Villalba, Ruben / Tena‐Tomás, Cristina / Batten, Carrie / Frost, Lorraine / Flannery, John / Gubbins, Simon / Lubisi, Baratang A / Sánchez‐Vizcaíno, José Manuel /

Emery, Michelle / Sturgill, Tracy / Ostlund, Eileen / Castillo‐Olivares, Javier

Transboundary and emerging diseases. 2019 Jan., v. 66, no. 1

2019

Abstract: The laboratory diagnosis of African horse sickness (AHS) is important for: (a) demonstrating freedom from infection in a population, animals or products for trade (b) assessing the efficiency of eradication policies; (c) laboratory confirmation of ... ...

Abstract	The laboratory diagnosis of African horse sickness (AHS) is important for: (a) demonstrating freedom from infection in a population, animals or products for trade (b) assessing the efficiency of eradication policies; (c) laboratory confirmation of clinical diagnosis; (d) estimating the prevalence of AHS infection; and (e) assessing postvaccination immune status of individual animals or populations. Although serological techniques play a secondary role in the confirmation of clinical cases, their use is very important for all the other purposes due to their high throughput, ease of use and good cost‐benefit ratio. The main objective of this study was to support the validation of AHS VP7 Blocking ELISA up to the Stage 3 of the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) assay validation pathway. To achieve this, a collaborative ring trial, which included all OIE Reference Laboratories and other AHS‐specialist diagnostic centres, was conducted in order to assess the diagnostic performance characteristics of the VP7 Blocking ELISA. In this trial, a panel of sera of different epidemiological origin and infection status was used. Through this comprehensive evaluation we can conclude that the VP7 Blocking ELISA satisfies the OIE requirements of reproducibility. The VP7 Blocking ELISA, in its commercial version is ready to enter Stage 4 of the validation pathway (Programme Implementation). Specifically, this will require testing the diagnostic performance of the assay using contemporary serum samples collected during control campaigns in endemic countries.
Keywords	African horse sickness ; animal health ; animals ; blood serum ; cost benefit analysis ; emerging diseases ; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; issues and policy ; laboratory diagnosis ; trade
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-01
Size	p. 83-90.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2414822-2
ISSN	1865-1682 ; 1865-1674
ISSN (online)	1865-1682
ISSN	1865-1674
DOI	10.1111/tbed.12968
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Article: Intra-genotypic resolution of African swine fever viruses from an East African domestic pig cycle: a combined p72-CVR approach.

Lubisi, Baratang A / Bastos, Armanda Duarte Slager / Dwarka, Rahana M / Vosloo, Wilna

Virus genes

2007 Volume 35, Issue 3, Page(s) 729–735

Abstract: Two of the 22 presently recognised African swine fever (ASF) virus p72 genotypes are genetically homogeneous and are associated with domestic pig cycles. Of these, genotype VIII comprises just two p72 variants, designated 'a' and 'b' in this study, and ... ...

Abstract	Two of the 22 presently recognised African swine fever (ASF) virus p72 genotypes are genetically homogeneous and are associated with domestic pig cycles. Of these, genotype VIII comprises just two p72 variants, designated 'a' and 'b' in this study, and is confined to four East African countries where it has caused numerous outbreaks between 1961 and 2001. In order to resolve relationships within this homogeneous genotype, the central variable region (CVR) of the 9RL open reading frame of 38 viruses was characterised and the resulting dataset complemented with seven published sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the 45 taxa resulted in seven discrete amino acid CVR lineages (A-G). CVR lineage F, 84 amino acids in length and spanning a 40-year period, comprised 26 isolates from Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The second largest lineage (E), consisted of 10 viruses causing outbreaks over a 10-year period in Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique whilst the remaining five lineages were country-specific and represented by four or less viruses with a maximum circulation period of three years. A combined p72-CVR analysis resulted in eight discrete lineages corresponding to eight unique p72-CVR combinations. One of these, b-F, appears to have arisen by convergent evolution or through an intra-genotypic recombination event, as the individual p72 and CVR gene phylogenies are incongruent. This raises the possibility of intra-genotypic recombination in ASF viruses for the first time. However, given the repetitive nature of the CVR region, convergent evolution cannot be excluded and may be the more likely explanation.
MeSH term(s)	Africa, Eastern/epidemiology ; African Swine Fever/epidemiology ; African Swine Fever/virology ; African Swine Fever Virus/classification ; African Swine Fever Virus/genetics ; African Swine Fever Virus/isolation & purification ; Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; Disease Outbreaks ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genotype ; Geography ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Recombination, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Sus scrofa/virology ; Viral Proteins/genetics
Chemical Substances	9-RL protein, African swine fever virus ; Viral Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-08-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	639496-6
ISSN	1572-994X ; 0920-8569
ISSN (online)	1572-994X
ISSN	0920-8569
DOI	10.1007/s11262-007-0148-2
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Article ; Online: External quality assessment of Rift Valley fever diagnosis in countries at risk of the disease: African, Indian Ocean and Middle-East regions.

Pedarrieu, Aurélie / El Mellouli, Fatiha / Khallouki, Hanane / Zro, Khalil / Sebbar, Ghizlane / Sghaier, Soufien / Madani, Hafsa / Bouayed, Nadera / Lo, Modou Moustapha / Diop, Mariame / Ould El Mamy, Ahmed Bezeid / Barry, Yahya / Dakouo, Marthin / Traore, Abdallah / Gagara, Haladou / Souley, Maman Moutari / Acha, Sara / Mapaco, Laurenco / Chang'a, Jelly /

Nyakilinga, Denis / Lubisi, Baratang A / Tshabalala, Thabisile / Filippone, Claudia / Heraud, Jean Michel / Chamassy, Sitty-Bahyat / Achiraffi, Abdou / Keck, Nicolas / Grard, Gilda / Mohammed, Kareem Abdelfattah Abdelwahab / Alrizqi, Abdulwahed Mohammed / Cetre-Sossah, Catherine

PloS one

2021 Volume 16, Issue 5, Page(s) e0251263

Abstract: Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), an arbovirus belonging to the Phlebovirus genus of the Phenuiviridae family, causes the zoonotic and mosquito-borne RVF. The virus, which primarily affects livestock (ruminants and camels) and humans, is at the origin of ... ...

Abstract	Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), an arbovirus belonging to the Phlebovirus genus of the Phenuiviridae family, causes the zoonotic and mosquito-borne RVF. The virus, which primarily affects livestock (ruminants and camels) and humans, is at the origin of recent major outbreaks across the African continent (Mauritania, Libya, Sudan), and in the South-Western Indian Ocean (SWIO) islands (Mayotte). In order to be better prepared for upcoming outbreaks, to predict its introduction in RVFV unscathed countries, and to run efficient surveillance programmes, the priority is harmonising and improving the diagnostic capacity of endemic countries and/or countries considered to be at risk of RVF. A serological inter-laboratory proficiency test (PT) was implemented to assess the capacity of veterinary laboratories to detect antibodies against RVFV. A total of 18 laboratories in 13 countries in the Middle East, North Africa, South Africa, and the Indian Ocean participated in the initiative. Two commercial kits and two in-house serological assays for the detection of RVFV specific IgG antibodies were tested. Sixteen of the 18 participating laboratories (88.9%) used commercial kits, the analytical performance of test sensitivity and specificity based on the seroneutralisation test considered as the reference was 100%. The results obtained by the laboratories which used the in-house assay were correct in only one of the two criteria (either sensitivity or specificity). In conclusion, most of the laboratories performed well in detecting RVFV specific IgG antibodies and can therefore be considered to be prepared. Three laboratories in three countries need to improve their detection capacities. Our study demonstrates the importance of conducting regular proficiency tests to evaluate the level of preparedness of countries and of building a network of competent laboratories in terms of laboratory diagnosis to better face future emerging diseases in emergency conditions.
MeSH term(s)	Africa/epidemiology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Endemic Diseases/veterinary ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/standards ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/statistics & numerical data ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Indian Ocean/epidemiology ; Laboratories/standards ; Middle East/epidemiology ; Quality Assurance, Health Care ; Reproducibility of Results ; Rift Valley Fever/diagnosis ; Rift Valley Fever/epidemiology ; Rift Valley Fever/immunology ; Rift Valley fever virus/immunology ; Risk Factors ; Serologic Tests/standards ; Serologic Tests/statistics & numerical data ; Serologic Tests/veterinary
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; Immunoglobulin G
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0251263
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