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  1. Article ; Online: Expression and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins.

    Schaub, Jeffrey M / Chou, Chia-Wei / Kuo, Hung-Che / Javanmardi, Kamyab / Hsieh, Ching-Lin / Goldsmith, Jory / DiVenere, Andrea M / Le, Kevin C / Wrapp, Daniel / Byrne, Patrick O / Hjorth, Christy K / Johnson, Nicole V / Ludes-Meyers, John / Nguyen, Annalee W / Wang, Nianshuang / Lavinder, Jason J / Ippolito, Gregory C / Maynard, Jennifer A / McLellan, Jason S /
    Finkelstein, Ilya J

    Nature protocols

    2021  Volume 16, Issue 11, Page(s) 5339–5356

    Abstract: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein is a critical component of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines and diagnostics and is also a therapeutic target. However, the spike protein is difficult to produce recombinantly because it ... ...

    Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein is a critical component of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines and diagnostics and is also a therapeutic target. However, the spike protein is difficult to produce recombinantly because it is a large trimeric class I fusion membrane protein that is metastable and heavily glycosylated. We recently developed a prefusion-stabilized spike variant, termed HexaPro for six stabilizing proline substitutions, that can be expressed with a yield of >30 mg/L in ExpiCHO cells. This protocol describes an optimized workflow for expressing and biophysically characterizing rationally engineered spike proteins in Freestyle 293 and ExpiCHO cell lines. Although we focus on HexaPro, this protocol has been used to purify over a hundred different spike variants in our laboratories. We also provide guidance on expression quality control, long-term storage, and uses in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The entire protocol, from transfection to biophysical characterization, can be completed in 7 d by researchers with basic tissue cell culture and protein purification expertise.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; CHO Cells ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/physiology ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2244966-8
    ISSN 1750-2799 ; 1754-2189
    ISSN (online) 1750-2799
    ISSN 1754-2189
    DOI 10.1038/s41596-021-00623-0
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Molecular Modeling, de novo Design and Synthesis of a Novel, Extracellular Binding Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Inhibitor Alofanib (RPT835).

    Tsimafeyeu, Ilya / Daeyaert, Frits / Joos, Jean-Baptiste / Aken, Koen V / Ludes-Meyers, John / Byakhov, Mikhail / Tjulandin, Sergei

    Medicinal chemistry (Shariqah (United Arab Emirates))

    2015  Volume 12, Issue 4, Page(s) 303–317

    Abstract: Background: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors (FGFRs) play a key role in tumor growth and angiogenesis. The present report describes our search for an extracellularly binding FGFR inhibitor using a combined molecular modeling and de novo design ... ...

    Abstract Background: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors (FGFRs) play a key role in tumor growth and angiogenesis. The present report describes our search for an extracellularly binding FGFR inhibitor using a combined molecular modeling and de novo design strategy.
    Methods: Based upon crystal structures of the receptor with its native ligand and knowledge of inhibiting peptides, we have developed a computational protocol that predicts the putative binding of a molecule to the extracellular domains of the receptor. This protocol, or scoring function, was used in combination with the de novo synthesis program 'SYNOPSIS' to generate high scoring and synthetically accessible compounds.
    Results: Eight compounds belonging to 3 separate chemical classes were synthesized. One of these compounds, alofanib (RPT835), was found to be an effective inhibitor of the FGF/FGFR2 pathway. The preclinical in vitro data support an allosteric inhibition mechanism of RPT835. RPT835 potently inhibited growth of KATO III gastric cancer cells expressing FGFR2, with GI50 value of 10 nmol/L.
    Conclusion: These results provide strong rationale for the evaluation of compound in advanced cancers.
    MeSH term(s) Allosteric Regulation ; Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis ; Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology ; Benzoates/chemical synthesis ; Benzoates/chemistry ; Benzoates/pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ; Humans ; Models, Chemical ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Sulfonamides/chemical synthesis ; Sulfonamides/chemistry ; Sulfonamides/pharmacology
    Chemical Substances Antineoplastic Agents ; Benzoates ; Sulfonamides ; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2 (EC 2.7.10.1) ; alofanib (LQX7RFK8MZ)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-12-16
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1875-6638
    ISSN (online) 1875-6638
    DOI 10.2174/1573406412666160106154726
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: WWOX protein expression in normal human tissues.

    Nunez, Maria I / Ludes-Meyers, John / Aldaz, C Marcelo

    Journal of molecular histology

    2006  Volume 37, Issue 3-4, Page(s) 115–125

    Abstract: WWOX is a putative tumor suppressor gene that spans approximately a 1 Mb genomic region and is the site for the second most common chromosomal fragile site, FRA16D at 16q23. Various studies have focused on the expression of WWOX in human cancer mostly at ...

    Abstract WWOX is a putative tumor suppressor gene that spans approximately a 1 Mb genomic region and is the site for the second most common chromosomal fragile site, FRA16D at 16q23. Various studies have focused on the expression of WWOX in human cancer mostly at the RNA level, but little is known about the normal pattern of WWOX protein expression in non-neoplastic tissues. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of WWOX protein expression in normal tissues was performed by means of immunohistochemistry utilizing a very specific anti-WWOX polyclonal antibody. We analyzed tissue cores of human samples representing more than 30 organs, using various tissue microarray (TMA) slides. Due to the potential role of WWOX in sex-steroid metabolism, whole sections from hormonally regulated organs like breast, ovaries, testes and prostate were also analyzed. The results from our study indicate that WWOX is preferentially highly expressed in secretory epithelial cells of reproductive, endocrine and exocrine organs, as well as in ductal epithelial cells from specific segments of the urinary system. Interestingly, we also observed significant WWOX protein expression in various cell types of neural origin including neurons, ependymal cells and astrocytes. No expression of WWOX was detected in adipose, connective, and lymphoid tissues, myelinized structures and blood vessels. By better defining the topographic distribution of WWOX in normal tissues this study provides some insight on the potential physiological role of this novel protein.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Organ Specificity ; Oxidoreductases/analysis ; Tissue Array Analysis ; Tissue Distribution ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/analysis ; WW Domain-Containing Oxidoreductase
    Chemical Substances Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; Oxidoreductases (EC 1.-) ; WW Domain-Containing Oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.-) ; WWOX protein, human (EC 1.1.1.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-05
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2144021-9
    ISSN 1567-2379
    ISSN 1567-2379
    DOI 10.1007/s10735-006-9046-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Structure-based Design of Prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 Spikes.

    Hsieh, Ching-Lin / Goldsmith, Jory A / Schaub, Jeffrey M / DiVenere, Andrea M / Kuo, Hung-Che / Javanmardi, Kamyab / Le, Kevin C / Wrapp, Daniel / Lee, Alison Gene-Wei / Liu, Yutong / Chou, Chia-Wei / Byrne, Patrick O / Hjorth, Christy K / Johnson, Nicole V / Ludes-Meyers, John / Nguyen, Annalee W / Park, Juyeon / Wang, Nianshuang / Amengor, Dzifa /
    Maynard, Jennifer A / Finkelstein, Ilya J / McLellan, Jason S

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2020  

    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has led to accelerated efforts to develop therapeutics, diagnostics, and vaccines to mitigate this public health emergency. A key target of these efforts is the spike (S) protein, a large ... ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has led to accelerated efforts to develop therapeutics, diagnostics, and vaccines to mitigate this public health emergency. A key target of these efforts is the spike (S) protein, a large trimeric class I fusion protein that is metastable and difficult to produce recombinantly in large quantities. Here, we designed and expressed over 100 structure-guided spike variants based upon a previously determined cryo-EM structure of the prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike. Biochemical, biophysical and structural characterization of these variants identified numerous individual substitutions that increased protein yields and stability. The best variant, HexaPro, has six beneficial proline substitutions leading to ~10-fold higher expression than its parental construct and is able to withstand heat stress, storage at room temperature, and multiple freeze-thaws. A 3.2 Å-resolution cryo-EM structure of HexaPro confirmed that it retains the prefusion spike conformation. High-yield production of a stabilized prefusion spike protein will accelerate the development of vaccines and serological diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2020.05.30.125484
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Corrigendum to 'Targeting FGFR2 with alofanib (RPT835) shows potent activity in tumour models' [Eur J Cancer 61 (2016) 20-28].

    Tsimafeyeu, Ilya / Ludes-Meyers, John / Stepanova, Evgenia / Daeyaert, Frits / Khochenkov, Dmitry / Joose, Jean-Baptiste / Solomko, Eliso / Van Akene, Koen / Peretolchina, Nina / Yin, Wei / Ryabaya, Oxana / Byakhov, Mikhail / Tjulandin, Sergei

    European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)

    2017  Volume 70, Page(s) 156

    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Published Erratum
    ZDB-ID 82061-1
    ISSN 1879-0852 ; 0277-5379 ; 0959-8049 ; 0964-1947
    ISSN (online) 1879-0852
    ISSN 0277-5379 ; 0959-8049 ; 0964-1947
    DOI 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.11.001
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Discovery of Sisunatovir (RV521), an Inhibitor of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion.

    Cockerill, G Stuart / Angell, Richard M / Bedernjak, Alexandre / Chuckowree, Irina / Fraser, Ian / Gascon-Simorte, Jose / Gilman, Morgan S A / Good, James A D / Harland, Rachel / Johnson, Sara M / Ludes-Meyers, John H / Littler, Edward / Lumley, James / Lunn, Graham / Mathews, Neil / McLellan, Jason S / Paradowski, Michael / Peeples, Mark E / Scott, Claire /
    Tait, Dereck / Taylor, Geraldine / Thom, Michelle / Thomas, Elaine / Villalonga Barber, Carol / Ward, Simon E / Watterson, Daniel / Williams, Gareth / Young, Paul / Powell, Kenneth

    Journal of medicinal chemistry

    2021  Volume 64, Issue 7, Page(s) 3658–3676

    Abstract: RV521 is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion that was identified after a lead optimization process based upon hits that originated from a physical property directed hit profiling exercise at Reviral. This exercise ...

    Abstract RV521 is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion that was identified after a lead optimization process based upon hits that originated from a physical property directed hit profiling exercise at Reviral. This exercise encompassed collaborations with a number of contract organizations with collaborative medicinal chemistry and virology during the optimization phase in addition to those utilized as the compound proceeded through preclinical and clinical evaluation. RV521 exhibited a mean IC
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Antiviral Agents/chemical synthesis ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacokinetics ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Benzimidazoles/chemical synthesis ; Benzimidazoles/pharmacokinetics ; Benzimidazoles/pharmacology ; Biological Availability ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Drug Discovery ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Protein Binding ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/drug effects ; Viral Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Virus Internalization/drug effects
    Chemical Substances Antiviral Agents ; Benzimidazoles ; F protein, human respiratory syncytial virus ; Viral Fusion Proteins ; sisunatovir (KE63TTO7WK)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 218133-2
    ISSN 1520-4804 ; 0022-2623
    ISSN (online) 1520-4804
    ISSN 0022-2623
    DOI 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01882
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Targeting FGFR2 with alofanib (RPT835) shows potent activity in tumour models.

    Tsimafeyeu, Ilya / Ludes-Meyers, John / Stepanova, Evgenia / Daeyaert, Frits / Khochenkov, Dmitry / Joose, Jean-Baptiste / Solomko, Eliso / Van Akene, Koen / Peretolchina, Nina / Yin, Wei / Ryabaya, Oxana / Byakhov, Mikhail / Tjulandin, Sergei

    European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)

    2016  Volume 61, Page(s) 20–28

    Abstract: Alofanib (RPT835) is a novel selective allosteric inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). We showed previously that alofanib could bind to the extracellular domain of FGFR2 and has an inhibitory effect on FGF2-induced phoshphorylation ... ...

    Abstract Alofanib (RPT835) is a novel selective allosteric inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). We showed previously that alofanib could bind to the extracellular domain of FGFR2 and has an inhibitory effect on FGF2-induced phoshphorylation of FRS2α. In the present study, we further showed that alofanib inhibited phosphorylation of FRS2α with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 7 and 9 nmol/l in cancer cells expressing different FGFR2 isoforms. In a panel of four cell lines representing several tumour types (triple-negative breast cancer, melanoma, and ovarian cancer), alofanib inhibited FGF-mediated proliferation with 50% growth inhibition (GI50) values of 16-370 nmol/l. Alofanib dose dependently inhibited the proliferation and migration of human and mouse endothelial cells (GI50 11-58 nmol/l) compared with brivanib and bevacizumab. Treatment with alofanib ablated experimental FGF-induced angiogenesis in vivo. In a FGFR-driven human tumour xenograft model, oral administration of alofanib was well tolerated and resulted in potent antitumour activity. Importantly, alofanib was effective in FGFR2-expressing models. These results show that alofanib is a potent FGFR2 inhibitor and provide strong rationale for its evaluation in patients with FGFR2-driven cancers.
    MeSH term(s) Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology ; Benzoates/pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement/drug effects ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endothelial Cells/drug effects ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects ; Humans ; Mice ; Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods ; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors ; Sulfonamides/pharmacology ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
    Chemical Substances Angiogenesis Inhibitors ; Antineoplastic Agents ; Benzoates ; Sulfonamides ; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2 (EC 2.7.10.1) ; alofanib (LQX7RFK8MZ)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-04-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 82061-1
    ISSN 1879-0852 ; 0277-5379 ; 0959-8049 ; 0964-1947
    ISSN (online) 1879-0852
    ISSN 0277-5379 ; 0959-8049 ; 0964-1947
    DOI 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.03.068
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Structure-based design of prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spikes.

    Hsieh, Ching-Lin / Goldsmith, Jory A / Schaub, Jeffrey M / DiVenere, Andrea M / Kuo, Hung-Che / Javanmardi, Kamyab / Le, Kevin C / Wrapp, Daniel / Lee, Alison G / Liu, Yutong / Chou, Chia-Wei / Byrne, Patrick O / Hjorth, Christy K / Johnson, Nicole V / Ludes-Meyers, John / Nguyen, Annalee W / Park, Juyeon / Wang, Nianshuang / Amengor, Dzifa /
    Lavinder, Jason J / Ippolito, Gregory C / Maynard, Jennifer A / Finkelstein, Ilya J / McLellan, Jason S

    Science (New York, N.Y.)

    2020  Volume 369, Issue 6510, Page(s) 1501–1505

    Abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to accelerated efforts to develop therapeutics and vaccines. A key target of these efforts is the spike (S) protein, which is metastable and difficult to produce recombinantly. We characterized 100 ...

    Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to accelerated efforts to develop therapeutics and vaccines. A key target of these efforts is the spike (S) protein, which is metastable and difficult to produce recombinantly. We characterized 100 structure-guided spike designs and identified 26 individual substitutions that increased protein yields and stability. Testing combinations of beneficial substitutions resulted in the identification of HexaPro, a variant with six beneficial proline substitutions exhibiting higher expression than its parental construct (by a factor of 10) as well as the ability to withstand heat stress, storage at room temperature, and three freeze-thaw cycles. A cryo-electron microscopy structure of HexaPro at a resolution of 3.2 angstroms confirmed that it retains the prefusion spike conformation. High-yield production of a stabilized prefusion spike protein will accelerate the development of vaccines and serological diagnostics for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
    MeSH term(s) Amino Acid Substitution ; Betacoronavirus/chemistry ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Humans ; Proline/chemistry ; Protein Domains ; Protein Stability ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry ; Viral Vaccines/chemistry
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Viral Vaccines ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 ; Proline (9DLQ4CIU6V)
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 128410-1
    ISSN 1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
    ISSN (online) 1095-9203
    ISSN 0036-8075
    DOI 10.1126/science.abd0826
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Structure-based Design of Prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 Spikes

    Hsieh, Ching-Lin / Goldsmith, Jory A / Schaub, Jeffrey M / DiVenere, Andrea M / Kuo, Hung-Che / Javanmardi, Kamyab / Le, Kevin C / Wrapp, Daniel / Lee, Alison Gene-Wei / Liu, Yutong / Chou, Chia-Wei / Byrne, Patrick O / Hjorth, Christy K / Johnson, Nicole V / Ludes-Meyers, John / Nguyen, Annalee W / Park, Juyeon / Wang, Nianshuang / Dzifa, Amengor /
    Maynard, Jennifier A / Finkelstein, Ilya J / McLellan, Jason S

    bioRxiv

    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has led to accelerated efforts to develop therapeutics, diagnostics, and vaccines to mitigate this public health emergency. A key target of these efforts is the spike (S) protein, a large ... ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has led to accelerated efforts to develop therapeutics, diagnostics, and vaccines to mitigate this public health emergency. A key target of these efforts is the spike (S) protein, a large trimeric class I fusion protein that is metastable and difficult to produce recombinantly in large quantities. Here, we designed and expressed over 100 structure-guided spike variants based upon a previously determined cryo-EM structure of the prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike. Biochemical, biophysical and structural characterization of these variants identified numerous individual substitutions that increased protein yields and stability. The best variant, HexaPro, has six beneficial proline substitutions leading to ~10-fold higher expression than its parental construct and is able to withstand heat stress, storage at room temperature, and multiple freeze-thaws. A 3.2 Å-resolution cryo-EM structure of HexaPro confirmed that it retains the prefusion spike conformation. High-yield production of a stabilized prefusion spike protein will accelerate the development of vaccines and serological diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-30
    Publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2020.05.30.125484
    Database COVID19

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  10. Article ; Online: Structure-based Design of Prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 Spikes

    Hsieh, Ching-Lin / Goldsmith, Jory A. / Schaub, Jeffrey M. / DiVenere, Andrea M. / Kuo, Hung-Che / Javanmardi, Kamyab / Le, Kevin C. / Wrapp, Daniel / Lee, Alison Gene-Wei / Liu, Yutong / Chou, Chia-Wei / Byrne, Patrick O. / Hjorth, Christy K. / Johnson, Nicole V. / Ludes-Meyers, John / Nguyen, Annalee W. / Park, Juyeon / Wang, Nianshuang / Amengor, Dzifa /
    Maynard, Jennifer A. / Finkelstein, Ilya J. / McLellan, Jason S.

    bioRxiv

    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has led to accelerated efforts to develop therapeutics, diagnostics, and vaccines to mitigate this public health emergency. A key target of these efforts is the spike (S) protein, a large ... ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has led to accelerated efforts to develop therapeutics, diagnostics, and vaccines to mitigate this public health emergency. A key target of these efforts is the spike (S) protein, a large trimeric class I fusion protein that is metastable and difficult to produce recombinantly in large quantities. Here, we designed and expressed over 100 structure-guided spike variants based upon a previously determined cryo-EM structure of the prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike. Biochemical, biophysical and structural characterization of these variants identified numerous individual substitutions that increased protein yields and stability. The best variant, HexaPro, has six beneficial proline substitutions leading to ∼10-fold higher expression than its parental construct and is able to withstand heat stress, storage at room temperature, and multiple freeze-thaws. A 3.2 Å-resolution cryo-EM structure of HexaPro confirmed that it retains the prefusion spike conformation. High-yield production of a stabilized prefusion spike protein will accelerate the development of vaccines and serological diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher BioRxiv
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2020.05.30.125484
    Database COVID19

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