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Article ; Online: Chiral Ionic Liquids

Jolanta Flieger / Joanna Feder-Kubis / Małgorzata Tatarczak-Michalewska

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 21, Iss 4253, p

Structural Diversity, Properties and Applications in Selected Separation Techniques

2020 Volume 4253

Abstract: Ionic liquids (ILs) are chemical compounds composed of ions with melting points below 100 °C exhibiting a design feature. ILs are commonly used as the so-called green solvents, reagents or highly efficient catalysts in varied chemical processes. The huge ...

Abstract	Ionic liquids (ILs) are chemical compounds composed of ions with melting points below 100 °C exhibiting a design feature. ILs are commonly used as the so-called green solvents, reagents or highly efficient catalysts in varied chemical processes. The huge application potential of ionic liquids (IL) justifies the growing interest in these compounds. In the last decade, increasing attention has been devoted to the development of new methods in the synthesis of stable chiral ionic liquids (CILs) and their application in various separation techniques. The beginnings of the successful use of CILs to separate enantiomers date back to the 1990 s. Most chiral ILs are based on chiral cations or chiral anions. There is also a limited number of CILs possessing both a chiral cation and a chiral anion. Due to the high molecular diversity of both ions, of which at least one has a chiral center, we have the possibility to design a large variety of optically active structures, thus expanding the range of CIL applications. Research utilizing chiral ionic liquids only recently has become more popular. However, it is the area that still has great potential for future development. This review aimed to describe the diversity of structures, properties and examples of applications of chiral ionic liquids as new chiral solid materials and chiral components of the anisotropic environment, providing chiral recognition of enantiomeric analytes, which is useful in liquid chromatography, countercurrent chromatography and other various CIL-based extraction techniques including aqueous biphasic (ABS) extraction systems, solid–liquid two-phase systems, liquid–liquid extraction systems with hydrophilic CILs, liquid–liquid extraction systems with hydrophobic CILs, solid-phase extraction and induced-precipitation techniques developed in the recent years. The growing demand for pure enantiomers in the pharmaceutical and food industries sparks further development in the field of extraction and separation systems modified with CILs highlighting them ...
Keywords	chiral ionic liquids ; imidazolium salts ; ammonium salts ; tunable physicochemical properties ; enantioseparation ; chromatography ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	660
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: UV-C Seed Surface Sterilization and Fe, Zn, Mg, Cr Biofortification of Wheat Sprouts as an Effective Strategy of Bioelement Supplementation

Katarzyna Czarnek / Małgorzata Tatarczak-Michalewska / Piotr Dreher / Vishnu D. Rajput / Grzegorz Wójcik / Anna Gierut-Kot / Agnieszka Szopa / Eliza Blicharska

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 24, Iss 10367, p

2023 Volume 10367

Abstract: Metalloenzymes play an important role in the regulation of many biological functions. An effective way to prevent deficiencies of essential minerals in human diets is the biofortification of plant materials. The process of enriching crop sprouts under ... ...

Abstract	Metalloenzymes play an important role in the regulation of many biological functions. An effective way to prevent deficiencies of essential minerals in human diets is the biofortification of plant materials. The process of enriching crop sprouts under hydroponic conditions is the easiest and cheapest to conduct and control. In this study, the sprouts of the wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) varieties Arkadia and Tonacja underwent biofortification with Fe, Zn, Mg, and Cr solutions in hydroponic media at four concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 200 µg g −1 ) over four and seven days. Moreover, this study is the first to combine sprout biofortification with UV-C (λ = 254 nm) radiation treatment for seed surface sterilization. The results showed that UV-C radiation was effective in suppressing seed germination contamination by microorganisms. The seed germination energy was slightly affected by UV-C radiation but remained at a high level (79–95%). The influence of this non-chemical sterilization process on seeds was tested in an innovative manner using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EXAKT thin-section cutting. The applied sterilization process reduced neither the growth and development of sprouts nor nutrient bioassimilation. In general, wheat sprouts easily accumulate Fe, Zn, Mg, and Cr during the applied growth period. A very strong correlation between the ion concentration in the media and microelement assimilation in the plant tissues (R 2 > 0.9) was detected. The results of the quantitative ion assays performed with atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) using the flame atomization method were correlated with the morphological evaluation of sprouts in order to determine the optimum concentration of individual elements in the hydroponic solution. The best conditions were indicated for 7-day cultivation in 100 µg g −1 of solutions with Fe (218% and 322% better nutrient accumulation in comparison to the control condition) and Zn (19 and 29 times richer in zinc concentration compared to the sprouts without ...
Keywords	iron ; zinc ; magnesium ; chromium ; trace elements ; SEM ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Bioaccumulation Capacity of Onion ( Allium cepa L.) Tested with Heavy Metals in Biofortification

Katarzyna Czarnek / Małgorzata Tatarczak-Michalewska / Agnieszka Szopa / Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz / Karolina Jafernik / Dariusz Majerek / Eliza Blicharska

Molecules, Vol 29, Iss 1, p

2023 Volume 101

Abstract: On a worldwide scale, A. cepa is among the most commonly consumed vegetables. In Europe, the leading onion producers are Russia, the Netherlands, Spain, Poland and Germany. In this study, the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn, Co, ... ...

Abstract	On a worldwide scale, A. cepa is among the most commonly consumed vegetables. In Europe, the leading onion producers are Russia, the Netherlands, Spain, Poland and Germany. In this study, the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn, Co, Sr, Cd and Pb) by Allium cepa L. plants was followed under hydroponic conditions. The heavy metals were applied at six concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg L −1 ) over three weeks. The quantitative analysis of selected heavy metals in plant tissues (bulbs, roots and assimilation leaves) was performed using atomic absorption spectrometry with flame atomization (F-AAS). The accumulation of metal ions was strongly dependent on their concentrations in the solution and the analyzed parts of plants. The highest accumulation of metal ions was confirmed for the roots and ranged from 8.48 to 5912.34 µg g −1 DW (dry weight). All parts of A. cepa were characterized by the high accumulation of Mn 2+ . The lowest accumulation was confirmed for Co 2+ in the roots, Pb 2+ in the assimilation leaves and Cu 2+ in the bulbs of onion. Moreover, the study showed that the highest concentrations of heavy metals decreased the growth of bulbs and even caused them to die off. In contrast, lower concentrations of some elements stimulated plant development.
Keywords	food analysis ; bioaccumulation ; heavy metals ; food safety ; toxicity ; onion ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Levels of the Thiocyanate in the Saliva of Tobacco Smokers in Comparison to e-Cigarette Smokers and Nonsmokers Measured by HPLC on a Phosphatidylcholine Column

Jolanta Flieger / Justyna Kawka / Małgorzata Tatarczak-Michalewska

Molecules, Vol 24, Iss 20, p

2019 Volume 3790

Abstract: The aim of the study was to estimate the thiocyanate levels in saliva of cigarette smokers in comparison to e-cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. To improve our understanding of the influence of smoking on the oral level of thiocyanate, we conducted an ... ...

Abstract	The aim of the study was to estimate the thiocyanate levels in saliva of cigarette smokers in comparison to e-cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. To improve our understanding of the influence of smoking on the oral level of thiocyanate, we conducted an assessment of human saliva, in 24 individuals (eight tobacco smokers, eight e-cigarette smokers, and eight nonsmokers). High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) using a unique phosphatidylcholine column was applied in this assay. Thiocyanate ion was detected directly by its absorbance at 210 nm. The method presents a new application of the IAM (Immobilized Artificial Membrane) column for quantification of inorganic anions. The whole process meets the criteria of green chemistry because it was carried out without the use of organic solvents. For compensating matrix effects, an eight-point standard addition protocol was used to quantify the thiocyanate level in saliva samples. The calibration graphs were linear in the range of 5−100 mg L −1 with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.99. The thiocyanate concentrations in the saliva of tobacco smokers, e-cigarette smokers, and nonsmokers were found in the range of 121.25−187.54 mg L −1 , 121.24−244.11 mg L −1 , 33.03−79.49 mg L −1 , respectively. The present study indicates an obvious statistically significant elevation in salivary thiocyanate level in tobacco smokers in comparison to nonsmokers. The phosphatidylcholine-based stationary phase proved to be suitable for the detection and quantification of the thiocyanate ion. The salivary thiocyanate levels in e-cigarette smokers were not significantly different in comparison to tobacco smokers but higher if compared to nonsmokers. The criterion for statistical significance was p < 0.05.
Keywords	phosphatidylcholine column ; thiocyanate ; human saliva ; tobacco smokers ; e-cigarette smokers ; sustainable chemistry ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Subject code	616
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Hemodialysis Effect on the Composition of the Eye Fluid of Cataract Patients

Joanna Dolar-Szczasny / Jolanta Flieger / Beata Kowalska / Dariusz Majerek / Małgorzata Tatarczak-Michalewska / Izabela Zakrocka / Wojciech Załuska / Robert Rejdak

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 10, Iss 5485, p

2021 Volume 5485

Abstract: Numerous reports have proven that dialysis patients experience disturbances in the levels of elements in biological fluids. Disturbances in the homeostasis of essential elements or the appearance of highly toxic elements are serious problems also in ... ...

Abstract	Numerous reports have proven that dialysis patients experience disturbances in the levels of elements in biological fluids. Disturbances in the homeostasis of essential elements or the appearance of highly toxic elements are serious problems also in clinical ophthalmology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of hemodialysis (HD) on the elemental composition of anterior chamber aqueous humor (AH) in patients undergoing cataract surgery. The study involved 22 patients. The control group enrolled 16 patients (age 75.68 ± 9.67, female 54.55%, male 45.45%) with cataract and normal kidney function (control), and the second group included six patients (age 70.33 ± 12.74, female 33.33%, male 66.67%) with cataract undergoing HD treatment. The elements quantification was established using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-MS). In the eye fluid of dialysis patients, there were increased levels of manganese (Mn) and mercury (Hg) and decreased levels of vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn). In addition, a statistically significant increase in the Hg/Zn and Hg/selenium (Se) ratios and a lowering of the iron (Fe)/Mn ratio were observed in the studied group in comparison to the control. The obtained results indicated the need for Zn and Se supplementation in order to eliminate the hazards caused by Hg toxicity. A lower level of V in the eye fluid of dialysis patients may have a positive effect on maintaining a calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Our study gives a deep insight into changes of elements concentrations in AH induced by HD.
Keywords	hemodialysis ; aqueous humor ; trace elements ; cataract ; ICP-MS ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	616
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Polymers Sorption Properties towards Photosynthetic Pigments and Fungicides

Małgorzata Tatarczak-Michalewska / Jolanta Flieger / Justyna Kawka / Wojciech Płaziński / Tomasz Klepka / Piotr Flieger / Monika Szymańska-Chargot

Materials, Vol 14, Iss 1874, p

2021 Volume 1874

Abstract: In the present work, extraction with a solvent (cold acetone) was used to extract the assimilation pigments from spinach leaves. Then, the sorption capacity of selected plastics granules (polyvinyl chloride—PVC, polypropylene—PP, polyethylene—PE of ... ...

Abstract	In the present work, extraction with a solvent (cold acetone) was used to extract the assimilation pigments from spinach leaves. Then, the sorption capacity of selected plastics granules (polyvinyl chloride—PVC, polypropylene—PP, polyethylene—PE of different densities) was tested for the selective isolation of chlorophylls. Quantification of chlorophylls by HPLC (Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 column, the mobile phase: Acetonitrile/methanol/ethyl acetate 6:2:2, v / v ) was based on chlorophyll-a content as the most common chlorophyll. The performed experiments prove that PVC containing electronegative chlorine exhibits favorable interactions toward chlorophyll by creating stable molecular complexes. The Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy (FT-Raman) and the molecular modeling were used to elucidate the structure of the created complexes. The optimal extraction requirements, the mass of sorbent, water-acetone ratio, time, and the composition of the elution solvent were all established. The optimized extraction conditions ensured a maximum extraction yield of chlorophylls of 98%. The chlorophyll-rich sorbent was re-extracted by acetone, leading to the recovery of 91% of chlorophylls in one step, adding the possibility of its re-use. The proposed effective and ecological method of obtaining the green dye from plants is cheap, simple, and efficient, avoiding organic solvents, utilizing the most widely used synthetic polymers in the world, being products difficult for utilization. The possibility to remove chosen fungicides cyprodinil, chlorothalonil, and thiabendazone from plant extract by PVC was also examined. The described method proposes a new application of synthetic polymers, which meets the criteria of sustainable green chemistry, simultaneously reaching the growing demand for pure natural compounds in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Keywords	chlorophylls ; fungicides ; solid–liquid extraction ; polymers ; sustainable chemistry ; Technology ; T ; Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ; TK1-9971 ; Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ; TA1-2040 ; Microscopy ; QH201-278.5 ; Descriptive and experimental mechanics ; QC120-168.85
Subject code	540
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: HPLC-DAD Determination of Iodide in Mineral Waters on Phosphatidylcholine Column

Małgorzata Tatarczak-Michalewska / Jolanta Flieger / Justyna Kawka / Wojciech Flieger / Eliza Blicharska

Molecules, Vol 24, Iss 7, p

2019 Volume 1243

Abstract: Iodine is an essential nutrient necessary for the production of thyroid hormones. A valuable source of iodide, which is the bio-available iodine form could be mineral waters offered by different spas. In this work, the method capable of direct ... ...

Abstract	Iodine is an essential nutrient necessary for the production of thyroid hormones. A valuable source of iodide, which is the bio-available iodine form could be mineral waters offered by different spas. In this work, the method capable of direct determination of iodide in mineral water samples based on IAM liquid chromatography on the phosphatidylcholine column (IAM.PC.DD2 Regis HPLC) with DAD detection without sample pretreatment or any pre-concentration steps is presented. The calibration graph for iodide was linear in the range of 0.5–10.0 mg L −1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9996. The limit of detection was 22.84 ng mL −1 . The relative recoveries were in the interval of 98.5–100.2% and the repeatability, expressed as a relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 5%. The RSA (Response Surface Analysis) investigated the effect of the sample concentration and the injection volume. The iodide concentrations in the mineral water samples ranged from 0.58 to 2.88 mg L −1 . The accuracy of the method was assessed through independent analysis by ICP-MS. Iodide levels measured by these two procedures did not significantly differ. The effects of interfering ions like HCO 3 − , Cl − , SO 4 2− , F − , and Br − were also tested. The analysis has shown insignificant differences in the values of the iodide peak area and its height measured in multicomponent mixtures with an error smaller than 5%.
Keywords	phosphatidylcholine ; iodide anions ; mineral waters ; sustainable chemistry ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: HPLC-DAD Determination of Nitrite and Nitrate in Human Saliva Utilizing a Phosphatidylcholine Column

Małgorzata Tatarczak-Michalewska / Jolanta Flieger / Justyna Kawka / Wojciech Płaziński / Wojciech Flieger / Eliza Blicharska / Dariusz Majerek

Molecules, Vol 24, Iss 9, p

2019 Volume 1754

Abstract: The aim of this research was to optimize the separation and quantitative determination of nitrites and nitrates in human saliva. HPLC with UV absorption (HPLC/DAD) using a phosphatidylcholine column (IAM.PC.DD2 Regis HPLC) was applied in this assay. ... ...

Abstract	The aim of this research was to optimize the separation and quantitative determination of nitrites and nitrates in human saliva. HPLC with UV absorption (HPLC/DAD) using a phosphatidylcholine column (IAM.PC.DD2 Regis HPLC) was applied in this assay. Nitrates were detected directly by their absorbance at 210 nm, whereas nitrites were detected after oxidation to nitrates by potassium permanganate at acidic conditions. The kinetics of the permanganate−nitrite reaction was measured chromatographically. The calibration graph for nitrates was linear in the range of 0.5−35 µg mL −1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The limit of detection was 4.56 ng mL −1 . The calibration graph for nitrites (after oxidation to nitrates) was linear in the range of 0.5−15 µg mL −1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9972. The limit of detection was 4.21 ng mL −1 . The nitrate concentrations in the saliva samples were found in the range of 8.98−18.52 μg mL −1 , whereas nitrite was in the range of 3.50−5.34 μg mL −1 .
Keywords	phosphatidylcholine column ; nitrite ; nitrate ; human saliva ; sustainable chemistry ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: The Multi-Elemental Composition of the Aqueous Humor of Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery, Suffering from Coexisting Diabetes, Hypertension, or Diabetic Retinopathy

Jolanta Flieger / Joanna Dolar-Szczasny / Robert Rejdak / Dariusz Majerek / Małgorzata Tatarczak-Michalewska / Jędrzej Proch / Eliza Blicharska / Wojciech Flieger / Jacek Baj / Przemysław Niedzielski

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 9413, p

2021 Volume 9413

Abstract: The aim of the study was the multi-elemental analysis of aqueous humor (AH) collected from patients undergoing cataract surgery. The study included: 16 patients with age-related macular degeneration AMD (99 controls), 10 patients with retinopathy (105 ... ...

Abstract	The aim of the study was the multi-elemental analysis of aqueous humor (AH) collected from patients undergoing cataract surgery. The study included: 16 patients with age-related macular degeneration AMD (99 controls), 10 patients with retinopathy (105 controls), 61 patients with hypertension (54 controls), and 33 patients with coexisting diabetes (82 controls). The control groups were recruited from patients with a lack of co-existing disease characterizing the specified studied group. The measurements were performed by the use of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The statistical analysis was carried out using non-parametric testing (Mann–Whitney U). The level of significance was set at p = 0.05. The data obtained revealed substantial variations in elemental composition between the test groups in comparison to the controls. However, the significant variations concerned only a few elements. The phosphorous (P) level and the ratio of P/Ca were significant in retinopathy and diabetes, whereas cobalt (0.091 ± 0.107 mg/L vs. 0.031 ± 0.075 mg/L; p = 0.004) was significant in AMD. In co-existing hypertension, the levels of tin (0.293 ± 0.409 mg/L vs. 0.152 ± 0.3 mg/L; p = 0.031), titanium (0.096 ± 0.059 mg/L vs. 0.152 ± 0.192 mg/L; p = 0.045), and ruthenium (0.035 ± 0.109 mg/L vs. 0.002 ± 0.007 mg/L; p = 0.006) varied in comparison to the controls. The study revealed inter-elemental interactions. The correlation matrices demonstrated the domination of the positive correlations, whereas negative correlations mainly concerned sodium.
Keywords	elemental analysis ; aqueous humor (AH) ; cataract ; diabetes ; hypertension ; diabetic retinopathy ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Adsorption Kinetics at Silica Gel/Ionic Liquid Solution Interface

Jolanta Flieger / Małgorzata Tatarczak-Michalewska / Anna Groszek / Eliza Blicharska / Ryszard Kocjan

Molecules, Vol 20, Iss 12, Pp 22058-

2015 Volume 22068

Abstract: A series of imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquids with different anions (Cl−, Br−, BF4−, PF6−) has been evaluated for their adsorption activity on silica gel. Quantification of the ionic liquids has been performed by the use of RP-HPLC with organic- ... ...

Abstract	A series of imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquids with different anions (Cl−, Br−, BF4−, PF6−) has been evaluated for their adsorption activity on silica gel. Quantification of the ionic liquids has been performed by the use of RP-HPLC with organic-aqueous eluents containing an acidic buffer and a chaotropic salt. Pseudo-second order kinetic models were applied to the experimental data in order to investigate the kinetics of the adsorption process. The experimental data showed good fitting with this model, confirmed by considerably high correlation coefficients. The adsorption kinetic parameters were determined and analyzed. The relative error between the calculated and experimental amount of ionic liquid adsorbed at equilibrium was within 7%. The effect of various factors such as initial ionic liquid concentration, temperature, kind of solvent, kind of ionic liquid anion and cation on adsorption efficiency were all examined in a lab-scale study. Consequently, silica gel showed better adsorptive characteristics for imidazolium-based ionic liquids with chaotropic anions from aqueous solutions in comparison to pyridinium ionic liquids. The adsorption was found to decrease with the addition of organic solvents (methanol, acetonitrile) but it was not sensitive to the change of temperature in the range of 5–40 °C.
Keywords	ionic liquids ; silica gel ; sorption kinetics ; pseudo-second-order equation ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Subject code	660
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
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