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Article ; Online: The Effects of Choice-Based Design and Management on the Behavior and Space Use of Zoo-Housed Amur Tigers (Panthera tigris altaica)

Ritzler, Charles P. / Lukas, Kristen E. / Bernstein-Kurtycz, Laura M. / Koester, Diana C.

Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 2023 Apr. 03, v. 26, no. 2 p.256-269

2023

Abstract: Choice-based design allows animals in human care opportunities to move at will between multiple interconnected spaces. Some evidence suggests providing environmental choice confers benefits to animals, but there is a dearth of research in this area with ... ...

Abstract	Choice-based design allows animals in human care opportunities to move at will between multiple interconnected spaces. Some evidence suggests providing environmental choice confers benefits to animals, but there is a dearth of research in this area with large carnivores. To understand the effects of this design strategy on large felids, behavioral and space use data were collected on three Amur tigers housed in a new habitat at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. Data were collected in two conditions: 1) restricted to a single habitat, and 2) access to two habitats. With choice, tigers were less frequently inactive (p = 0.003), and locomoted more frequently (p = 0.009). They also showed different preferences in space use with choice, and a strong preference for overhead runways between habitats (E* = 0.83, E* = 0.78). These results add to what is known about environmental impacts on zoo animal behavior and suggest this design and management strategy may be effective in conferring positive welfare benefits to tigers and other large carnivores.
Keywords	Panthera tigris altaica ; animal behavior ; animal welfare ; habitats ; humans ; zoo animals ; zoos ; Tiger ; environmental choice ; design ; space use ; carnivore
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0403
Size	p. 256-269.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article ; Online
ISSN	1532-7604
DOI	10.1080/10888705.2021.1958684
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Do zoo animals use off-exhibit areas to avoid noise? A case study exploring the influence of sound on the behavior, physiology, and space use of two pied tamarins (Saguinus bicolor).

Wark, Jason D / Schook, Mandi W / Dennis, Patricia M / Lukas, Kristen E

American journal of primatology

2022 Volume 85, Issue 3, Page(s) e23421

Abstract: Noise can be a known stressor but our understanding of its effects on animals living in zoo environments remains limited. Although exposure to loud, chronic noise may be expected to negatively impact welfare, providing access to quiet areas to escape ... ...

Abstract	Noise can be a known stressor but our understanding of its effects on animals living in zoo environments remains limited. Although exposure to loud, chronic noise may be expected to negatively impact welfare, providing access to quiet areas to escape loud noise may buffer these negative effects. In this study, we explored the benefits of access to quiet, off-exhibit areas for animals living in a chronically loud sound environment. Two pied tamarins (Saguinus bicolor) living near a large waterfall feature that emitted loud, chronic noise were experimentally exposed to varying sound levels during 2-week treatment conditions. Baseline conditions (waterfall feature on and access to quiet, off-exhibit areas), were followed by a Quiet sound condition (waterfall off), a Loud sound condition (waterfall on and a speaker in the off-exhibit area playing volume-matched white noise), and a final Baseline condition. During Baseline conditions, sound levels were greater than 10 dBA higher in the exhibit than in the off-exhibit area (i.e., roughly twice as loud). The number of visitor groups present during behavior observations were consistent throughout the study. Both tamarins modified their space use during treatment conditions. Under Baseline conditions, both individuals showed frequent usage of quiet, off-exhibit areas. During the Quiet and Loud conditions, where sound levels were generally consistent across spaces, both individuals used off-exhibit areas less and their use of exhibit and off-exhibit areas was not significantly different than would be expected by chance, given the size of the areas. Additional behavioral changes were minimal. No significant differences in fecal glucocorticoid metabolites were observed. Although the monkeys in this study appeared to avoid noise, the overall impact on welfare appeared to be minimal considering the limited behavioral and hormonal changes observed. This study highlights the potential benefits of off-exhibit spaces as a quiet refuge from noise in the zoo environment.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Zoo/physiology ; Noise ; Saguinus/physiology ; Behavior, Animal
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1495834-X
ISSN	1098-2345 ; 0275-2565
ISSN (online)	1098-2345
ISSN	0275-2565
DOI	10.1002/ajp.23421
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Article ; Online: Lack of reinforcement is hard to "bear": Assessing judgment bias in grizzly bears (

Bernstein-Kurtycz, Laura M / Vonk, Jennifer / Carroscia, Joseph M / Koester, Diana C / Snyder, Rebecca J / Willis, Mark A / Lukas, Kristen E

Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS

2024 , Page(s) 1–14

Abstract: Cognitive biases reveal underlying affective state by indicating optimism and pessimism. This methodology may permit assessment of positive welfare in animals that have few validated positive welfare indicators, such as bears. Our goal was to validate a ... ...

Abstract	Cognitive biases reveal underlying affective state by indicating optimism and pessimism. This methodology may permit assessment of positive welfare in animals that have few validated positive welfare indicators, such as bears. Our goal was to validate a judgment bias test for assessing optimism in brown bears, using a touchscreen. After training the bears on a conditional discrimination, we compared responses to an ambiguous stimulus in a 2 × 2 nested design involving four experimental conditions representing presence or absence of a behind-the-scenes tour and presence or absence of a keeper training session with food reinforcement. We recorded bears' behavior during the conditions as a measure of convergent validity. Testing revealed the possibility of pessimism in the absence of reinforcement in one bear. More frustration behaviors were also observed during the no food reinforcement conditions. This is the first experimental demonstration of brown bears using a touchscreen and one of only three reports in which bears have been reported to perform a conditional discrimination. This method of assessing underlying affective state shows promise for the future.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1532-7604
ISSN (online)	1532-7604
DOI	10.1080/10888705.2024.2315042
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Article ; Online: Monitoring the social behavior of a bachelor mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) dyad participating in touchscreen-mediated cognitive testing.

Leeds, Austin / Lukas, Kristen E

Zoo biology

2019 Volume 38, Issue 4, Page(s) 397–402

Abstract: Cognitive testing of primates in zoos is becoming increasingly common. Cognition experiments are generally thought to be beneficial as they provide participants with an opportunity to engage in species-specific cognitive functioning, perhaps more so than ...

Abstract	Cognitive testing of primates in zoos is becoming increasingly common. Cognition experiments are generally thought to be beneficial as they provide participants with an opportunity to engage in species-specific cognitive functioning, perhaps more so than with traditional forms of environmental enrichment. However, testing may increase competition and aggression between conspecifics if it has monopolizable features or creates social tension within groups. The purpose of this study was to monitor the social behavior of a bachelor mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) dyad participating in a touchscreen-mediated cognition study. The mandrills' behavior was monitored before and after testing sessions for 8 months. Positive changes in the mandrills' affiliative behavior were observed. Rates of play, presentations, and silent bared-teeth face increased posttesting. No change in rates of agonism were observed between pre- and posttesting conditions. The observed positive changes in affiliative behavior suggest cognitive testing was enriching for the mandrills and participating in testing improved their welfare. Zoos beginning cognitive studies should monitor participant behavior to ensure their welfare is not compromised and is, ideally, enhanced.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Zoo ; Cognition ; Male ; Mandrillus/physiology ; Social Behavior
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1499116-0
ISSN	1098-2361 ; 0733-3188
ISSN (online)	1098-2361
ISSN	0733-3188
DOI	10.1002/zoo.21490
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Article: Monitoring the social behavior of a bachelor mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) dyad participating in touchscreen‐mediated cognitive testing

Leeds, Austin / Lukas, Kristen E

Zoo biology. 2019 Aug., v. 38, no. 4

2019

Abstract: Cognitive testing of primates in zoos is becoming increasingly common. Cognition experiments are generally thought to be beneficial as they provide participants with an opportunity to engage in species‐specific cognitive functioning, perhaps more so than ...

Abstract	Cognitive testing of primates in zoos is becoming increasingly common. Cognition experiments are generally thought to be beneficial as they provide participants with an opportunity to engage in species‐specific cognitive functioning, perhaps more so than with traditional forms of environmental enrichment. However, testing may increase competition and aggression between conspecifics if it has monopolizable features or creates social tension within groups. The purpose of this study was to monitor the social behavior of a bachelor mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) dyad participating in a touchscreen‐mediated cognition study. The mandrills' behavior was monitored before and after testing sessions for 8 months. Positive changes in the mandrills' affiliative behavior were observed. Rates of play, presentations, and silent bared‐teeth face increased posttesting. No change in rates of agonism were observed between pre‐ and posttesting conditions. The observed positive changes in affiliative behavior suggest cognitive testing was enriching for the mandrills and participating in testing improved their welfare. Zoos beginning cognitive studies should monitor participant behavior to ensure their welfare is not compromised and is, ideally, enhanced.
Keywords	aggression ; cognition ; environmental enrichment ; Mandrillus sphinx ; monitoring ; social behavior ; zoo animals ; zoos
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-08
Size	p. 397-402.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1499116-0
ISSN	1098-2361 ; 0733-3188
ISSN (online)	1098-2361
ISSN	0733-3188
DOI	10.1002/zoo.21490
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Agonistic behavior and feeding competition in the largest piranha species, Pygocentrus piraya, in a zoo

Oldfield, Ronald G. / Thal, Josie E. / Das, Praanjal / Zarlinga, Nick J. / Lukas, Kristen E. / Wark, Jason D.

J Ethol. 2023 Jan., v. 41, no. 1 p.25-37

2023

Abstract: In the wild, piranhas are thought to feed in groups. Previous studies on piranhas in aquariums have variously observed either social attraction or aggressive dominance. The Rio São Francisco piranha (Pygocentrus piraya) is the largest species of piranha. ...

Abstract	In the wild, piranhas are thought to feed in groups. Previous studies on piranhas in aquariums have variously observed either social attraction or aggressive dominance. The Rio São Francisco piranha (Pygocentrus piraya) is the largest species of piranha. It is rare in aquarium collections and its social and feeding behaviors have never been studied. To better understand behavior in this species, we observed a group of individuals housed in a zoo. We did not observe social attraction or grouping behavior. Individuals generally remained inactive except during aggressive interactions, or to consume food when available. They were organized in a weakly linear dominance hierachy. Dominant individuals performed more aggressive bouts and fewer retreats than subordinate individuals. We also found differences among individuals in the number of pieces consumed and in contesting other individuals for food. Social behavior in animals is known to vary plastically according to available space and number of competitors, and these factors might have influenced behavior in the current study. This study highlights the value of zoos for studying species that would otherwise be inaccessible, and it provides fundamental information that can later be used to enhance welfare of piranhas in aquariums.
Keywords	Pygocentrus ; agonistic behavior ; social behavior ; zoos
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-01
Size	p. 25-37.
Publishing place	Springer Japan
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2020048-1
ISSN	1439-5444 ; 0289-0771
ISSN (online)	1439-5444
ISSN	0289-0771
DOI	10.1007/s10164-022-00763-0
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Distinguishing mobility and immobility when establishing species‐specific activity budgets: A case study with gorillas (Gorilla berengei berengei and Gorilla gorilla gorilla)

Nsekanabo, Jean D. / Leeds, Austin / Eckardt, Winnie / Tuyisingize, Deogratias / Nyiramana, Aisha / Lukas, Kristen E.

Zoo Biology. 2022 Nov., v. 41, no. 6 p.503-511

2022

Abstract: Activity budgets characterize the distribution of behavior over a specified time period. In some cases, having comparable data from free‐ranging populations can help inform the management of wildlife in zoos and sanctuaries. For example, although ... ...

Abstract	Activity budgets characterize the distribution of behavior over a specified time period. In some cases, having comparable data from free‐ranging populations can help inform the management of wildlife in zoos and sanctuaries. For example, although variations exist across subspecies, seasons, and study sites, diurnal activity budgets for free‐ranging gorillas largely consist of feeding and resting. Unfortunately, most studies do not consistently differentiate between the type of activities gorillas exhibit while locomoting versus stationary. Therefore, it can be difficult to characterize optimal levels of aerobic activity that might enhance body condition or promote gorilla health in zoos and sanctuaries. In this study, we concurrently measured the mobility state and activity of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. From June to August 2015, behavioral data were collected using group scan sampling with 15‐min intervals in two groups (N = 29 gorillas) monitored by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International. Overall, gorillas spent significantly more time immobile (85.2% of observations) than mobile (14.8%), revealing energy expenditure levels comparable to western lowland gorillas living in zoos. There was no difference in behavioral diversity when gorillas were mobile versus immobile but adult females exhibited substantially less behavioral diversity while immobile than other age‐sex classes. There was more diversity in behaviors following the transition from immobile to mobile than vice versa, particularly for adult females. Future studies should concurrently measure mobility state and behavior to improve the precision of activity budget data and serve as a more useful tool for evaluating optimal activity levels for wildlife in human care.
Keywords	Gorilla beringei ; Gorilla gorilla ; adults ; body condition ; case studies ; diurnal activity ; energy expenditure ; humans ; national parks ; wildlife ; zoos ; Rwanda
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-11
Size	p. 503-511.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1499116-0
ISSN	1098-2361 ; 0733-3188
ISSN (online)	1098-2361
ISSN	0733-3188
DOI	10.1002/zoo.21673
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Prevalence of regurgitation and reingestion and occurrence of coprophagy in the North American AZA Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) population

Tennant, Kaylin S. / Dennis, Patricia M. / Less, Elena H. / Lukas, Kristen E.

Zoo biology. 2022 Mar., v. 41, no. 2

2022

Abstract: The aims of this study were to determine the current prevalence of regurgitation and reingestion (R/R) and gain an insight on the occurrence of coprophagy in the Association of Zoos & Aquariums (AZA) gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) population. To do ... ...

Abstract	The aims of this study were to determine the current prevalence of regurgitation and reingestion (R/R) and gain an insight on the occurrence of coprophagy in the Association of Zoos & Aquariums (AZA) gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) population. To do this, an online survey was sent to all AZA accredited gorilla institutions in 2018. This survey collected information on the severity of R/R at the individual level and the occurrence of coprophagy at the zoo level. Previous research suggests more than half of zoo‐housed gorillas in the North American population engaged in R/R and coprophagy to some extent. The current study had a 100% response and completion rate; data were collected on all 296 noninfant gorillas in the population. Responses indicated that 60% of the AZA gorilla population engages in R/R to some degree and 24% of the population are observed exhibiting coprophagy on a weekly basis. With this preliminary information on coprophagy, and the realization that the Zoo community has been unsuccessful at eliminating R/R over the past 30 years, the next steps should be aimed at empirically assessing the potential drivers of these behaviors. Continuing efforts to further understand and eliminate R/R and coprophagy in zoo‐housed primates is important not only because these behaviors are unsightly to visitors, but more importantly, R/R and coprophagy may signal deficiencies in current practices surrounding animal care.
Keywords	Gorilla gorilla ; animal care ; coprophagy ; surveys ; zoos
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-03
Size	p. 176-180.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1499116-0
ISSN	1098-2361 ; 0733-3188
ISSN (online)	1098-2361
ISSN	0733-3188
DOI	10.1002/zoo.21659
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Prevalence of regurgitation and reingestion and occurrence of coprophagy in the North American AZA Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) population.

Tennant, Kaylin S / Dennis, Patricia M / Less, Elena H / Lukas, Kristen E

Zoo biology

2021 Volume 41, Issue 2, Page(s) 176–180

Abstract	The aims of this study were to determine the current prevalence of regurgitation and reingestion (R/R) and gain an insight on the occurrence of coprophagy in the Association of Zoos & Aquariums (AZA) gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) population. To do this, an online survey was sent to all AZA accredited gorilla institutions in 2018. This survey collected information on the severity of R/R at the individual level and the occurrence of coprophagy at the zoo level. Previous research suggests more than half of zoo-housed gorillas in the North American population engaged in R/R and coprophagy to some extent. The current study had a 100% response and completion rate; data were collected on all 296 noninfant gorillas in the population. Responses indicated that 60% of the AZA gorilla population engages in R/R to some degree and 24% of the population are observed exhibiting coprophagy on a weekly basis. With this preliminary information on coprophagy, and the realization that the Zoo community has been unsuccessful at eliminating R/R over the past 30 years, the next steps should be aimed at empirically assessing the potential drivers of these behaviors. Continuing efforts to further understand and eliminate R/R and coprophagy in zoo-housed primates is important not only because these behaviors are unsightly to visitors, but more importantly, R/R and coprophagy may signal deficiencies in current practices surrounding animal care.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Zoo/physiology ; Coprophagia ; Gorilla gorilla/physiology ; North America/epidemiology ; Prevalence
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1499116-0
ISSN	1098-2361 ; 0733-3188
ISSN (online)	1098-2361
ISSN	0733-3188
DOI	10.1002/zoo.21659
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Article ; Online: About pace: How variations in method and definition affect quantification of pacing in bears.

Bernstein-Kurtycz, Laura M / Wiatroski, Kayla G / Leeds, Austin / Lukas, Kristen E

Zoo biology

2022 Volume 41, Issue 4, Page(s) 365–372

Abstract: Repetitive pacing behavior is exhibited by many species in zoos and is particularly prevalent in carnivores with large home ranges, such as bears. Pacing can be a behavioral indicator of poor welfare, however, understanding this behavior can be ... ...

Abstract	Repetitive pacing behavior is exhibited by many species in zoos and is particularly prevalent in carnivores with large home ranges, such as bears. Pacing can be a behavioral indicator of poor welfare, however, understanding this behavior can be challenging. As many bears that pace are singly housed, efforts to systematically examine and ameliorate pacing may be strengthened by multi-institutional studies. However, there is currently no standardized method to quantify pacing, which makes cross-institutional analyses of causal factors and intervening measures challenging. The purpose of this study was to compare multiple sampling methods and definitions for quantifying pacing in bears to understand how they affect outcome measures. We analyzed video recordings of two grizzly and two black bears pacing, using three sampling methods (continuous, instantaneous 30-s interval, instantaneous 1-min interval), and three definitions of pacing (AB-two repetitions of the path, ABA-three repetitions, ABAB-four repetitions). A generalized linear mixed model revealed that continuous and instantaneous 30-s interval methods captured more pacing than instantaneous 1-min methods, and definitions captured a decreasing amount of pacing from AB to ABA to ABAB. AB also captured the highest number of pacing bouts. The importance of comparability across institutions is growing, and a standard methodology and definition for recording pacing would be useful. We suggest that the combination of instantaneous sampling and the ABA definition presents a good balance between capturing the right data and being flexible enough for a variety of institutions to implement.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Zoo ; Linear Models ; Ursidae ; Video Recording
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	1499116-0
ISSN	1098-2361 ; 0733-3188
ISSN (online)	1098-2361
ISSN	0733-3188
DOI	10.1002/zoo.21675
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