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Article: Structural and Functional Evaluations for the Early Detection of Glaucoma.

Lucy, Katie A / Wollstein, Gadi

Expert review of ophthalmology

2016 Volume 11, Issue 5, Page(s) 367–376

Abstract: The early detection of glaucoma is imperative in order to preserve functional vision. Structural and functional methods are utilized to detect and monitor glaucomatous damage and the vision loss it causes. The relationship between these detection ... ...

Abstract	The early detection of glaucoma is imperative in order to preserve functional vision. Structural and functional methods are utilized to detect and monitor glaucomatous damage and the vision loss it causes. The relationship between these detection measures is complex and differs between individuals, especially in early glaucoma. Using both measures together is advised in order to ensure the highest probability of glaucoma detection, and new testing methods are continuously developed with the goals of earlier disease detection and improvement of disease monitoring. The purpose of this review is to explore the relationship between structural and functional glaucoma detection and discuss important technological advances for early glaucoma detection.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-09-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1746-9899
ISSN	1746-9899
DOI	10.1080/17469899.2016.1229599
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Article ; Online: Comparing Acute IOP-Induced Lamina Cribrosa Deformations Premortem and Postmortem.

Wei, Junchao / Hua, Yi / Yang, Bin / Wang, Bo / Schmitt, Samantha E / Wang, Bingrui / Lucy, Katie A / Ishikawa, Hiroshi / Schuman, Joel S / Smith, Matthew A / Wollstein, Gadi / Sigal, Ian A

Translational vision science & technology

2022 Volume 11, Issue 12, Page(s) 1

Abstract: Purpose: Lamina cribrosa (LC) deformations caused by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) are believed to contribute to glaucomatous neuropathy and have therefore been extensively studied, in many conditions, from in vivo to ex vivo. We compare acute IOP- ...

Abstract	Purpose: Lamina cribrosa (LC) deformations caused by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) are believed to contribute to glaucomatous neuropathy and have therefore been extensively studied, in many conditions, from in vivo to ex vivo. We compare acute IOP-induced global and local LC deformations immediately before (premortem) and after (postmortem) sacrifice by exsanguination. Methods: The optic nerve heads of three healthy monkeys 12 to 15 years old were imaged with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography under controlled IOP premortem and postmortem. Volume scans were acquired at baseline IOP (8-10 mm Hg) and at 15, 30, and 40 mm Hg IOP. A digital volume correlation technique was used to determine the IOP-induced three-dimensional LC deformations (strains) in regions visible premortem and postmortem. Results: Both conditions exhibited similar nonlinear relationships between IOP increases and LC deformations. Median effective and shear strains were, on average, over all eyes and pressures, smaller postmortem than premortem, by 14% and 11%, respectively (P's < 0.001). Locally, however, the differences in LC deformation between conditions were variable. Some regions were subjected premortem to triple the strains observed postmortem, and others suffered smaller deformations premortem than postmortem. Conclusions: Increasing IOP acutely caused nonlinear LC deformations with an overall smaller effect postmortem than premortem. Locally, deformations premortem and postmortem were sometimes substantially different. We suggest that the differences may be due to weakened mechanical support from the unpressurized central retinal vessels postmortem. Translational relevance: Additional to the important premortem information, comparison with postmortem provides a unique context essential to understand the translational relevance of all postmortem biomechanics literature.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Autopsy ; Optic Disk/diagnostic imaging ; Glaucoma ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Biophysics
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2674602-5
ISSN	2164-2591 ; 2164-2591
ISSN (online)	2164-2591
ISSN	2164-2591
DOI	10.1167/tvst.11.12.1
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Article ; Online: Microstructural Deformations Within the Depth of the Lamina Cribrosa in Response to Acute In Vivo Intraocular Pressure Modulation.

Glidai, Yoav / Lucy, Katie A / Schuman, Joel S / Alexopoulos, Palaiologos / Wang, Bo / Wu, Mengfei / Liu, Mengling / Vande Geest, Jonathan P / Kollech, Hirut G / Lee, TingFang / Ishikawa, Hiroshi / Wollstein, Gadi

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

2022 Volume 63, Issue 5, Page(s) 25

Abstract: Purpose: The lamina cribrosa (LC) is a leading target for initial glaucomatous damage. We investigated the in vivo microstructural deformation within the LC volume in response to acute IOP modulation while maintaining fixed intracranial pressure (ICP).!# ...

Abstract	Purpose: The lamina cribrosa (LC) is a leading target for initial glaucomatous damage. We investigated the in vivo microstructural deformation within the LC volume in response to acute IOP modulation while maintaining fixed intracranial pressure (ICP). Methods: In vivo optic nerve head (ONH) spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans (Leica, Chicago, IL, USA) were obtained from eight eyes of healthy adult rhesus macaques (7 animals; ages = 7.9-14.4 years) in different IOP settings and fixed ICP (8-12 mm Hg). IOP and ICP were controlled by cannulation of the anterior chamber and the lateral ventricle of the brain, respectively, connected to a gravity-controlled reservoir. ONH images were acquired at baseline IOP, 30 mm Hg (H1-IOP), and 40 to 50 mm Hg (H2-IOP). Scans were registered in 3D, and LC microstructure measurements were obtained from shared regions and depths. Results: Only half of the eyes exhibited LC beam-to-pore ratio (BPR) and microstructure deformations. The maximal BPR change location within the LC volume varied between eyes. BPR deformer eyes had a significantly higher baseline connective tissue volume fraction (CTVF) and lower pore aspect ratio (P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively) compared to BPR non-deformer. In all eyes, the magnitude of BPR changes in the anterior surface was significantly different (either larger or smaller) from the maximal change within the LC (H1-IOP: P = 0.02 and H2-IOP: P = 0.004). Conclusions: The LC deforms unevenly throughout its depth in response to IOP modulation at fixed ICP. Therefore, analysis of merely the anterior LC surface microstructure will not fully capture the microstructure deformations within the LC. BPR deformer eyes have higher CTVF than BPR non-deformer eyes.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Glaucoma ; Intraocular Pressure ; Macaca mulatta ; Optic Disk ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Tonometry, Ocular
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	391794-0
ISSN	1552-5783 ; 0146-0404
ISSN (online)	1552-5783
ISSN	0146-0404
DOI	10.1167/iovs.63.5.25
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Article ; Online: Evaluating Glaucoma Treatment Effect on Intraocular Pressure Reduction Using Propensity Score Weighted Regression.

Wu, Mengfei / Liu, Mengling / Schuman, Joel S / Wang, Yuyan / Lucy, Katie A / Ishikawa, Hiroshi / Wollstein, Gadi

Scientific reports

2019 Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 15496

Abstract: Observational studies in glaucoma patients can provide important evidence on treatment effects, especially for combination therapies which are often used in reality. But the success relies on the reduction of selection bias through methods such as ... ...

Abstract	Observational studies in glaucoma patients can provide important evidence on treatment effects, especially for combination therapies which are often used in reality. But the success relies on the reduction of selection bias through methods such as propensity score (PS) weighting. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of five glaucoma treatments (medication, laser, non-laser surgery (NLS), laser + medication, and NLS + medication) on 1-year intraocular pressure (IOP) change. Data were collected from 90 glaucoma subjects who underwent a single laser, or NLS intervention, and/or took the same medication for at least 6 months, and had IOP measures before the treatment and 12-months after. Baseline IOP was significantly different across groups (p = 0.007) and this unbalance was successfully corrected by the PS weighting (p = 0.81). All groups showed statistically significant PS-weighted IOP reductions, with the largest reduction in NLS group (-6.78 mmHg). Baseline IOP significantly interacted with treatments (p = 0.03), and at high baseline IOP medication was less effective than other treatments. Our findings showed that the 1-year IOP reduction differed across treatment groups and was dependent on baseline IOP. The use of PS-weighted methods reduced treatment selection bias at baseline and allowed valid assessment of the treatment effect in an observational study.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Glaucoma/physiopathology ; Glaucoma/therapy ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Propensity Score
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-019-52052-5
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Article ; Online: Clinical Prediction Performance of Glaucoma Progression Using a 2-Dimensional Continuous-Time Hidden Markov Model with Structural and Functional Measurements.

Song, Youngseok / Ishikawa, Hiroshi / Wu, Mengfei / Liu, Yu-Ying / Lucy, Katie A / Lavinsky, Fabio / Liu, Mengling / Wollstein, Gadi / Schuman, Joel S

Ophthalmology

2018 Volume 125, Issue 9, Page(s) 1354–1361

Abstract: Purpose: Previously, we introduced a state-based 2-dimensional continuous-time hidden Markov model (2D CT HMM) to model the pattern of detected glaucoma changes using structural and functional information simultaneously. The purpose of this study was to ...

Abstract	Purpose: Previously, we introduced a state-based 2-dimensional continuous-time hidden Markov model (2D CT HMM) to model the pattern of detected glaucoma changes using structural and functional information simultaneously. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the detected glaucoma change prediction performance of the model in a real clinical setting using a retrospective longitudinal dataset. Design: Longitudinal, retrospective study. Participants: One hundred thirty-four eyes from 134 participants diagnosed with glaucoma or as glaucoma suspects (average follow-up, 4.4±1.2 years; average number of visits, 7.1±1.8). Methods: A 2D CT HMM model was trained using OCT (Cirrus HD-OCT; Zeiss, Dublin, CA) average circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cRNFL) thickness and visual field index (VFI) or mean deviation (MD; Humphrey Field Analyzer; Zeiss). The model was trained using a subset of the data (107 of 134 eyes [80%]) including all visits except for the last visit, which was used to test the prediction performance (training set). Additionally, the remaining 27 eyes were used for secondary performance testing as an independent group (validation set). The 2D CT HMM predicts 1 of 4 possible detected state changes based on 1 input state. Main outcome measures: Prediction accuracy was assessed as the percentage of correct prediction against the patient's actual recorded state. In addition, deviations of the predicted long-term detected change paths from the actual detected change paths were measured. Results: Baseline mean ± standard deviation age was 61.9±11.4 years, VFI was 90.7±17.4, MD was -3.50±6.04 dB, and cRNFL thickness was 74.9±12.2 μm. The accuracy of detected glaucoma change prediction using the training set was comparable with the validation set (57.0% and 68.0%, respectively). Prediction deviation from the actual detected change path showed stability throughout patient follow-up. Conclusions: The 2D CT HMM demonstrated promising prediction performance in detecting glaucoma change performance in a simulated clinical setting using an independent cohort. The 2D CT HMM allows information from just 1 visit to predict at least 5 subsequent visits with similar performance.
MeSH term(s)	Disease Progression ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glaucoma/diagnosis ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure/physiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nerve Fibers/pathology ; Optic Disk/pathology ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Prospective Studies ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors ; Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	392083-5
ISSN	1549-4713 ; 0161-6420
ISSN (online)	1549-4713
ISSN	0161-6420
DOI	10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.02.010
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Article: Retinal optical coherence tomography image enhancement via deep learning.

Halupka, Kerry J / Antony, Bhavna J / Lee, Matthew H / Lucy, Katie A / Rai, Ravneet S / Ishikawa, Hiroshi / Wollstein, Gadi / Schuman, Joel S / Garnavi, Rahil

Biomedical optics express

2018 Volume 9, Issue 12, Page(s) 6205–6221

Abstract: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of the retina are a powerful tool for diagnosing and monitoring eye disease. However, they are plagued by speckle noise, which reduces image quality and reliability of assessment. This paper introduces a novel ... ...

Abstract	Optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of the retina are a powerful tool for diagnosing and monitoring eye disease. However, they are plagued by speckle noise, which reduces image quality and reliability of assessment. This paper introduces a novel speckle reduction method inspired by the recent successes of deep learning in medical imaging. We present two versions of the network to reflect the needs and preferences of different end-users. Specifically, we train a convolution neural network to denoise cross-sections from OCT volumes of healthy eyes using either (1) mean-squared error, or (2) a generative adversarial network (GAN) with Wasserstein distance and perceptual similarity. We then interrogate the success of both methods with extensive quantitative and qualitative metrics on cross-sections from both healthy and glaucomatous eyes. The results show that the former approach provides state-of-the-art improvement in quantitative metrics such as PSNR and SSIM, and aids layer segmentation. However, the latter approach, which puts more weight on visual perception, outperformed for qualitative comparisons based on accuracy, clarity, and personal preference. Overall, our results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of a deep learning approach to denoising OCT images, while maintaining subtle details in the images.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2572216-5
ISSN	2156-7085
ISSN	2156-7085
DOI	10.1364/BOE.9.006205
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Article ; Online: Tortuous Pore Path Through the Glaucomatous Lamina Cribrosa.

Wang, Bo / Lucy, Katie A / Schuman, Joel S / Sigal, Ian A / Bilonick, Richard A / Lu, Chen / Liu, Jonathan / Grulkowski, Ireneusz / Nadler, Zachary / Ishikawa, Hiroshi / Kagemann, Larry / Fujimoto, James G / Wollstein, Gadi

Scientific reports

2018 Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 7281

Abstract: The lamina cribrosa is a primary site of damage in glaucoma. While mechanical distortion is hypothesized to cause reduction of axoplasmic flow, little is known about how the pores, which contains the retinal ganglion cell axons, traverse the lamina ... ...

Abstract	The lamina cribrosa is a primary site of damage in glaucoma. While mechanical distortion is hypothesized to cause reduction of axoplasmic flow, little is known about how the pores, which contains the retinal ganglion cell axons, traverse the lamina cribrosa. We investigated lamina cribrosa pore paths in vivo to quantify differences in tortuosity of pore paths between healthy and glaucomatous eyes. We imaged 16 healthy, 23 glaucoma suspect and 48 glaucomatous eyes from 70 subjects using a swept source optical coherence tomography system. The lamina cribrosa pores were automatically segmented using a previously described segmentation algorithm. Individual pore paths were automatically tracked through the depth of the lamina cribrosa using custom software. Pore path convergence to the optic nerve center and tortuosity was quantified for each eye. We found that lamina cribrosa pore pathways traverse the lamina cribrosa closer to the optic nerve center along the depth of the lamina cribrosa regardless of disease severity or diagnostic category. In addition, pores of glaucoma eyes take a more tortuous path through the lamina cribrosa compared to those of healthy eyes, suggesting a potential mechanism for reduction of axoplasmic flow in glaucoma.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Axonal Transport/physiology ; Axons/pathology ; Female ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle/physiopathology ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure/physiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nerve Fibers/pathology ; Nerve Fibers/physiology ; Ocular Hypertension/physiopathology ; Optic Disk/diagnostic imaging ; Optic Disk/physiopathology ; Optic Nerve/diagnostic imaging ; Optic Nerve/physiopathology ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/pathology ; Tomography, Optical Coherence
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-05-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-018-25645-9
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Article ; Online: Can Macula and Optic Nerve Head Parameters Detect Glaucoma Progression in Eyes with Advanced Circumpapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Damage?

Lavinsky, Fabio / Wu, Mengfei / Schuman, Joel S / Lucy, Katie A / Liu, Mengling / Song, Youngseok / Fallon, Julia / de Los Angeles Ramos Cadena, Maria / Ishikawa, Hiroshi / Wollstein, Gadi

Ophthalmology

2018 Volume 125, Issue 12, Page(s) 1907–1912

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the ability of OCT optic nerve head (ONH) and macular parameters to detect disease progression in eyes with advanced structural glaucomatous damage of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cRNFL).: Design: Longitudinal ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: To evaluate the ability of OCT optic nerve head (ONH) and macular parameters to detect disease progression in eyes with advanced structural glaucomatous damage of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cRNFL). Design: Longitudinal study. Participants: Forty-four eyes from 37 patients with advanced average cRNFL damage (≤60 μm) followed up for an average of 4.0 years. Methods: All patients were examined with spectral-domain OCT and visual field (VF) assessment during at least 4 visits. Main outcome measurements: Visual field mean deviation (MD) and VF index. OCT cRNFL (average, superior, and inferior quadrants), ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) (average, superior, and inferior), rim area, cup volume, average cup-to-disc (C:D) ratio, and vertical C:D ratio. Results: At baseline, patients had a median VF MD of -10.18 dB and mean cRNFL of 54.55±3.42 μm. The rate of change for MD and VF index were significant. No significant rate of change was noted for cRNFL, whereas significant (P < 0.001) rates were detected for GCIPL (-0.57±0.05 μm/year) and ONH parameters such as rim area (-0.010±0.001 mm Conclusions: Macula GCIPL and ONH parameters may be useful in tracking progression in patients with advanced glaucoma.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle/diagnosis ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle/physiopathology ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure/physiology ; Macula Lutea/diagnostic imaging ; Macula Lutea/pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nerve Fibers/pathology ; Optic Disk/diagnostic imaging ; Optic Disk/pathology ; Optic Nerve Diseases/diagnosis ; Optic Nerve Diseases/physiopathology ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/pathology ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Visual Acuity/physiology ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-06-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	392083-5
ISSN	1549-4713 ; 0161-6420
ISSN (online)	1549-4713
ISSN	0161-6420
DOI	10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.05.020
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Article ; Online: Seeing the Hidden Lamina: Effects of Exsanguination on the Optic Nerve Head.

Tran, Huong / Wallace, Jacob / Zhu, Ziyi / Lucy, Katie A / Voorhees, Andrew P / Schmitt, Samantha E / Bilonick, Richard A / Schuman, Joel S / Smith, Matthew A / Wollstein, Gadi / Sigal, Ian A

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

2018 Volume 59, Issue 6, Page(s) 2564–2575

Abstract: Purpose: To introduce an experimental approach for direct comparison of the primate optic nerve head (ONH) before and after death by exsanguination.: Method: The ONHs of four eyes from three monkeys were imaged with spectral-domain optical coherence ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: To introduce an experimental approach for direct comparison of the primate optic nerve head (ONH) before and after death by exsanguination. Method: The ONHs of four eyes from three monkeys were imaged with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) before and after exsanguination under controlled IOP. ONH structures, including the Bruch membrane (BM), BM opening, inner limiting membrane (ILM), and anterior lamina cribrosa (ALC) were delineated on 18 virtual radial sections per OCT scan. Thirteen parameters were analyzed: scleral canal at BM opening (area, planarity, and aspect ratio), ILM depth, BM depth; ALC (depth, shape index, and curvedness), and ALC visibility (globally, superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal quadrants). Results: All four ALC quadrants had a statistically significant improvement in visibility after exsanguination (overall P < 0.001). ALC visibility increased by 35% globally and by 36%, 37%, 14%, and 4% in the superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal quadrants, respectively. ALC increased 4.1%, 1.9%, and 0.1% in curvedness, shape index, and depth, respectively. Scleral canals increased 7.2%, 25.2%, and 1.1% in area, planarity, and aspect ratio, respectively. ILM and BM depths averaged -7.5% and -55.2% decreases in depth, respectively. Most, but not all, changes were beyond the repeatability range. Conclusions: Exsanguination allows for improved lamina characterization, especially in regions typically blocked by shadowing in OCT. The results also demonstrate changes in ONH morphology due to the loss of blood pressure. Future research will be needed to determine whether there are differences in ONH biomechanics before and after exsanguination and what those differences would imply.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Exsanguination/complications ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Intraocular Pressure ; Macaca mulatta ; Optic Disk/diagnostic imaging ; Optic Disk/pathology ; Optic Nerve Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; Optic Nerve Diseases/etiology ; Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-05-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	391794-0
ISSN	1552-5783 ; 0146-0404
ISSN (online)	1552-5783
ISSN	0146-0404
DOI	10.1167/iovs.17-23356
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Article ; Online: Location of the Central Retinal Vessel Trunk in the Laminar and Prelaminar Tissue of Healthy and Glaucomatous Eyes.

Wang, Bo / Lucy, Katie A / Schuman, Joel S / Ishikawa, Hiroshi / Bilonick, Richard A / Sigal, Ian A / Kagemann, Larry / Lu, Chen / Fujimoto, James G / Wollstein, Gadi

Scientific reports

2017 Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 9930

Abstract: Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness that leads to characteristic changes in the optic nerve head (ONH) region, such as nasalization of vessels. It is unknown whether the spatial location of this vessel shift inside the ONH occurs within the lamina ... ...

Abstract	Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness that leads to characteristic changes in the optic nerve head (ONH) region, such as nasalization of vessels. It is unknown whether the spatial location of this vessel shift inside the ONH occurs within the lamina cribrosa (LC) or the prelaminar tissue. The purpose of this study was to compare the location of the central retinal vessel trunk (CRVT) in the LC and prelaminar tissue in living healthy and glaucomatous eyes. We acquired 3-dimensional ONH scans from 119 eyes (40 healthy, 29 glaucoma suspect, and 50 glaucoma) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). The CRVT location was manually delineated in separate projection images of the LC and prelamina. We found that the CRVT in glaucoma suspect and glaucomatous eyes was located significantly more nasally compared to healthy eyes at the level of the prelamina. There was no detectable difference found in the location of the CRVT at the level of the LC between diagnostic groups. While the nasal location of the CRVT in the prelamina has been associated with glaucomatous axonal death, our results suggest that the CRVT in the LC is anchored in the tissue with minimal variation in glaucomatous eyes.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Glaucoma/diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retinal Vessels/diagnostic imaging ; Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-08-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-017-10042-5
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