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  1. Article: Dimensioning battery energy storage systems for peak shaving based on a real-time control algorithm

    Lange, Christopher / Rueß, Alexandra / Nuß, Andreas / Öchsner, Richard / März, Martin

    Applied energy. 2020 Dec. 15, v. 280

    2020  

    Abstract: In order to reduce power peaks in the electrical grid, battery systems are used for peak shaving applications. Under economical constraints, appropriate dimensioning of the batteries is essential. A dimensioning process is introduced consisting of a ... ...

    Abstract In order to reduce power peaks in the electrical grid, battery systems are used for peak shaving applications. Under economical constraints, appropriate dimensioning of the batteries is essential. A dimensioning process is introduced consisting of a simulation environment to determine the behavior of the energy system, a real-time peak shaving control algorithm and an optimization process for detection of battery and algorithm parameters. The dimensioning process is investigated on the basis of four exemplary load profiles and in comparison to a conventional approach. Deviations between -7% and 75% for capacity and up to 43% for discharging power indicate undersized batteries using the conventional approach. The proposed approach relies on 1-min measurement data and does not require prediction data, leading to accurate dimensioning results for a given load profile, as verified in simulation. The practical use and effectiveness of the control algorithm is proven in a real-world laboratory. A battery system of 60 kWh capacity and 65 kW maximum power achieved successful peak load reduction by 50 kW (8%) for an a priori defined limit of 570 kW. The comparison with simulation shows only small deviations below 17 kW (4.1%) for the resulting load profile proving the realistic representation of an energy system in simulation.
    Keywords algorithms ; batteries ; energy ; prediction
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-1215
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean
    ZDB-ID 2000772-3
    ISSN 0306-2619
    ISSN 0306-2619
    DOI 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115993
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  2. Book: Teilvorhaben: Intelligenter LiIon-Energiespeicher fuer zukuenftige elektrische Fahrzeugantriebe

    Maerz, Martin
    Title variant Innovative nanoelectronics-based system components for E3Car (energy efficient electric cars) applications. Subproject: Intelligent Li-ion energy storage for future electric vehicle drive systems
    Institution Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Integrierte Systeme und Bauelementetechnologie (IISB), Schottkystr. 10, 91058, Erlangen, DE
    Keywords Modul ; Energieeffizienz ; Elektroantrieb ; Kostensenkung ; Synergismus ; Lithium-Ionen-Batterie ; Energiespeicher ; Hybridfahrzeug ; Antriebstechnik ; Standardisierung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Energieumwandlung ; Elektrofahrzeug ; Elektrische Batterie ; Nanotechnik ; Effizienzsteigerung ; Autobatterie ; Zuverlaessigkeit ; Energiemanagementsystem ; Versuchsanlage ; Eignungspruefung ; Temperaturbestaendigkeit ; Pruefstand ; Regeltechnik ; Hybridtechnologie ; Anlagenbetrieb ; Langzeitverhalten
    Document type Book
    Remark project start: 04/01/2009 project end: 03/31/2012 grant ID: 13N10397
    Database Environmental research database (UFORDAT) of the German Federal Environment Agency (UBA)

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  3. Book: Teilvorhaben: FSEM -SP2 Energieerzeugung, -verteilung und -umsetzung

    Maerz, Martin
    Title variant Fraunhofer systems research on electro-mobility (FSEM). Subproject 2: Energy generation, distribution and implementation
    Institution Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Integrierte Systeme und Bauelementetechnologie (IISB), Schottkystr. 10, 91058, Erlangen, DE
    Keywords Systemanalyse ; Elektromobilitaet ; Elektrizitaetsversorgungsnetz ; Elektrofahrzeug ; Energiemanagementsystem ; Zuverlaessigkeit ; Wirkungsgrad ; Energiegewinnung ; Energieumwandlung ; Energieverteilung ; Elektrizitaetserzeugung ; Elektronik ; Elektroantrieb ; Energiekosten ; Messgeraet ; Energieverbrauch ; Verbrauchsdaten ; Datengewinnung ; Optimieren der Fahrweise ; Elektromagnetisches Feld ; Wirkungsgradverbesserung ; Anlagensicherheit
    Document type Book
    Remark project start: 05/01/2009 project end: 06/30/2011 grant ID: 13N10598
    Database Environmental research database (UFORDAT) of the German Federal Environment Agency (UBA)

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  4. Article: Preparation of graphene-supported microwell liquid cells for In Situ transmission electron microscopy

    Hutzler, Andreas / Branscheid, Robert / Fritsch, Birk / Jank, Michael P. M / März, Martin / Spiecker, Erdmann

    Journal of visualized experiments. 2019 July 15, , no. 149

    2019  

    Abstract: The fabrication and preparation of graphene-supported microwell liquid cells (GSMLCs) for in situ electron microscopy is presented in a stepwise protocol. The versatility of the GSMLCs is demonstrated in the context of a study about etching and growth ... ...

    Abstract The fabrication and preparation of graphene-supported microwell liquid cells (GSMLCs) for in situ electron microscopy is presented in a stepwise protocol. The versatility of the GSMLCs is demonstrated in the context of a study about etching and growth dynamics of gold nanostructures from a HAuCl4 precursor solution. GSMLCs combine the advantages of conventional silicon- and graphene-based liquid cells by offering reproducible well depths together with facile cell manufacturing and handling of the specimen under investigation. The GSMLCs are fabricated on a single silicon substrate which drastically reduces the complexity of the manufacturing process compared to two-wafer-based liquid cell designs. Here, no bonding or alignment process steps are required. Furthermore, the enclosed liquid volume can be tailored to the respective experimental requirements by simply adjusting the thickness of a silicon nitride layer. This enables a significant reduction of window bulging in the electron microscope vacuum. Finally, a state-of-the-art quantitative evaluation of single particle tracking and dendrite formation in liquid cell experiments using only open source software is presented.
    Keywords computer software ; gold ; graphene ; liquids ; nanogold ; quantitative analysis ; silicon ; silicon nitride ; transmission electron microscopy
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-0715
    Size p. e59751.
    Publishing place Journal of Visualized Experiments
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2259946-0
    ISSN 1940-087X
    ISSN 1940-087X
    DOI 10.3791/59751
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  5. Article ; Online: Combined experimental and numerical approach for investigating the mechanical degradation of the interface between thin film metallization and Si-substrate after temperature cycling test

    Zhao, Dawei / Letz, Sebastian / Yu, Zechun / Schletz, Andreas / März, Martin

    2020  

    Abstract: Art. 113785 ... The thin film metallization, as a key structure of the semiconductor devices, realizes the bond-ability of the chips on circuit carriers and directly influences the electrical and mechanical reliability of the interconnection. In a previous ...

    Abstract Art. 113785

    The thin film metallization, as a key structure of the semiconductor devices, realizes the bond-ability of the chips on circuit carriers and directly influences the electrical and mechanical reliability of the interconnection. In a previous study, a recently developed method, cross-sectional nanoindentations (CSN), has been utilized to characterize the adhesion strength degradation of the thin film metallization and its feasibility has been proved. In this paper, based on the now extended CSN test results from the previous study, a combined experimental and numerical approach with a cohesive zone model (CZM) is developed in order to evaluate the adhesion strength degradation of the thin film metallization quantitatively by means of the critical strain energy release rate Gc and therefore t o obtain a measure with physical meaning and extrapolation ability.

    114
    Keywords 670 ; 621 ; 620 ; 530
    Subject code 621
    Language English
    Publishing country de
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: Accessing local electron-beam induced temperature changes during

    Fritsch, Birk / Hutzler, Andreas / Wu, Mingjian / Khadivianazar, Saba / Vogl, Lilian / Jank, Michael P M / März, Martin / Spiecker, Erdmann

    Nanoscale advances

    2021  Volume 3, Issue 9, Page(s) 2466–2474

    Abstract: A significant electron-beam induced heating effect is demonstrated for liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy at low electron flux densities using Au nanoparticles as local nanothermometers. The obtained results are in agreement with theoretical ... ...

    Abstract A significant electron-beam induced heating effect is demonstrated for liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy at low electron flux densities using Au nanoparticles as local nanothermometers. The obtained results are in agreement with theoretical considerations. Furthermore, the impact of beam-induced heating on radiolysis chemistry is estimated and the consequences of the effect are discussed.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2516-0230
    ISSN (online) 2516-0230
    DOI 10.1039/d0na01027h
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Preparation of Graphene-Supported Microwell Liquid Cells for In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy.

    Hutzler, Andreas / Fritsch, Birk / Jank, Michael P M / Branscheid, Robert / Spiecker, Erdmann / März, Martin

    Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE

    2019  , Issue 149

    Abstract: The fabrication and preparation of graphene-supported microwell liquid cells (GSMLCs) for in situ electron microscopy is presented in a stepwise protocol. The versatility of the GSMLCs is demonstrated in the context of a study about etching and growth ... ...

    Abstract The fabrication and preparation of graphene-supported microwell liquid cells (GSMLCs) for in situ electron microscopy is presented in a stepwise protocol. The versatility of the GSMLCs is demonstrated in the context of a study about etching and growth dynamics of gold nanostructures from a HAuCl4 precursor solution. GSMLCs combine the advantages of conventional silicon- and graphene-based liquid cells by offering reproducible well depths together with facile cell manufacturing and handling of the specimen under investigation. The GSMLCs are fabricated on a single silicon substrate which drastically reduces the complexity of the manufacturing process compared to two-wafer-based liquid cell designs. Here, no bonding or alignment process steps are required. Furthermore, the enclosed liquid volume can be tailored to the respective experimental requirements by simply adjusting the thickness of a silicon nitride layer. This enables a significant reduction of window bulging in the electron microscope vacuum. Finally, a state-of-the-art quantitative evaluation of single particle tracking and dendrite formation in liquid cell experiments using only open source software is presented.
    MeSH term(s) Gold/chemistry ; Graphite/chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission/methods ; Microtechnology/instrumentation ; Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Nanoparticles/ultrastructure ; Polymethyl Methacrylate/chemistry ; Silicon Compounds/chemistry
    Chemical Substances Silicon Compounds ; Gold (7440-57-5) ; Graphite (7782-42-5) ; Polymethyl Methacrylate (9011-14-7) ; silicon nitride (QHB8T06IDK)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-07-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Video-Audio Media
    ZDB-ID 2259946-0
    ISSN 1940-087X ; 1940-087X
    ISSN (online) 1940-087X
    ISSN 1940-087X
    DOI 10.3791/59751
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Sub-Kelvin thermometry for evaluating the local temperature stability within in situ TEM gas cells.

    Fritsch, Birk / Wu, Mingjian / Hutzler, Andreas / Zhou, Dan / Spruit, Ronald / Vogl, Lilian / Will, Johannes / Hugo Pérez Garza, H / März, Martin / Jank, Michael P M / Spiecker, Erdmann

    Ultramicroscopy

    2022  Volume 235, Page(s) 113494

    Abstract: In situ TEM utilizing windowed gas cells is a promising technique for studying catalytic processes, wherein temperature is one of the most important parameters to be controlled. Current gas cells are only capable of temperature measurement on a global ( ... ...

    Abstract In situ TEM utilizing windowed gas cells is a promising technique for studying catalytic processes, wherein temperature is one of the most important parameters to be controlled. Current gas cells are only capable of temperature measurement on a global (mm) scale, although the local temperature at the spot of observation (µm to nm scale) may significantly differ. Thus, local temperature fluctuations caused by gas flow and heat dissipation dynamics remain undetected when solely relying on the global device feedback. In this study, we overcome this limitation by measuring the specimen temperature in situ utilizing parallel-beam electron diffraction at gold nanoparticles. By combining this technique with an advanced data processing algorithm, we achieve sub-Kelvin precision in both, vacuum as well as gaseous environments. Mitigating charging effects is furthermore shown to minimize systematic errors. By utilizing this method, we characterize the local thermal stability of a state-of-the-art gas cell equipped with heating capability in vacuum and under various gas-flow conditions. Our findings provide crucial reference for in situ investigations into catalysis.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-17
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1479043-9
    ISSN 1879-2723 ; 0304-3991
    ISSN (online) 1879-2723
    ISSN 0304-3991
    DOI 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113494
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Conference proceedings ; Online: Application of response surface methodology for optimization of Ag-Ag Direct Bonding for Wafer-Level Power Electronics Packaging

    Yu, Zechun / Zeng, Weijian / Bayer, Christoph Friedrich / Schletz, Andreas / März, Martin

    2020  

    Abstract: S.588-595 ... This study evaluated the influence of process parameters on shear strength by the Ag-Ag direct bonding process using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design (CCD) based on RSM was applied to determine the effects of the ... ...

    Abstract S.588-595

    This study evaluated the influence of process parameters on shear strength by the Ag-Ag direct bonding process using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design (CCD) based on RSM was applied to determine the effects of the process parameters and their optimum conditions. Silicon dies with two different metallizations (Cr/Ni/Agand Ti/Ni/Ag) are prepared for this RSM with ten specimens per unit. The effects of isothermal holding temperature(226-294 °C), applied pressure (11.6-28.4 MPa) and bonding time (1.6-18.4 min) were investigated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical data analysis. High value for the coefficient of determination, R2(91.44% and 94.04 %) and adjusted R2 (80.43 % and 86.39 %) confirm a satisfactory adjustment of the second-order regression model with the achieved data. Further effect of experimental parameters on the shear strength was established by the response surface and contour plots. Results showed that bonding temperature, together with time, affects shear strength significantly. A maximum shear strength of 43 MPa can be achieved with Cr/Ni/Ag metallized dies at255.6 °C for 18.4 min under 24.2 MPa and with Ti/Ni/Ag metallized dies at 262 °C for 12 min under 23.8 MPa, respectively. Two different failure mechanisms were presented to explain the difference between the two metallizations in shear strength. This study clearly showed that RSM was one of the suitable methods to optimize the process parameters.
    Keywords 670 ; 620 ; 530
    Subject code 660
    Language English
    Publishing country de
    Document type Conference proceedings ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  10. Article ; Online: Optimized cultivation of porcine choroid plexus epithelial cells, a blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier model, for studying granulocyte transmigration.

    Lauer, Alexa N / März, Martin / Meyer, Svenja / Meurer, Marita / de Buhr, Nicole / Borkowski, Julia / Weiß, Christel / Schroten, Horst / Schwerk, Christian

    Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology

    2019  Volume 99, Issue 8, Page(s) 1245–1255

    Abstract: The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) plays important roles during the transport of substances into the brain, the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, and neuro-immunological processes. Along these lines, transmigration of ... ...

    Abstract The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) plays important roles during the transport of substances into the brain, the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, and neuro-immunological processes. Along these lines, transmigration of granulocytes across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB) is a hallmark of inflammatory events in the CNS. Choroid plexus (CP) epithelial cells are an important tool to generate in vitro models of the BCSFB. A porcine CP epithelial cell line (PCP-R) has been shown to present properties of the BCSFB, including a strong barrier function, when cultivated on cell culture filter inserts containing a membrane with 0.4 µm pore size. For optimal analysis of pathogen and host immune cell interactions with the basolateral side of the CP epithelium, which presents the physiologically relevant "blood side", the CP epithelial cells need to be grown on the lower face of the filter in an inverted cell culture insert model, with the supporting membrane possessing a pore size of at least 3.0 µm. Here, we demonstrate that PCP-R cells cultivated in the inverted model on filter support membranes with a pore size of 3.0 µm following a "conventional" protocol grow through the pores and cross the membrane, forming a second layer on the upper face. Therefore, we developed a cell cultivation protocol, which strongly reduces crossing of the membrane by the cells. Under these conditions, PCP-R cells retain important properties of a BCSFB model, as was observed by the formation of continuous tight junctions and a strong barrier function demonstrated by a high transepithelial electrical resistance and a low permeability for macromolecules. Importantly, compared with the conventional cultivation conditions, our optimized model allows improved investigations of porcine granulocyte transmigration across the PCP-R cell layer.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Blood-Brain Barrier/physiology ; Cell Culture Techniques/methods ; Cells, Cultured ; Choroid Plexus/cytology ; Epithelial Cells/cytology ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism ; Granulocytes/cytology ; Granulocytes/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Swine ; Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-04-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 80178-1
    ISSN 1530-0307 ; 0023-6837
    ISSN (online) 1530-0307
    ISSN 0023-6837
    DOI 10.1038/s41374-019-0250-9
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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