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Article ; Online: Effects of human disturbances on wildlife behaviour and consequences for predator-prey overlap in Southeast Asia.

Lee, Samuel Xin Tham / Amir, Zachary / Moore, Jonathan H / Gaynor, Kaitlyn M / Luskin, Matthew Scott

2024 Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 1521

Abstract: Some animal species shift their activity towards increased nocturnality in disturbed habitats to avoid predominantly diurnal humans. This may alter diel overlap among species, a precondition to most predation and competition interactions that structure ... ...

Abstract	Some animal species shift their activity towards increased nocturnality in disturbed habitats to avoid predominantly diurnal humans. This may alter diel overlap among species, a precondition to most predation and competition interactions that structure food webs. Here, using camera trap data from 10 tropical forest landscapes, we find that hyperdiverse Southeast Asian wildlife communities shift their peak activity from early mornings in intact habitats towards dawn and dusk in disturbed habitats (increased crepuscularity). Our results indicate that anthropogenic disturbances drive opposing behavioural adaptations based on rarity, size and feeding guild, with more nocturnality among the 59 rarer specialists' species, more diurnality for medium-sized generalists, and less diurnality for larger hunted species. Species turnover also played a role in underpinning community- and guild-level responses, with disturbances associated with markedly more detections of diurnal generalists and their medium-sized diurnal predators. However, overlap among predator-prey or competitor guilds does not vary with disturbance, suggesting that net species interactions may be conserved.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Animals, Wild ; Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Predatory Behavior ; Asia, Southeastern
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-024-45905-9
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Inferring predator-prey interactions from camera traps: A Bayesian co-abundance modeling approach.

Amir, Zachary / Sovie, Adia / Luskin, Matthew Scott

Ecology and evolution

2022 Volume 12, Issue 12, Page(s) e9627

Abstract: Predator-prey dynamics are a fundamental part of ecology, but directly studying interactions has proven difficult. The proliferation of camera trapping has enabled the collection of large datasets on wildlife, but researchers face hurdles inferring ... ...

Abstract	Predator-prey dynamics are a fundamental part of ecology, but directly studying interactions has proven difficult. The proliferation of camera trapping has enabled the collection of large datasets on wildlife, but researchers face hurdles inferring interactions from observational data. Recent advances in hierarchical co-abundance models infer species interactions while accounting for two species' detection probabilities, shared responses to environmental covariates, and propagate uncertainty throughout the entire modeling process. However, current approaches remain unsuitable for interacting species whose natural densities differ by an order of magnitude and have contrasting detection probabilities, such as predator-prey interactions, which introduce zero inflation and overdispersion in count histories. Here, we developed a Bayesian hierarchical N-mixture co-abundance model that is suitable for inferring predator-prey interactions. We accounted for excessive zeros in count histories using an informed zero-inflated Poisson distribution in the abundance formula and accounted for overdispersion in count histories by including a random effect per sampling unit and sampling occasion in the detection probability formula. We demonstrate that models with these modifications outperform alternative approaches, improve model goodness-of-fit, and overcome parameter convergence failures. We highlight its utility using 20 camera trapping datasets from 10 tropical forest landscapes in Southeast Asia and estimate four predator-prey relationships between tigers, clouded leopards, and muntjac and sambar deer. Tigers had a negative effect on muntjac abundance, providing support for top-down regulation, while clouded leopards had a positive effect on muntjac and sambar deer, likely driven by shared responses to unmodelled covariates like hunting. This Bayesian co-abundance modeling approach to quantify predator-prey relationships is widely applicable across species, ecosystems, and sampling approaches and may be useful in forecasting cascading impacts following widespread predator declines. Taken together, this approach facilitates a nuanced and mechanistic understanding of food-web ecology.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2635675-2
ISSN	2045-7758
ISSN	2045-7758
DOI	10.1002/ece3.9627
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Article ; Online: Mid-sized felids threatened by habitat degradation in Southeast Asia

Decœur, Henri / Amir, Zachary / Mendes, Calebe P. / Moore, Jonathan H. / Luskin, Matthew Scott

Biological Conservation. 2023 July, v. 283 p.110103-

2023

Abstract: Deforestation and poaching in Southeast Asia have driven a stark decline in the region's apex predators, including large felids like tigers and leopards. Meanwhile, some small felids thrive in the region's human-modified landscapes. The extent to which ... ...

Abstract	Deforestation and poaching in Southeast Asia have driven a stark decline in the region's apex predators, including large felids like tigers and leopards. Meanwhile, some small felids thrive in the region's human-modified landscapes. The extent to which medium-sized felids cope with anthropogenic disturbances remains poorly understood, but this information is crucial for the conservation of threatened felids and key trophic interactions that maintain high-diversity food webs. Here, we use the largest camera-trap dataset from Southeast Asia to conduct a multi-scale synthesis of the habitat associations of two cryptic felids, the Near-Threatened Asiatic golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) and the Endangered bay cat (Catopuma badia). Unlike many mesopredators, both species exhibited poor tolerance to habitat degradation (i.e. selective logging, edges or fragmentation). The golden cat was positively associated with forest patch size and elevation, and negatively associated with degraded forests, and the bay cat was negatively associated with human population density. Our habitat suitability model suggests that ongoing forest fragmentation and degradation have critically reduced suitable habitat for the golden cat, giving reason to suspect a population decline that calls for a revision of the species' IUCN Red List status to Vulnerable. There is also evidence that the bay cat may be more widely distributed in Borneo than previously thought, including in areas currently threatened by deforestation. Our results indicate both species face a high risk of becoming extirpated from many of the region's remaining forests. In areas where apex predators have been extirpated, these charismatic mid-sized felids can become umbrella species to protect forests with high biodiversity value.
Keywords	Borneo ; Catopuma temminckii ; biodiversity ; cameras ; data collection ; decline ; deforestation ; forests ; habitat destruction ; habitat fragmentation ; habitats ; human population ; mesopredators ; models ; population density ; population dynamics ; risk ; Mesopredator ; Felid conservation ; Rainforest ecology ; Species distribution modelling
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-07
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Use and reproduction
ISSN	0006-3207
DOI	10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110103
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Megafauna extinctions produce idiosyncratic Anthropocene assemblages.

Amir, Zachary / Moore, Jonathan H / Negret, Pablo Jose / Luskin, Matthew Scott

Science advances

2022 Volume 8, Issue 42, Page(s) eabq2307

Abstract: The "trophic downgrading of planet Earth" refers to the systematic decline of the world's largest vertebrates. However, our understanding of why megafauna extinction risk varies through time and the importance of site- or species-specific factors remain ... ...

Abstract	The "trophic downgrading of planet Earth" refers to the systematic decline of the world's largest vertebrates. However, our understanding of why megafauna extinction risk varies through time and the importance of site- or species-specific factors remain unclear. Here, we unravel the unexpected variability in remaining terrestrial megafauna assemblages across 10 Southeast Asian tropical forests. Consistent with global trends, every landscape experienced Holocene and/or Anthropocene megafauna extirpations, and the four most disturbed landscapes experienced 2.5 times more extirpations than the six least disturbed landscapes. However, there were no consistent size- or guild-related trends, no two tropical forests had identical assemblages, and the abundance of four species showed positive relationships with forest degradation and humans. Our results suggest that the region's megafauna assemblages are the product of a convoluted geoclimatic legacy interacting with modern disturbances and that some megafauna may persist in degraded tropical forests near settlements with sufficient poaching controls.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2810933-8
ISSN	2375-2548 ; 2375-2548
ISSN (online)	2375-2548
ISSN	2375-2548
DOI	10.1126/sciadv.abq2307
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Article: Integrating disparate occurrence reports to map data-poor species ranges and occupancy: a case study of the Vulnerable bearded pig Sus barbatus

Ke, Alison / Luskin, Matthew Scott

Oryx. 2019 Apr., v. 53, no. 2

2019

Abstract: Monitoring species ranges and suitable and occupied habitat are core components of biogeography, ecology and conservation biology, but it is difficult to do for rare, cryptic, wide-ranging, migratory or nomadic species. We present a transparent and ... ...

Abstract	Monitoring species ranges and suitable and occupied habitat are core components of biogeography, ecology and conservation biology, but it is difficult to do for rare, cryptic, wide-ranging, migratory or nomadic species. We present a transparent and objective process to combine multiple types of locality data (peer-reviewed and grey literature, museum collections, camera-trap inventories, and citizen science reports). We illustrate the advantages of this pooled approach by assessing change in range and patch occupancy for a data-poor and threatened nomadic keystone species, the bearded pig Sus barbatus, in Borneo, Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. We used a collated set of all occurrence observations (n = 240) to create minimum convex polygons for forested habitats for two time periods. We evaluated confidence that a patch was truly occupied by the overlap among data types. We found that 62% of the forest habitat of the Sumatran bearded pig S. barbatus oi was lost during 1990–2010 and that its range contracted by 76%; the Bornean bearded pig S. barbatus barbatus lost 23 and 24% of its forest habitat and range, respectively, and in Peninsular Malaysia the 93% range collapse of this subspecies during 1985–2010 is more severe than the 33% habitat loss alone would suggest. We conclude that integrating data types can improve mapping of the ranges of many data-poor species.
Keywords	Sus ; biogeography ; cameras ; case studies ; forest habitats ; forests ; habitat destruction ; inventories ; keystone species ; migratory behavior ; monitoring ; swine ; wildlife management ; Borneo ; Indonesia ; Malaysia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-04
Size	p. 377-387.
Publishing place	Cambridge University Press
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	417337-5
ISSN	1365-3008 ; 0030-6053
ISSN (online)	1365-3008
ISSN	0030-6053
DOI	10.1017/S0030605317000382
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Marbled cats in Southeast Asia: Are diurnal and semi‐arboreal felids at greater risk from human disturbances?

Hendry, Alexander / Amir, Zachary / Decœur, Henri / Mendes, Calebe Pereira / Moore, Jonathan H. / Sovie, Adia / Luskin, Matthew Scott

Ecosphere. 2023 Jan., v. 14, no. 1 p.e4338-

2023

Abstract: Southeast Asia supports the greatest diversity of felids globally, but this diversity is threatened by the severe forest loss and degradation occurring in the region. The response of felids to disturbances appears to differ depending on their ecology. ... ...

Abstract	Southeast Asia supports the greatest diversity of felids globally, but this diversity is threatened by the severe forest loss and degradation occurring in the region. The response of felids to disturbances appears to differ depending on their ecology. For example, the largely terrestrial and nocturnal leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) thrives near forest edges and in oil palm plantations where it hunts rodents (Muridae) at night, thereby avoiding human activity peaks. Conversely, we hypothesized that the sympatric and similar‐sized marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata) would respond negatively to edges and relatively open oil palm plantations as they are more arboreal than leopard cats, rely on tree connectivity for hunting, and are diurnal so have less potential to temporally avoid humans. We used camera trapping from Southeast Asia to test habitat associations at multiple spatial scales using zero‐inflated Poisson generalized linear mixed models and hierarchical occupancy modeling. We found that marbled cats were positively associated with large intact forests and, in contrast to leopard cats, negatively associated with oil palm plantations. Furthermore, we found preliminary evidence suggesting marbled cats may adapt their diel activity to become more crepuscular in degraded forests, likely shifting their activity to avoid humans. These findings suggest that the marbled cat's International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List conservation status should potentially be upgraded from Near Threatened to Vulnerable, matching other forest‐dependent felids in the region. We posit our findings may be generalizable such that semi‐arboreal and diurnal felids could face greater threats from habitat degradation than their terrestrial and nocturnal relatives.
Keywords	Elaeis guineensis ; Muridae ; Pardofelis marmorata ; Prionailurus bengalensis ; cameras ; conservation status ; diel activity ; forests ; habitat destruction ; habitats ; humans ; risk ; sympatry ; trees ; South East Asia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-01
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2572257-8
ISSN	2150-8925
ISSN	2150-8925
DOI	10.1002/ecs2.4338
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Article ; Online: Recolonizing native wildlife facilitates exotic plant invasion into Singapore's rain forests

Ho, Chervil / Dehaudt, Bastien / Lee, Benjamin P. Y. H. / Tan, Hui Ying Renee / Luskin, Matthew Scott

Biotropica. 2023 Sept., v. 55, no. 5 p.1033-1044

2023

Abstract: Halting biological invasions and rewilding extirpated native fauna are conservation interventions to bolster biodiversity, species interactions, and ecosystems. These actions are often considered separately and the potential for reintroduced wildlife to ... ...

Abstract	Halting biological invasions and rewilding extirpated native fauna are conservation interventions to bolster biodiversity, species interactions, and ecosystems. These actions are often considered separately and the potential for reintroduced wildlife to facilitate invasive plants has been largely overlooked. Here, we investigated the role of Singapore's recolonizing native wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in facilitating an invasive weed Miconia crenata into tropical rainforests, which are normally highly resistant to invasion. We conducted line‐transect surveys in 11 Singaporean rain forests and used generalized linear mixed models to consider the contribution of pigs' soil disturbances, human forest paths, and other environmental covariates, on the density of M. crenata. We found that M. crenata was more abundant at forest edges and invasion into forest interior was facilitated by pigs, paths, and canopy gaps, but that these effects were all additive, not synergistic (i.e., not multiplicative). These results highlight how modern invasions are driven by multiple disturbances as well as propagule pressure (e.g., urban birds dispersing seeds at forest edges where they establish in pig soil disturbances). Singapore's extensive native forest restoration efforts may have provided plentiful edge and secondary forests that are well suited to pigs and M. crenata, which in turn undermine the aims of fostering later‐successional native plant communities. To prevent negative externalities, we suggest that plant restoration and rewilding projects consider the potential role of wildlife in facilitating non‐native plants, and couple these actions with preliminary screening of unintended consequences and continued monitoring, as well as limiting human‐mediated weed invasion to minimize propagule sources.
Keywords	Miconia ; Singapore ; Sus scrofa ; biodiversity ; canopy ; ecological invasion ; fauna ; forest restoration ; forests ; humans ; indigenous species ; introduced plants ; invasive species ; rain ; soil ; swine ; weeds ; wildlife
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-09
Size	p. 1033-1044.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2052061-X
ISSN	1744-7429 ; 0006-3606
ISSN (online)	1744-7429
ISSN	0006-3606
DOI	10.1111/btp.13251
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Article ; Online: Fungi and insects compensate for lost vertebrate seed predation in an experimentally defaunated tropical forest.

Williams, Peter Jeffrey / Ong, Robert C / Brodie, Jedediah F / Luskin, Matthew Scott

Nature communications

2021 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 1650

Abstract: Overhunting reduces important plant-animal interactions such as vertebrate seed dispersal and seed predation, thereby altering plant regeneration and even above-ground biomass. It remains unclear, however, if non-hunted species can compensate for lost ... ...

Abstract	Overhunting reduces important plant-animal interactions such as vertebrate seed dispersal and seed predation, thereby altering plant regeneration and even above-ground biomass. It remains unclear, however, if non-hunted species can compensate for lost vertebrates in defaunated ecosystems. We use a nested exclusion experiment to isolate the effects of different seed enemies in a Bornean rainforest. In four of five tree species, vertebrates kill many seeds (13-66%). Nonetheless, when large mammals are excluded, seed mortality from insects and fungi fully compensates for the lost vertebrate predation, such that defaunation has no effect on seedling establishment. The switch from seed predation by generalist vertebrates to specialist insects and fungi in defaunated systems may alter Janzen-Connell effects and density-dependence in plants. Previous work using simulation models to explore how lost seed dispersal will affect tree species composition and carbon storage may require reevaluation in the context of functional redundancy within complex species interactions networks.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Forests ; Fungi/physiology ; Herbivory ; Insecta/physiology ; Mammals ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Seeds ; Trees/microbiology ; Tropical Climate ; Vertebrates
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-021-21978-8
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Article: African Swine Fever threatens Southeast Asia's 11 endemic wild pig species

Luskin, Matthew Scott / Meijaard, Erik / Surya, Selly / Sheherazade / Walzer, Chris / Linkie, Matthew

Conservation letters. 2021 May, v. 14, no. 3

2021

Abstract: The spread of the most recent African Swine Fever (ASF) outbreak in Asia since late 2018 poses a significant threat to endemic pig species and socioeconomic security. Within domestic pigs and free‐living Eurasian wild boars (both Sus scrofa) in Asia, ASF ...

Abstract	The spread of the most recent African Swine Fever (ASF) outbreak in Asia since late 2018 poses a significant threat to endemic pig species and socioeconomic security. Within domestic pigs and free‐living Eurasian wild boars (both Sus scrofa) in Asia, ASF causes almost 100% case fatality. The ongoing ASF epidemic has so far caused the death of over one hundred million domestic pigs, causing unprecedented economic impacts on the global pork industry. Transmission among free‐living wild boars has been reported, and transmission to threatened Asian pig species is probable but lacks research. Our assessment reveals a near‐term risk for Southeast Asia's 11 endemic pig species, which have small population sizes and small ranges that may be insufficient to withstand the initial, lethal onslaught of the disease. The decline of pigs also triggers cascading impacts for endangered carnivores, plant communities, and livelihoods of millions of people. Our management recommendations include time‐critical research themes, improved emerging infectious disease detection through site‐based monitoring and surveillance paired with online reporting and proper carcass disposal.
Keywords	African swine fever ; Sus scrofa ; carcass disposal ; death ; disease detection ; monitoring ; people ; pork industry ; risk ; swine ; South East Asia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-05
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2430375-6
ISSN	1755-263X
ISSN	1755-263X
DOI	10.1111/conl.12784
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Article ; Online: When do Janzen-Connell effects matter? A phylogenetic meta-analysis of conspecific negative distance and density dependence experiments.

Song, Xiaoyang / Lim, Jun Ying / Yang, Jie / Luskin, Matthew Scott

Ecology letters

2020 Volume 24, Issue 3, Page(s) 608–620

Abstract: The Janzen-Connell (J-C) hypothesis suggests that specialised natural enemies cause distance- or density-dependent mortality among host plants and is regarded as an important mechanism for species coexistence. However, there remains debate about whether ... ...

Abstract	The Janzen-Connell (J-C) hypothesis suggests that specialised natural enemies cause distance- or density-dependent mortality among host plants and is regarded as an important mechanism for species coexistence. However, there remains debate about whether this phenomenon is widespread and how variation is structured across taxa and life stages. We performed the largest meta-analysis of experimental studies conducted under natural settings to date. We found little evidence of distance-dependent or density-dependent mortality when grouping all types of manipulations. Our analysis also reveals very large variation in response among species, with 38.5% of species even showing positive responses to manipulations. However, we found a strong signal of distance-dependent mortality among seedlings but not seed experiments, which we attribute to (a) seedlings sharing susceptible tissues with adults (leaves, wood, roots), (b) seedling enemies having worse dispersal than seed enemies and (c) seedlings having fewer physical and chemical defences than seeds. Both density- and distance-dependent mortality showed large variation within genera and families, suggesting that J-C effects are not strongly phylogenetically conserved. There were no clear trends with latitude, rainfall or study duration. We conclude that J-C effects may not be as pervasive as widely thought. Understanding the variation in J-C effects provides opportunities for new discoveries that will refine our understanding of J-C effects and its role in species coexistence.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves ; Plants ; Seedlings ; Seeds
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-31
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Review
ZDB-ID	1441608-6
ISSN	1461-0248 ; 1461-023X
ISSN (online)	1461-0248
ISSN	1461-023X
DOI	10.1111/ele.13665
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