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  1. Article: Gender and Regionalization in North America: From NAFTA to CUSMA and Beyond?

    Macdonald, Laura

    International journal (Toronto, Ont.)

    2022  Volume 77, Issue 3, Page(s) 430–448

    Abstract: The literature on world regions is largely gender-blind. This article suggests ways in which the study of regionalism can incorporate gender analysis, based on the case of North America. It argues that this can be done in three ways: through an ... ...

    Abstract The literature on world regions is largely gender-blind. This article suggests ways in which the study of regionalism can incorporate gender analysis, based on the case of North America. It argues that this can be done in three ways: through an examination of the gendered impact of regional integration; through an examination of how gender concerns are, or can be, mainstreamed into regional policies; and through research on new forms of feminist-inspired activism that may shape regional outcomes. After applying these perspectives to the case of North America and the new Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement, it argues that despite the failure of the Canadian government to achieve the inclusion of a gender chapter, the inclusion of language around gender discrimination in the labour chapter makes the new agreement a more effective (if still limited) tool for promotion of some forms of gender equality.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-15
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2254714-9
    ISSN 2052-465X ; 0020-7020
    ISSN (online) 2052-465X
    ISSN 0020-7020
    DOI 10.1177/00207020221146492
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  2. Article ; Online: ESCMID recommendations for COVID-19 testing in asymptomatic persons to prevent transmission in health care.

    Macdonald, Lorraine

    Annals of internal medicine

    2022  Volume 175, Issue 7, Page(s) JC75

    Abstract: Source citation: Carrara E, Ong DS, Hussein K, et al. ...

    Abstract Source citation: Carrara E, Ong DS, Hussein K, et al.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19 Testing ; Delivery of Health Care ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 336-0
    ISSN 1539-3704 ; 0003-4819
    ISSN (online) 1539-3704
    ISSN 0003-4819
    DOI 10.7326/J22-0043
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  3. Article ; Online: Associations between spatial access to physical activity facilities and frequency of physical activity; how do home and workplace neighbourhoods in West Central Scotland compare?

    Macdonald, Laura

    International journal of health geographics

    2019  Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 2

    Abstract: Background: Over a third of the Scottish population do not meet physical activity (PA) recommendations, with a greater proportion of those from disadvantaged areas not meeting recommended levels. There is a great need for detailed understanding of why ... ...

    Abstract Background: Over a third of the Scottish population do not meet physical activity (PA) recommendations, with a greater proportion of those from disadvantaged areas not meeting recommended levels. There is a great need for detailed understanding of why some people are active while others are not. It has been established that features within home neighbourhoods are important for promoting PA, and although around 60% of time spent in exercise daily is undertaken outside the residential environment, relatively little research includes both home and workplace neighbourhood contexts. This study utilised an existing west central Scotland survey and spatial data on PA facilities to examine whether, for working adults, there are links between access to facilities, within home and workplace neighbourhoods, and frequency of PA, and whether such associations differ by socio-economic group.
    Methods: Using a Geographic Information System (GIS), home and workplace postcodes of a sub-sample of 'Transport, Health and Well-being' 2010 study respondents (n = 513) were mapped, along with public (i.e. public-sector funded) and private (i.e. private-sector funded) PA facilities (e.g. sports halls, gyms, pools etc.) within 800 m and 1600 m path/street network buffers of home and workplace postcodes. Using Analysis of Variance, associations between spatial access to PA facilities (i.e. facility counts within buffers) and self-reported PA (i.e. days being physically active in past month) were analysed. Models were run separately for access to any, public, private, and home, workplace, and home/workplace facilities. Associations were examined for all respondents, and stratified by age and income deprivation.
    Results: Respondents' PA frequency was associated with spatial access to specific types of facilities near home and near home or workplace (combined). In general, PA frequency was higher where individuals lived/worked in closer proximity to private facilities and frequency lower where individuals lived/worked nearby to public facilities. Results varied by age and income deprivation sub-groups.
    Conclusion: This research contributes to methods exploring neighbourhood contextual influences on PA behaviour; it goes beyond a focus upon home neighbourhoods and incorporates access to workplace neighbourhood facilities. Results demonstrate the importance of examining both neighbourhood types, and such findings may feed into planning for behaviour-change interventions within both spaces.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Environment Design/economics ; Exercise/physiology ; Exercise/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Residence Characteristics ; Scotland/epidemiology ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Workplace/economics ; Workplace/psychology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-01-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1476-072X
    ISSN (online) 1476-072X
    DOI 10.1186/s12942-019-0166-z
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  4. Article ; Online: Review: Antioxidant vitamin or mineral supplements do not prevent age-related macular degeneration.

    Macdonald, Lorraine

    Annals of internal medicine

    2017  Volume 167, Issue 10, Page(s) JC56

    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-11-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 336-0
    ISSN 1539-3704 ; 0003-4819
    ISSN (online) 1539-3704
    ISSN 0003-4819
    DOI 10.7326/ACPJC-2017-167-10-056
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  5. Article ; Online: Review: In age-related macular degeneration, antioxidant multivitamins and zinc supplements each decrease progression.

    Macdonald, Lorraine

    Annals of internal medicine

    2017  Volume 167, Issue 10, Page(s) JC57

    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-11-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 336-0
    ISSN 1539-3704 ; 0003-4819
    ISSN (online) 1539-3704
    ISSN 0003-4819
    DOI 10.7326/ACPJC-2017-167-10-057
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

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  6. Article ; Online: Impact of built environment change on all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a novel longitudinal method and study.

    Macdonald, Laura / Nicholls, Natalie / Brown, Denise / Mitchell, Richard

    Journal of epidemiology and community health

    2023  Volume 77, Issue 9, Page(s) 594–600

    Abstract: Background: Public health research increasingly acknowledges the influence of built environments (BE) on health; however, it is uncertain how BE change is associated with better population health and whether BE change can help narrow health inequalities. ...

    Abstract Background: Public health research increasingly acknowledges the influence of built environments (BE) on health; however, it is uncertain how BE change is associated with better population health and whether BE change can help narrow health inequalities. This knowledge gap is partly due to a lack of suitable longitudinal BE data in most countries. We devised a method to quantify BE change longitudinally and explored associations with mortality. The method is replicable in any nation that captures BE vector map data.
    Methods: Ordnance Survey data were used to categorise small areas as having no change, loss or gain, in buildings, roads, and woodland between 2015 and 2019. We examined individual mortality records for 2012-2015 and 2016-2019, using negative binomial regression to explore associations between BE change and all-cause and cause-specific mortality, adjusting for income deprivation.
    Results: BE change varied significantly by deprivation and urbanicity. Change in the BE and change in mortality were not related, however, areas that went on to experience BE change had different baseline mortality rates compared with those that did not. For example, areas that gained infrastructure already had lower mortality rates.
    Conclusion: We provide new methodology to quantify BE change over time across a nation. Findings provide insight into the health of areas that do/do not experience change, prompting critical perspectives on cross-sectional studies of associations between BE and health. Methods and findings applied internationally could explore the context of BE change and its potential to improve health in areas most in need beyond the UK.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Built Environment ; Cause of Death ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Income ; Mortality ; Public Health
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 391868-3
    ISSN 1470-2738 ; 0142-467X ; 0141-7681 ; 0143-005X
    ISSN (online) 1470-2738
    ISSN 0142-467X ; 0141-7681 ; 0143-005X
    DOI 10.1136/jech-2023-220681
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    Zs.A 186: Show issues Location:
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  7. Article ; Online: Is spatial exposure to heritage associated with visits to heritage and to mental health? A cross-sectional study using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS).

    Macdonald, Laura / Nicholls, Natalie / Gallou, Eirini / Monckton, Linda / Mitchell, Richard

    BMJ open

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 3, Page(s) e066986

    Abstract: Objectives: Existing research highlights the beneficial nature of heritage engagement for mental health, but engagement varies geographically and socially, and few studies explore spatial exposure (ie, geographic availability) to heritage and heritage ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: Existing research highlights the beneficial nature of heritage engagement for mental health, but engagement varies geographically and socially, and few studies explore spatial exposure (ie, geographic availability) to heritage and heritage visits. Our research questions were 'does spatial exposure to heritage vary by area income deprivation?', 'is spatial exposure to heritage linked to visiting heritage?' and 'is spatial exposure to heritage linked to mental health?'. Additionally, we explored whether local heritage is associated with mental health regardless of the presence of green space.
    Design: Data were collected from January 2014 to June 2015 via the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) wave 5. Our study is cross-sectional.
    Setting: UKHLS data were either collected via face-to-face interview or online questionnaire.
    Participants: 30 431 adults (16+ years) (13 676 males, 16 755 females). Participants geocoded to Lower Super Output Area (LSOA) 'neighbourhood' and 'English Index of Multiple Deprivation' 2015 income score.
    Main exposures/outcome measures: LSOA-level heritage exposure and green space exposure (ie, population and area densities); heritage site visit in the past year (outcome, binary: no, yes); mental distress (outcome, General Health Questionnaire-12, binary: less distressed 0-3, more distressed 4+).
    Results: Heritage varied by deprivation, the most deprived areas (income quintile (Q)1: 1.8) had fewer sites per 1000 population than the least deprived (Q5: 11.1) (p<0.01). Compared with those with no LSOA-level heritage, those with heritage exposure were more likely to have visited a heritage site in the past year (OR: 1.12 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.22)) (p<0.01). Among those with heritage exposure, visitors to heritage had a lower predicted probability of distress (0.171 (95% CI 0.162 to 0.179)) than non-visitors (0.238 (95% CI 0.225 to 0.252)) (p<0.001).
    Conclusions: Our research contributes to evidence for the well-being benefits of heritage and is highly relevant to the government's levelling-up heritage strategy. Our findings can feed into schemes to tackle inequality in heritage exposure to improve both heritage engagement and mental health.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Male ; Female ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Longitudinal Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Mental Disorders ; United Kingdom/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2599832-8
    ISSN 2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
    ISSN (online) 2044-6055
    ISSN 2044-6055
    DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066986
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  8. Article ; Online: A User Experience and eHealth Literacy Inspection of a Lab Test Interpretation Mobile App for Citizens.

    Monkman, Helen / Macdonald, Leah / Griffith, Janessa / Lesselroth, Blake

    Studies in health technology and informatics

    2021  Volume 281, Page(s) 947–951

    Abstract: People are increasingly able to access their laboratory (lab) results using patient-facing portals. However, lab reports for citizens are often identical to those for clinicians; without specialized training they can be near impossible to interpret. In ... ...

    Abstract People are increasingly able to access their laboratory (lab) results using patient-facing portals. However, lab reports for citizens are often identical to those for clinicians; without specialized training they can be near impossible to interpret. In this study, we inspected a mobile health application (app) that converts traditional lab results into a citizen-centred format. We used the Health Literacy Online (HLO) checklist to inspect the app. Our inspection revealed that most of the app's strengths were related to its Organization of Content and Simple Navigation and most of its weaknesses were related to Engage Users. We also identified several usability and user experience (UX) issues that were beyond the purview of the HLO checklist. Although this app represents an important step towards making lab results universally accessible, we identified several opportunities for improvements that could increase its value to citizens.
    MeSH term(s) Health Literacy ; Humans ; Mobile Applications ; Telemedicine
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-27
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1879-8365
    ISSN (online) 1879-8365
    DOI 10.3233/SHTI210318
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  9. Article: The relative aversiveness of signalled versus unsignalled shock-punishment.

    Macdonald, L

    Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

    2006  Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 37–46

    Abstract: Six rats were trained on a two-component multiple schedule with each component consisting of a two-link chain schedule. Differential response suppression in the two initial links, as well as in the two terminal links of the chain schedules, was used as a ...

    Abstract Six rats were trained on a two-component multiple schedule with each component consisting of a two-link chain schedule. Differential response suppression in the two initial links, as well as in the two terminal links of the chain schedules, was used as a measure of the relative aversiveness of stimulus events in the two terminal links. When signalled and unsignalled shock-punishment (in addition to equal numbers of food reinforcers) were scheduled in the separate terminal links, subjects responded at lower rates in the initial link preceding unsignalled shock-punishment than in the initial link preceding signalled shock-punishment. Similarly, subjects responded at lower rates in the terminal link containing unsignalled shock-punishment than in the terminal link containing signalled shock-punishment. Reversing the terminal-link positions of signalled and unsignalled shock-punishment led to a reversal of the differential response suppression in the two initial and the two terminal links of the chain schedules. These results indicate that signalled punishment is relatively less aversive than unsignalled punishment and support an "information hypothesis", which assumes that a condition in which information is provided about the onset of environmental events, even negative events such as shock punishment, is more reinforcing than a condition in which such information is absent.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-06-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 219405-3
    ISSN 1938-3711 ; 0022-5002
    ISSN (online) 1938-3711
    ISSN 0022-5002
    DOI 10.1901/jeab.1973.20-37
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  10. Article ; Online: Malign individuals would probably be identified with legislation.

    Macdonald, Liza

    BMJ (Clinical research ed.)

    2012  Volume 344, Page(s) e4018

    MeSH term(s) Attitude to Death ; Human Rights ; Humans ; Suicide, Assisted/legislation & jurisprudence
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-06-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Comment ; Letter
    ZDB-ID 1362901-3
    ISSN 1756-1833 ; 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
    ISSN (online) 1756-1833
    ISSN 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
    DOI 10.1136/bmj.e4018
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