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Article ; Online: Cyto-Embryological Analysis of Wild Kentucky Bluegrass Germplasm in Gansu Province, China

Zhang, Jinqing / Ma, Huiling

Agronomy. 2023 June 08, v. 13, no. 6

2023

Abstract: Reproduction studies, particularly embryology, represent basic information of any plant. However, the current embryological information is fragmentary for Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Here, paraffin sections were used to examine the cyto- ... ...

Abstract	Reproduction studies, particularly embryology, represent basic information of any plant. However, the current embryological information is fragmentary for Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Here, paraffin sections were used to examine the cyto-embryological characteristics, including microsporogenesis, microgametogenesis, megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, and apomixis, of wild Kentucky bluegrass germplasm from Gannan (GN) and Longnan (LN) in Gansu Province. The study found no significant differences in pollen diameter, characteristics, viability, and stigma receptivity between the two germplasm materials. The Kentucky bluegrass consisted of three anthers, and each contained four pollen sacs that were divided into left and right halves. After meiosis, the microspore mother cells formed dyads and tetrads, which were primarily symmetrical and underwent mitosis to form three-celled pollen. Kentucky bluegrass has a one-locular ovary, two-feathery stigmas, thick nucleolar and anatropous ovules, and a typical polygonum embryo sac as its reproductive organs. The main type of apomixis observed was apospory, resulting in the coexistence of multiple embryo sacs. Polyembryonic seeds were frequently observed in Kentucky bluegrass due to apospory. Most importantly, our research found that apospory caused early embryogenesis during fertilization, which is a vital embryological feature for identifying sexual reproduction and apomixis in Kentucky bluegrass. Sexual reproduction followed strict double fertilization, while in apomixis a complete seed was only formed through pseudogamy. These embryological characteristics are documented here, and their study can aid in understanding the evolution of Kentucky bluegrass.
Keywords	Poa pratensis ; agronomy ; apomixis ; embryo sac ; embryogenesis ; embryology ; evolution ; germplasm ; megasporogenesis ; meiosis ; microsporogenesis ; mitosis ; pollen ; sexual reproduction ; stigma ; viability ; China
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0608
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2607043-1
ISSN	2073-4395
ISSN	2073-4395
DOI	10.3390/agronomy13061569
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Identification and expression analysis of the MADS-box genes of Kentucky bluegrass during inflorescence development.

Zhang, Jinqing / Ma, Huiling

Physiology and molecular biology of plants : an international journal of functional plant biology

2022 Volume 28, Issue 7, Page(s) 1359–1374

Abstract: MADS-box genes play vital roles in multiple biological processes of plants growth and development, especially inflorescence development. In the present study, a comprehensive investigation into the identification and classification of MADS-box genes in ... ...

Abstract	MADS-box genes play vital roles in multiple biological processes of plants growth and development, especially inflorescence development. In the present study, a comprehensive investigation into the identification and classification of MADS-box genes in Kentucky bluegrass ( Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01216-1.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-22
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487126-6
ISSN	0974-0430 ; 0971-5894
ISSN (online)	0974-0430
ISSN	0971-5894
DOI	10.1007/s12298-022-01216-1
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Article: Identification and expression analysis of the MADS-box genes of Kentucky bluegrass during inflorescence development

Zhang, Jinqing / Ma, Huiling

Physiology and molecular biology of plants. 2022 July, v. 28, no. 7

2022

Abstract	MADS-box genes play vital roles in multiple biological processes of plants growth and development, especially inflorescence development. In the present study, a comprehensive investigation into the identification and classification of MADS-box genes in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) has not been reported. Here, based on the transcriptome of inflorescence, we identified 44 PpMADS-box genes, and gave an overview of the physicochemical properties, phylogeny, protein structures, and potential functions of the proteins encoded by these genes through various bioinformatics software for the first time. Analysis of physicochemical properties revealed that most PpMADS-box were alkaline proteins and possessed similar conserved motifs. Additionally, it was demonstrated that 33 PpMADS-box proteins without signal peptide, leading peptide, transmembrane structure and located in the nucleus were not transported or secreted, so directly played transcriptional regulatory roles in the nucleus. Then, peptide sequences BLAST search and analysis of phylogenetic relationships with MADS-box proteins of P. pratensis, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Oryza sativa were performed. It was found that 44 PpMADS-box proteins were separated into 33 MIKC-type (3 BS, 1 AGL17, 8 AP3/P2, 3 AP1, 5 SEP, 6 SOC and 7 AG genes, respectvely) and 11 type I-type, which include 7 Mγ and 4 Mα. Furthermore, the relative expression levels of the selected 12 genes (MADS3, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24, 27, 30, 36, 38 and 40) at the booting stage, pre-anthesis, anthesis, post-anthesis, and seed filling stage of inflorescences, as well as leaves and roots of the corresponding stages of inflorescences were analyzed, showing that most PpMADS-box genes were highly expressed mainly in young leaves and later inflorescences, and had complex patters in roots. Morever, except for PpMADS30 being highly expressed in the leaves, others were significantly highly expressed in inflorescence and/ or roots, demonstrating PpMADS-box genes also regulate leaves and roots development in plant. This study provides valuable insights into the MADS-box family genes in Kentucky bluegrass and its potential functional characteristics, expression pattern, and evolution in floral organogenesis and even reproduction development. @media print { .ms-editor-squiggler { display:none !important; } } .ms-editor-squiggler { all: initial; display: block !important; height: 0px !important; width: 0px !important; }
Keywords	Arabidopsis thaliana ; Oryza sativa ; Poa pratensis ; bioinformatics ; computer software ; flowering ; molecular biology ; peptides ; phylogeny ; reproduction ; signal peptide ; transcription (genetics) ; transcriptome
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-07
Size	p. 1359-1374.
Publishing place	Springer India
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2487126-6
ISSN	0974-0430 ; 0971-5894
ISSN (online)	0974-0430
ISSN	0971-5894
DOI	10.1007/s12298-022-01216-1
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Article ; Online: Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the Auxin-Response factor (ARF) gene family in Medicago sativa under abiotic stress.

Chen, Fenqi / Zhang, Jinqing / Ha, Xue / Ma, Huiling

BMC genomics

2023 Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 498

Abstract: Background: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is the most widely planted legume forage and one of the most economically valuable crops in the world. The periodic changes in its growth and development and abiotic stress determine its yield and economic benefits. ...

Abstract	Background: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is the most widely planted legume forage and one of the most economically valuable crops in the world. The periodic changes in its growth and development and abiotic stress determine its yield and economic benefits. Auxin controls many aspects of alfalfa growth by regulating gene expression, including organ differentiation and stress response. Auxin response factors (ARF) are transcription factors that play an essential role in auxin signal transduction and regulate the expression of auxin-responsive genes. However, the function of ARF transcription factors is unclear in autotetraploid-cultivated alfalfa. Result: A total of 81 ARF were identified in the alfalfa genome in this study. Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were analyzed, identifying that ARF genes are mainly involved in transcriptional regulation and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MsARF was divided into four clades: I, II, III, and IV, each containing 52, 13, 7, and 9 genes, respectively. The promoter region of the MsARF gene contained stress-related elements, such as ABRE, TC-rich repeats, MBS, LTR. Proteins encoded by 50 ARF genes were localized in the nucleus without guide peptides, signal peptides, or transmembrane structures, indicating that most MsARF genes are not secreted or transported but only function in the nucleus. Protein structure analysis revealed that the secondary and tertiary structures of the 81 MsARF genes varied. Chromosomal localization analysis showed 81 MsARF genes were unevenly distributed on 25 chromosomes, with the highest distribution on chromosome 5. Furthermore, 14 segmental duplications and two sets of tandem repeats were identified. Expression analysis indicated that the MsARF was differentially expressed in different tissues and under various abiotic stressors. The quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that the expression profiles of 23 MsARF genes were specific to abiotic stresses such as drought, salt, high temperature, and low temperature, as well as tissue-specific and closely related to the duration of stress. Conclusion: This study identified MsARF in the cultivated alfalfa genome based on the autotetraploid level, which GO, KEGG analysis, phylogenetic analysis, sequence characteristics, and expression pattern analysis further confirmed. Together, these findings provide clues for further investigation of MsARF functional verification and molecular breeding of alfalfa. This study provides a novel approach to systematically identify and characterize ARF transcription factors in autotetraploid cultivated alfalfa, revealing 23 MsARF genes significantly involved in response to various stresses.
MeSH term(s)	Medicago sativa/genetics ; Indoleacetic Acids ; Phylogeny ; Plant Growth Regulators ; Stress, Physiological/genetics
Chemical Substances	Indoleacetic Acids ; Plant Growth Regulators
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2041499-7
ISSN	1471-2164 ; 1471-2164
ISSN (online)	1471-2164
ISSN	1471-2164
DOI	10.1186/s12864-023-09610-z
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Article ; Online: TaWRKY31, a novel WRKY transcription factor in wheat, participates in regulation of plant drought stress tolerance.

Ge, Miaomiao / Tang, Yan / Guan, Yijun / Lv, Meicheng / Zhou, Chunjv / Ma, Huiling / Lv, Jinyin

BMC plant biology

2024 Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 27

Abstract: Background: Wheat, a crucial food crop in China, is highly vulnerable to drought stress throughout its growth and development. WRKY transcription factors (TFs), being one of the largest families of TFs, play a vital role in responding to various abiotic ...

Abstract	Background: Wheat, a crucial food crop in China, is highly vulnerable to drought stress throughout its growth and development. WRKY transcription factors (TFs), being one of the largest families of TFs, play a vital role in responding to various abiotic stresses in plants. Results: Here, we cloned and characterized the TF TaWRKY31 isolated from wheat. This TF, belonging to the WRKY II family, contains a WRKYGQK amino acid sequence and a C Conclusions: Our findings indicate that TaWRKY31 enhances drought resistance in plants by promoting the scavenging of reactive oxygen species, reducing stomatal opening, and increasing the expression levels of stress-related genes.
MeSH term(s)	Transcription Factors/genetics ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Droughts ; Arabidopsis/metabolism ; Triticum/genetics ; Triticum/metabolism ; Drought Resistance ; Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/genetics ; Plant Proteins/metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics ; Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Stress, Physiological/genetics ; Water/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Transcription Factors ; Hydrogen Peroxide (BBX060AN9V) ; Plant Proteins ; Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2059868-3
ISSN	1471-2229 ; 1471-2229
ISSN (online)	1471-2229
ISSN	1471-2229
DOI	10.1186/s12870-023-04709-7
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Article ; Online: Comparative transcriptome analysis of resistant and susceptible Kentucky bluegrass varieties in response to powdery mildew infection

Zhang, Yujuan / Dong, Wenke / Zhao, Chunxu / Ma, Huiling

BMC Plant Biol. 2022 Dec., v. 22, no. 1 p.509-509

2022

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Poa pratensis is one of the most common cold-season turfgrasses used for urban turf building, and it is also widely used in ecological environment management worldwide. Powdery mildew is a common disease of P. pratensis. To scientifically and ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Poa pratensis is one of the most common cold-season turfgrasses used for urban turf building, and it is also widely used in ecological environment management worldwide. Powdery mildew is a common disease of P. pratensis. To scientifically and ecologically control lawn powdery mildew, the molecular mechanism underlying the response of P. pratensis to powdery mildew infection must better understood. RESULTS: To explore molecular mechanism underlying the response of P. pratensis to powdery mildew infection, this study compared physiological changes and transcriptomic level differences between the highly resistant variety ‘BlackJack’ and the extremely susceptible variety ‘EverGlade’ under powdery mildew infection conditions. We analyzed DEGs using reference canonical pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, and the results showed that “starch and sucrose metabolism”, “photosynthesis” and “fatty acid metabolism”pathways were only enriched in ‘BlackJack’, and the expression of DEGs such as HXK, INV, GS, SS, AGpase and β-amylase in “starch and sucrose metabolism” pathway of ‘BlackJack’ were closely related to powdery mildew resistance. Meanwhile, compared with ‘EverGlade’, powdery mildew infection promoted synthesis of sucrose, expression of photosynthesis parameters and photosynthesis-related enzymes in leaves of ‘BlackJack’ and decreased accumulation of monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified the key metabolic pathways of a P. pratensis variety with high resistance to powdery mildew infection and explored the differences in physiological characteristics and key genes related to sugar metabolism pathways under powdery mildew stress. These findings provide important insights for studying underlying molecular response mechanism.
Keywords	Poa pratensis ; cold season ; databases ; fatty acid metabolism ; fructose ; genome ; glucose ; lawns and turf ; photosynthesis ; powdery mildew ; starch ; sucrose ; transcriptomics ; turf grasses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-12
Size	p. 509.
Publishing place	BioMed Central
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2059868-3
ISSN	1471-2229
ISSN	1471-2229
DOI	10.1186/s12870-022-03883-4
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Article: Analysis on characteristics of female gametophyte and functional identification of genes related to inflorescences development of Kentucky bluegrass

Zhang, Jinqing / Ma, Huiling / Liu, Yan

Protoplasma. 2022 July, v. 259, no. 4

2022

Abstract: The inflorescence is composed of spikes, and the spike is the carrier of grass seed formation and development, so the development status of inflorescence implies grass seed yield and quality. So far, the systematic analysis of inflorescence development ... ...

Abstract	The inflorescence is composed of spikes, and the spike is the carrier of grass seed formation and development, so the development status of inflorescence implies grass seed yield and quality. So far, the systematic analysis of inflorescence development of Kentucky bluegrass has not been reported. The development process of the female gametophyte of wild germplasm materials of Kentucky bluegrass in Gannan, Gansu Province of China (KB-GN), was observed. Based on this, the key developmental stages of inflorescence in KB-GN were divided into premeiosis (GPreM), meiosis (GM), postmeiosis (GPostM), and anthesis (GA), and four stages of inflorescence were selected to analyze the transcriptome expression profile. We found that its sexual reproduction formed a polygonum-type embryo sac. Transcriptome analysis showed that 4256, 1125, 1699, and 3127 genes were highly expressed in GPreM, GM, GPostM, and GA, respectively. And a large number of transcription factors (TFs) such as MADS-box, MYB and NAC, AP2, C2H2, FAR1, B3, bHLH, WRKY, and TCP were highly expressed throughout the inflorescence development stages. KEGG enrichment and MapMan analysis showed that genes involved in plant hormone metabolism were also highly expressed at the entire stages of inflorescence development. However, a few TFs belong to stage-specific genes, such as TRAF proteins with unknown function in plants was screened firstly, which was specifically and highly expressed in the GPreM, indicating that TRAF may regulate the preparatory events of meiosis or be essential for the development of megaspore mother cell (MMC). The expression patterns of 15 MADS-box genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR, and the expression results were consistent with that of the transcriptome. The study on the inflorescence development of KB-GN will be great significant works and contribution to illustrate the basic mechanism of grass seeds formation and development.
Keywords	Poa pratensis ; embryo sac ; females ; flowering ; gametophytes ; germplasm ; grass seed ; grasses ; hormone metabolism ; megasporocytes ; meiosis ; plant hormones ; seed yield ; sexual reproduction ; transcriptome ; transcriptomics ; China
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-07
Size	p. 1061-1079.
Publishing place	Springer Vienna
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	123809-7
ISSN	1615-6102 ; 0033-183X
ISSN (online)	1615-6102
ISSN	0033-183X
DOI	10.1007/s00709-021-01720-3
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Butanediol induces brown blotch (Rhizoctonia solani) resistance in creeping bentgrass by enhancing the anti-oxidation of reactive oxygen species and sucrose metabolism

Liu, Xingju / Ma, Yuan / Ma, Huiling / Yang, Wei

Australasian plant pathology. 2022 May, v. 51, no. 3

2022

Abstract: There is evidence that 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) can increase resistance to plant diseases via the induced systemic resistance (ISR) pathway. Brown blotch is caused by Rhizoctonia solani and is regarded as among the foremost diseases of Agrostis lawns. We ... ...

Abstract	There is evidence that 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) can increase resistance to plant diseases via the induced systemic resistance (ISR) pathway. Brown blotch is caused by Rhizoctonia solani and is regarded as among the foremost diseases of Agrostis lawns. We sought to explore the effects of 2,3-BD treatments on the antioxidant metabolism and sucrose metabolism in brown blotch disease of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera cv. Penn A4). The results showed that when exogenous 2,3-BD was applied by soil injection before creeping bentgrass seedlings were inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani for nine days, such pretreatment could effectively reduce the disease index of turf brown blotch. However, we reported reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including the H₂O₂ content and O₂•⁻ generation rate, the OH• concentration, lipoxygenase activity, and the malondialdehyde content following pathogen infection. 2,3-BD induction amplified the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase) while simultaneously increasing glutathione and ascorbate contents. These responses are approaches to scavenge ROS associated with pathogen infection. The pathogen also triggers a change in sugar contents and defense reactions in plants (including the redistribution of plant sugars). Of note, 2,3-BD pretreatment can regulate sucrose synthase-synthesis and sucrose synthase-cleavage and regulate the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose phosphate phosphatase in plant sucrose metabolism. These events contribute to significant changes in the soluble sugar components and reduce the loss of sucrose. Collectively, these data strongly suggest that 2,3-BD can induce both antioxidant metabolism and sucrose metabolism in creeping bentgrass, thereby increasing its resistance to brown blotch (Rhizoctonia solani).
Keywords	Agrostis stolonifera ; Thanatephorus cucumeris ; ascorbate peroxidase ; butanediol ; catalase ; glutathione ; glutathione peroxidase ; lawns and turf ; lipoxygenases ; malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; pathogens ; phosphates ; plant pathology ; soil injection ; sucrose ; sucrose-phosphate synthase ; superoxide dismutase ; systemic acquired resistance
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-05
Size	p. 281-294.
Publishing place	Springer Netherlands
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	406733-2
ISSN	1448-6032 ; 0815-3191
ISSN (online)	1448-6032
ISSN	0815-3191
DOI	10.1007/s13313-022-00853-0
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Comparative transcriptome analysis of resistant and susceptible Kentucky bluegrass varieties in response to powdery mildew infection.

Zhang, Yujuan / Dong, Wenke / Zhao, Chunxu / Ma, Huiling

BMC plant biology

2022 Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 509

Abstract: Background: Poa pratensis is one of the most common cold-season turfgrasses used for urban turf building, and it is also widely used in ecological environment management worldwide. Powdery mildew is a common disease of P. pratensis. To scientifically ... ...

Abstract	Background: Poa pratensis is one of the most common cold-season turfgrasses used for urban turf building, and it is also widely used in ecological environment management worldwide. Powdery mildew is a common disease of P. pratensis. To scientifically and ecologically control lawn powdery mildew, the molecular mechanism underlying the response of P. pratensis to powdery mildew infection must better understood. Results: To explore molecular mechanism underlying the response of P. pratensis to powdery mildew infection, this study compared physiological changes and transcriptomic level differences between the highly resistant variety 'BlackJack' and the extremely susceptible variety 'EverGlade' under powdery mildew infection conditions. We analyzed DEGs using reference canonical pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, and the results showed that "starch and sucrose metabolism", "photosynthesis" and "fatty acid metabolism"pathways were only enriched in 'BlackJack', and the expression of DEGs such as HXK, INV, GS, SS, AGpase and β-amylase in "starch and sucrose metabolism" pathway of 'BlackJack' were closely related to powdery mildew resistance. Meanwhile, compared with 'EverGlade', powdery mildew infection promoted synthesis of sucrose, expression of photosynthesis parameters and photosynthesis-related enzymes in leaves of 'BlackJack' and decreased accumulation of monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose. Conclusions: This study identified the key metabolic pathways of a P. pratensis variety with high resistance to powdery mildew infection and explored the differences in physiological characteristics and key genes related to sugar metabolism pathways under powdery mildew stress. These findings provide important insights for studying underlying molecular response mechanism.
MeSH term(s)	Transcriptome ; Disease Resistance/genetics ; Poa/genetics ; Ascomycota/physiology ; Plant Diseases/genetics ; Kentucky ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Erysiphe ; Sucrose ; Starch
Chemical Substances	Sucrose (57-50-1) ; Starch (9005-25-8)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2059868-3
ISSN	1471-2229 ; 1471-2229
ISSN (online)	1471-2229
ISSN	1471-2229
DOI	10.1186/s12870-022-03883-4
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Article ; Online: 2,3-Butanediol induces brown blotch resistance in creeping bentgrass by strengthening cell wall structure and promoting lignin synthesis of precursor phenolic acid

Liu, Xing-Ju / Ma, Yuan / Shi, Yi / Ma, Huiling

Acta Physiol Plant. 2023 Mar., v. 45, no. 3 p.40-40

2023

Abstract: Brown blotch caused by Rhizoctonia solani is among the most common Agrostis lawn diseases. Evidence shows that 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) induces and improves plant disease resistance. Herein, we treated Agrostis stolonifera L. Penn-A4 with 250 µmol/L 2,3- ... ...

Abstract	Brown blotch caused by Rhizoctonia solani is among the most common Agrostis lawn diseases. Evidence shows that 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) induces and improves plant disease resistance. Herein, we treated Agrostis stolonifera L. Penn-A4 with 250 µmol/L 2,3-BD to induce resistance to brown blotch (Rhizoctonia solani). Changes in leaf ultrastructure were observed with a TECNAI-G² (TF20) electron microscope. The cell wall composition and phenolic acids used as precursors in lignin synthesis were determined by spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. The disease index of creeping bentgrass decreased significantly following 2,3-BD induction. The disease index of the uninduced treatment increased to 70.45% on the 15th day after inoculation, 3.26 times higher than the 2,3-BD-induced treatment. The degree of damage to cells was significantly reduced after induction, chloroplasts were completely spindle shaped and appeared close to the cell wall, the cell wall was thicker with visible folds, and the cell wall cross section was more visible. The levels of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) in leaves were significantly higher in induced plants than in non-induced plants. Lignin, hemicellulose, pectin, and cellulose of the induced plants peaked on the 13th, 9th, 11th, and 7th days, respectively, and were 5.7, 16.5, 0.9, and 17.6% higher than those of non-induced plants, whereas HRGP increased by 22.8 and 42.5% on days 7–9 compared to non-induced plants. The induced plants had significantly higher levels of p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid. p-Coumaric acid peaked on the 7th and 15th days, when it was 1.38 and 1.12 times higher than in non-induced plants, respectively, while caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid peaked on the 9th, 11th, and 13th days, when it was 1.39, 1.11, and 1.16 times higher than in non-induced plants. The 2,3-BD treatment effectively strengthened cell wall structure and increased plant resistance by increasing the content of constituent substances in the cell wall and strengthening the cell wall. Also, the content of precursor substances for lignin synthesis increased. The findings demonstrate that 2,3-BD can effectively improve plant disease resistance.
Keywords	Agrostis stolonifera ; Thanatephorus cucumeris ; caffeic acid ; cell wall components ; cell walls ; cellulose ; chloroplasts ; ferulic acid ; glycoproteins ; hemicellulose ; high performance liquid chromatography ; lawns and turf ; leaves ; lignin ; p-coumaric acid ; pectins ; plant disease resistance ; sinapic acid ; spectroscopy ; ultrastructure
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-03
Size	p. 40.
Publishing place	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	783102-x
ISSN	1861-1664 ; 0137-5881
ISSN (online)	1861-1664
ISSN	0137-5881
DOI	10.1007/s11738-022-03505-4
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