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Article: Exploration of alternative supply chains and distributed manufacturing in response to COVID-19; a case study of medical face shields.

Shokrani, Alborz / Loukaides, Evripides G / Elias, Edward / Lunt, Alexander J G

Materials & design

2020 Volume 192, Page(s) 108749

Abstract: Quarantine conditions arising as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) have had a significant impact on global production-rates and supply chains. This has coincided with increased demands for medical and personal protective equipment such as face ... ...

Abstract	Quarantine conditions arising as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) have had a significant impact on global production-rates and supply chains. This has coincided with increased demands for medical and personal protective equipment such as face shields. Shortages have been particularly prevalent in western countries which typically rely upon global supply chains to obtain these types of device from low-cost economies. National calls for the repurposing of domestic mass-production facilities have the potential to meet medical requirements in coming weeks, however the immediate demand associated with the virus has led to the mobilisation of a diverse distributed workforce. Selection of appropriate manufacturing processes and underused supply chains is paramount to the success of these operations. A simplified medical face shield design is presented which repurposes an assortment of existing alternative supply chains. The device is easy to produce with minimal equipment and training. It is hoped that the methodology and approach presented is of use to the wider community at this critical time.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	0264-1275
ISSN	0264-1275
DOI	10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108749
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Mechanical and Microstructural Characterisation of Cooling Pipes for the Compact Muon Solenoid Experiment at CERN.

Zaburda, George / Onnela, Antti / Cichy, Kamil / Daguin, Jerome / Lunt, Alexander J G

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

2021 Volume 14, Issue 12

Abstract: The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a particle physics experiment situated on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, Switzerland. The CMS upgrade (planned for 2025) involves installing a new advanced sensor system within the CMS tracker, the centre of ... ...

Abstract	The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a particle physics experiment situated on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, Switzerland. The CMS upgrade (planned for 2025) involves installing a new advanced sensor system within the CMS tracker, the centre of the detector closest to the particle collisions. The increased heat load associated with these sensors has required the design of an enhanced cooling system that exploits the latent heat of 40 bar CO
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-09
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487261-1
ISSN	1996-1944
ISSN	1996-1944
DOI	10.3390/ma14123190
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: On the origins of strain inhomogeneity in amorphous materials.

Lunt, Alexander J G / Chater, Philip / Korsunsky, Alexander M

Scientific reports

2018 Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 1574

Abstract: Strain is a crucial measure of materials deformation for evaluating and predicting the mechanical response, strength, and fracture. The spatial resolution attainable by the modern real and reciprocal space techniques continues to improve, alongside the ... ...

Abstract	Strain is a crucial measure of materials deformation for evaluating and predicting the mechanical response, strength, and fracture. The spatial resolution attainable by the modern real and reciprocal space techniques continues to improve, alongside the ability to carry out atomistic simulations. This is offering new insights into the very concept of strain. In crystalline materials, the presence of well-defined, stable atomic planes allows defining strain as the relative change in the interplanar spacing. However, the presence of disorder, e.g. locally around defects such as dislocation cores, and particularly the pervasive atomic disorder in amorphous materials challenge existing paradigms: disorder prevents a reference configuration being defined, and allows strain to be accommodated in a different manner to crystalline materials. As an illustration, using experimental pair distribution function analysis in combination with Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations, we highlight the importance of bond angle change vs bond stretching for strain accommodation in amorphous systems.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-018-19900-2
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Carbon fibre lattice strain mapping via microfocus synchrotron X-ray diffraction of a reinforced composite

Srisuriyachot, Jiraphant / McNair, Sophie A.M. / Chen, Yang / Barthelay, Thomas / Gray, Rob / Bénézech, Jean / Dolbnya, Igor P. / Butler, Richard / Lunt, Alexander J.G.

Carbon. 2022 Aug. 11,

2022

Abstract: Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD) strain analysis is well established for high crystalline materials such as metals and ceramics, however, previously it has not been used in Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites due to their complex ... ...

Abstract	Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD) strain analysis is well established for high crystalline materials such as metals and ceramics, however, previously it has not been used in Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites due to their complex turbostratic atomic structure. This paper will present the feasibility of using SXRD for fibre orientation and lattice strain mapping inside CFRPs. In particular, it is the first time that the radial 002 and axial 100 strains of carbon fibre crystal planes have been analysed and cross-validated via numerical multi-scale simulation in a two-scale manner. In order to simplify the analysis and provide comparable estimates, an UniDirectional (UD) CFRP formed into a well-established humpback bridge shape was used. The lattice strain estimates obtained from SXRD showed localised stress concentrations and effectively matched the numerical results obtained by modelling. The mean absolute percentage differences between the two were 25.80% and 28.50% in the radial and axial directions, respectively. Differences between the two measurements are believed to originate from the non-uniform thermal history, forming geometry and tool-part interaction which leads to localised residual strains in the laminate which are unable to be fully captured by the numerical simulation performed. The carbon fibre microstructures of the inner plies adjacent to the tool were found to be significantly influenced by these factors and therefore the largest errors were observed at these locations. The approach presented has significant promise and implications for research into the micromechanics of composite materials and areas for future improvement have been outlined.
Keywords	X-ray diffraction ; carbon ; carbon fibers ; geometry ; mathematical models ; polymers
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0811
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ISSN	0008-6223
DOI	10.1016/j.carbon.2022.08.041
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Exploration of alternative supply chains and distributed manufacturing in response to COVID-19; a case study of medical face shields

Shokrani, Alborz / Loukaides, Evripides G / Elias, Edward / Lunt, Alexander J G

Mater Des

Abstract	Quarantine conditions arising as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) have had a significant impact on global production-rates and supply chains. This has coincided with increased demands for medical and personal protective equipment such as face shields. Shortages have been particularly prevalent in western countries which typically rely upon global supply chains to obtain these types of device from low-cost economies. National calls for the repurposing of domestic mass-production facilities have the potential to meet medical requirements in coming weeks, however the immediate demand associated with the virus has led to the mobilisation of a diverse distributed workforce. Selection of appropriate manufacturing processes and underused supply chains is paramount to the success of these operations. A simplified medical face shield design is presented which repurposes an assortment of existing alternative supply chains. The device is easy to produce with minimal equipment and training. It is hoped that the methodology and approach presented is of use to the wider community at this critical time.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #116366
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Exploration of alternative supply chains and distributed manufacturing in response to COVID-19; a case study of medical face shields

Shokrani, Alborz / Loukaides, Evripides G. / Elias, Edward / Lunt, Alexander J.G.

Materials & Design

2020 Volume 192, Page(s) 108749

Keywords	Mechanical Engineering ; General Materials Science ; Mechanics of Materials ; covid19
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier BV
Publishing country	us
Document type	Article ; Online
ISSN	0264-1275
DOI	10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108749
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Multi-Scale Digital Image Correlation Analysis of In Situ Deformation of Open-Cell Porous Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Foam.

Statnik, Eugene S / Dragu, Codrutza / Besnard, Cyril / Lunt, Alexander J G / Salimon, Alexey I / Maksimkin, Aleksey / Korsunsky, Alexander M

Polymers

2020 Volume 12, Issue 11

Abstract: Porous ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is a high-performance bioinert polymer used in cranio-facial reconstructive surgery in procedures where relatively low mechanical stresses arise. As an alternative to much stiffer and more costly ... ...

Abstract	Porous ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is a high-performance bioinert polymer used in cranio-facial reconstructive surgery in procedures where relatively low mechanical stresses arise. As an alternative to much stiffer and more costly polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) polymer, UHMWPE is finding further wide applications in hierarchically structured hybrids for advanced implants mimicking cartilage, cortical and trabecular bone tissues within a single component. The mechanical behaviour of open-cell UHMWPE sponges obtained through sacrificial desalination of hot compression-moulded UHMWPE-NaCl powder mixtures shows a complex dependence on the fabrication parameters and microstructural features. In particular, similarly to other porous media, it displays significant inhomogeneity of strain that readily localises within deformation bands that govern the overall response. In this article, we report advances in the development of accurate experimental techniques for
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-06
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2527146-5
ISSN	2073-4360 ; 2073-4360
ISSN (online)	2073-4360
ISSN	2073-4360
DOI	10.3390/polym12112607
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Residual strain mapping through pair distribution function analysis of the porcelain veneer within a yttria partially stabilised zirconia dental prosthesis.

Lunt, Alexander J G / Chater, Philip / Kleppe, Annette / Baimpas, Nikolaos / Neo, Tee K / Korsunsky, Alexander M

Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials

2018 Volume 35, Issue 2, Page(s) 257–269

Abstract: Objective: Residually strained porcelain is influential in the early onset of failure in Yttria Partially Stabilised Zirconia (YPSZ) - porcelain dental prosthesis. In order to improve current understanding it is necessary to increase the spatial ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Residually strained porcelain is influential in the early onset of failure in Yttria Partially Stabilised Zirconia (YPSZ) - porcelain dental prosthesis. In order to improve current understanding it is necessary to increase the spatial resolution of residual strain analysis in these veneers. Methods: Few techniques exist which can resolve residual stress in amorphous materials at the microscale resolution required. For this reason, recent developments in Pair Distribution Function (PDF) analysis of X-ray diffraction data of dental porcelain have been exploited. This approach has facilitated high-resolution (70μm) quantification of residual strain in a YPSZ-porcelain dental prosthesis. In order to cross-validate this technique, the sequential ring-core focused ion beam and digital image correlation approach was implemented at a step size of 50μm. This semi-destructive technique exploits microscale strain relief to provide quantitative estimates of the near-surface residual strain. Results: The two techniques were found to show highly comparable results. The residual strain within the veneer was found to be primarily tensile, with the highest magnitude stresses located at the YPSZ-porcelain interface where failure is known to originate. Oscillatory tensile and compressive stresses were also found in a direction parallel to the interface, likely to be induced by the multiple layering used during fabrication. Significance: This study provides the insights required to improve prosthesis modelling, to develop new processing routes that minimise residual stress and ultimately to reduce prosthesis failure rates. The PDF approach also offers a powerful new technique for microscale strain quantification in amorphous materials.
MeSH term(s)	Dental Porcelain ; Dental Stress Analysis ; Dental Veneers ; Materials Testing ; Stress, Mechanical ; Surface Properties ; Yttrium ; Zirconium
Chemical Substances	Dental Porcelain (12001-21-7) ; Yttrium (58784XQC3Y) ; Zirconium (C6V6S92N3C) ; zirconium oxide (S38N85C5G0) ; yttria (X8071685XT)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	605995-8
ISSN	1879-0097 ; 0109-5641
ISSN (online)	1879-0097
ISSN	0109-5641
DOI	10.1016/j.dental.2018.11.013
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Digital Image Correlation of 2D X-ray Powder Diffraction Data for Lattice Strain Evaluation.

Zhang, Hongjia / Sui, Tan / Salvati, Enrico / Daisenberger, Dominik / Lunt, Alexander J G / Fong, Kai Soon / Song, Xu / Korsunsky, Alexander M

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

2018 Volume 11, Issue 3

Abstract: High energy 2D X-ray powder diffraction experiments are widely used for lattice strain measurement. The 2D to 1D conversion of diffraction patterns is a necessary step used to prepare the data for full pattern refinement, but is inefficient when only ... ...

Abstract	High energy 2D X-ray powder diffraction experiments are widely used for lattice strain measurement. The 2D to 1D conversion of diffraction patterns is a necessary step used to prepare the data for full pattern refinement, but is inefficient when only peak centre position information is required for lattice strain evaluation. The multi-step conversion process is likely to lead to increased errors associated with the 'caking' (radial binning) or fitting procedures. A new method is proposed here that relies on direct Digital Image Correlation analysis of 2D X-ray powder diffraction patterns (XRD-DIC, for short). As an example of using XRD-DIC, residual strain values along the central line in a Mg AZ31B alloy bar after 3-point bending are calculated by using both XRD-DIC and the conventional 'caking' with fitting procedures. Comparison of the results for strain values in different azimuthal angles demonstrates excellent agreement between the two methods. The principal strains and directions are calculated using multiple direction strain data, leading to full in-plane strain evaluation. It is therefore concluded that XRD-DIC provides a reliable and robust method for strain evaluation from 2D powder diffraction data. The XRD-DIC approach simplifies the analysis process by skipping 2D to 1D conversion, and opens new possibilities for robust 2D powder diffraction data analysis for full in-plane strain evaluation.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-15
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487261-1
ISSN	1996-1944
ISSN	1996-1944
DOI	10.3390/ma11030427
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Understanding nature's residual strain engineering at the human dentine-enamel junction interface.

Sui, Tan / Lunt, Alexander J G / Baimpas, Nikolaos / Sandholzer, Michael A / Li, Tao / Zeng, Kaiyang / Landini, Gabriel / Korsunsky, Alexander M

Acta biomaterialia

2016 Volume 32, Page(s) 256–263

Abstract: Human dental tissue is a hydrated biological mineral composite. In terms of volume and mass, a human tooth mainly consists of dentine and enamel. Human dental tissues have a hierarchical structure and versatile mechanical properties. The dentine enamel ... ...

Abstract	Human dental tissue is a hydrated biological mineral composite. In terms of volume and mass, a human tooth mainly consists of dentine and enamel. Human dental tissues have a hierarchical structure and versatile mechanical properties. The dentine enamel junction (DEJ) is an important biological interface that provides a durable bond between enamel and dentine that is a life-long success story: while intact and free from disease, this interface does not fail despite the harsh thermo-mechanical loading in the oral cavity. The underlying reasons for such remarkable strength and durability are still not fully clear from the structural and mechanical perspectives. One possibility is that, in an example of residual stress engineering, evolution has led to the formation of a layer of inelastic strain adjacent to the DEJ during odontogenesis (tooth formation). However, due to significant experimental and interpretational challenges, no meaningful quantification of residual stress in the vicinity of the DEJ at the appropriate spatial resolution has been reported to date. In this study, we applied a recently developed flexible and versatile method for measuring the residual elastic strain at (sub)micron-scale utilising focused ion beam (FIB) milling with digital image correlation (DIC). We report the results that span the transition from human dentine to enamel, and incorporate the material lying at and in the vicinity of the DEJ. The capability of observing the association between internal architecture and the residual elastic strain state at the micrometre scale is useful for understanding the remarkable performance of the DEJ and may help the creation of improved biomimetic materials for clinical and engineering applications. Statement of significance: We studied the micron-scale residual stresses that exist within human teeth, between enamel (outer tooth shell, hardest substance in the human body) and dentine (soft bone-like vascularised tooth core). The dentine-enamel junction (DEJ) is an extremely interesting example of nature's design in terms of hierarchical structuring and residual stress management. Key developments reported are systematic focused ion beam (FIB) milling and digital image correlation (DIC) micrometre scale residual strain evaluation, and the determination of principal strain direction near DEJ, correlated with internal architecture responsible for remarkable strength. This work helps understanding DEJ performance and improving biomimetic materials design for clinical and engineering applications.
MeSH term(s)	Dental Enamel/physiology ; Dentin/physiology ; Elasticity ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Ions ; Stress, Mechanical
Chemical Substances	Ions
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-01-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2173841-5
ISSN	1878-7568 ; 1742-7061
ISSN (online)	1878-7568
ISSN	1742-7061
DOI	10.1016/j.actbio.2016.01.009
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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