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Article ; Online: Physics and outlook for rare, all-neutral Eta decays

Mack David J.

EPJ Web of Conferences, Vol 73, p

2014 Volume 03015

Abstract: The η meson provides a laboratory to study isospin violation and search for new flavor-conserving sources of C and CP violation with a sensitivity approaching 10−6 of the isospin-conserving strong amplitude. Some of the most interesting rare η decays are ...

Abstract	The η meson provides a laboratory to study isospin violation and search for new flavor-conserving sources of C and CP violation with a sensitivity approaching 10−6 of the isospin-conserving strong amplitude. Some of the most interesting rare η decays are the neutral modes, yet the effective loss of photons from the relatively common decay η → 3π0 → 6γ (33%) has largely obscured rare decays producing 3-5γ's. Particularly important relevant branches include the highly suppressed η → π02γ → 4γ, which provides a rare window on testing models of O(p6) contributions in ChPTh, and η → 3γ and η → 2π0γ → 5γ which provide direct constraints on C violation in flavor-conserving processes. The substitution of lead tungstate in the forward calorimeter of the GluEx setup in Jefferson Lab's new Hall D would allow dramatically improved measurements. The main niche of this facility, which we call the JLab Eta Factory (JEF), would be η decay neutral modes. However, this could likely be expanded to rare η′(958) decays for low energy QCD studies as well as η decays involving muons for new physics searches.
Keywords	Physics ; QC1-999 ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	EDP Sciences
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: The effects of video game play on the characteristics of saccadic eye movements.

Mack, David J / Ilg, Uwe J

Vision research

2014 Volume 102, Page(s) 26–32

Abstract: Video game play has become a common leisure activity all around the world. To reveal possible effects of playing video games, we measured saccades elicited by video game players (VGPs) and non-players (NVGPs) in two oculomotor tasks. First, our subjects ... ...

Abstract	Video game play has become a common leisure activity all around the world. To reveal possible effects of playing video games, we measured saccades elicited by video game players (VGPs) and non-players (NVGPs) in two oculomotor tasks. First, our subjects performed a double-step task. Second, we asked our subjects to move their gaze opposite to the appearance of a visual target, i.e. to perform anti-saccades. As expected on the basis of previous studies, VGPs had significantly shorter saccadic reaction times (SRTs) than NVGPs for all saccade types. However, the error rates in the anti-saccade task did not reveal any significant differences. In fact, the error rates of VGPs were actually slightly lower compared to NVGPs (34% versus 40%, respectively). In addition, VGPs showed significantly higher saccadic peak velocities in every saccade type compared to NVGP. Our results suggest that faster SRTs in VGPs were associated with a more efficient motor drive for saccades. Taken together, our results are in excellent agreement with earlier reports of beneficial video game effects through the general reduction in SRTs. Our data clearly provides additional experimental evidence for an higher efficiency of the VGPs on the one hand and refutes the notion of a reduced impulse control in VGPs on the other.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Attention/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Saccades/physiology ; Video Games ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	200427-6
ISSN	1878-5646 ; 0042-6989
ISSN (online)	1878-5646
ISSN	0042-6989
DOI	10.1016/j.visres.2014.07.010
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Article ; Online: The effect of sampling rate and lowpass filters on saccades - A modeling approach.

Mack, David J / Belfanti, Sandro / Schwarz, Urs

Behavior research methods

2017 Volume 49, Issue 6, Page(s) 2146–2162

Abstract: The study of eye movements has become popular in many fields of science. However, using the preprocessed output of an eye tracker without scrutiny can lead to low-quality or even erroneous data. For example, the sampling rate of the eye tracker ... ...

Abstract	The study of eye movements has become popular in many fields of science. However, using the preprocessed output of an eye tracker without scrutiny can lead to low-quality or even erroneous data. For example, the sampling rate of the eye tracker influences saccadic peak velocity, while inadequate filters fail to suppress noise or introduce artifacts. Despite previously published guiding values, most filter choices still seem motivated by a trial-and-error approach, and a thorough analysis of filter effects is missing. Therefore, we developed a simple and easy-to-use saccade model that incorporates measured amplitude-velocity main sequences and produces saccades with a similar frequency content to real saccades. We also derived a velocity divergence measure to rate deviations between velocity profiles. In total, we simulated 155 saccades ranging from 0.5° to 60° and subjected them to different sampling rates, noise compositions, and various filter settings. The final goal was to compile a list with the best filter settings for each of these conditions. Replicating previous findings, we observed reduced peak velocities at lower sampling rates. However, this effect was highly non-linear over amplitudes and increasingly stronger for smaller saccades. Interpolating the data to a higher sampling rate significantly reduced this effect. We hope that our model and the velocity divergence measure will be used to provide a quickly accessible ground truth without the need for recording and manually labeling saccades. The comprehensive list of filters allows one to choose the correct filter for analyzing saccade data without resorting to trial-and-error methods.
MeSH term(s)	Eye Movement Measurements ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Saccades/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-01-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	231560-9
ISSN	1554-3528 ; 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
ISSN (online)	1554-3528
ISSN	0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
DOI	10.3758/s13428-016-0848-4
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Article ; Online: Estimation of Neural Inputs and Detection of Saccades and Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements by Sparse Bayesian Learning.

Wadehn, Federico / Mack, David J / Weber, Thilo / Loeliger, Hans-Andrea

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference

2018 Volume 2018, Page(s) 2619–2622

Abstract: Eye movements reveal a great wealth of information about the visual system and the brain. Therefore, eye movements can serve as diagnostic markers for various neurological disorders. For an objective analysis, it is crucial to have an automatic and ... ...

Abstract	Eye movements reveal a great wealth of information about the visual system and the brain. Therefore, eye movements can serve as diagnostic markers for various neurological disorders. For an objective analysis, it is crucial to have an automatic and robust procedure to extract relevant eye movement parameters. An essential step towards this goal is to detect and separate different types of eye movements such as fixations, saccades and smooth pursuit. We have developed a model-based approach to perform signal detection and separation on eye movement recordings, using source separation techniques from sparse Bayesian learning. The key idea is to model the oculomotor system with a state space model and to perform signal separation in the neural domain by estimating sparse inputs which trigger saccades. The algorithm was evaluated on synthetic data, neural recordings from rhesus monkeys and on manually annotated human eye movement recordings with different smooth pursuit paradigms. The developed approach shows a high noise-robustness, provides saccade and smooth pursuit parameters, as well as estimates of the position, velocity and acceleration profiles. In addition, by estimating the input to the oculomotor system, we obtain an estimate of the neural inputs to the oculomotor muscles.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Eye Movements ; Humans ; Learning ; Pursuit, Smooth ; Saccades
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2694-0604
ISSN (online)	2694-0604
DOI	10.1109/EMBC.2018.8512758
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Article ; Online: Video game players show higher performance but no difference in speed of attention shifts.

Mack, David J / Wiesmann, Helene / Ilg, Uwe J

Acta psychologica

2016 Volume 169, Page(s) 11–19

Abstract: Video games have become both a widespread leisure activity and a substantial field of research. In a variety of tasks, video game players (VGPs) perform better than non-video game players (NVGPs). This difference is most likely explained by an alteration ...

Abstract	Video games have become both a widespread leisure activity and a substantial field of research. In a variety of tasks, video game players (VGPs) perform better than non-video game players (NVGPs). This difference is most likely explained by an alteration of the basic mechanisms underlying visuospatial attention. More specifically, the present study hypothesizes that VGPs are able to shift attention faster than NVGPs. Such alterations in attention cannot be disentangled from changes in stimulus-response mappings in reaction time based measurements. Therefore, we used a spatial cueing task with varying cue lead times (CLTs) to investigate the speed of covert attention shifts of 98 male participants divided into 36 NVGPs and 62 VGPs based on their weekly gaming time. VGPs exhibited higher peak and mean performance than NVGPs. However, we did not find any differences in the speed of covert attention shifts as measured by the CLT needed to achieve peak performance. Thus, our results clearly rule out faster stimulus-response mappings as an explanation for the higher performance of VGPs in line with previous studies. More importantly, our data do not support the notion of faster attention shifts in VGPs as another possible explanation.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Attention ; Color Perception ; Cues ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Psychomotor Performance ; Reaction Time ; Spatial Learning ; Video Games/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-09
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1480049-4
ISSN	1873-6297 ; 0001-6918
ISSN (online)	1873-6297
ISSN	0001-6918
DOI	10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.05.001
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Article ; Online: Model-Based Separation, Detection, and Classification of Eye Movements.

Wadehn, Federico / Weber, Thilo / Mack, David J / Heldt, Thomas / Loeliger, Hans-Andrea

IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering

2019 Volume 67, Issue 2, Page(s) 588–600

Abstract: Objective: We present a physiologically motivated eye movement analysis framework for model-based separation, detection, and classification (MBSDC) of eye movements. By estimating kinematic and neural controller signals for saccades, smooth pursuit, and ...

Abstract	Objective: We present a physiologically motivated eye movement analysis framework for model-based separation, detection, and classification (MBSDC) of eye movements. By estimating kinematic and neural controller signals for saccades, smooth pursuit, and fixational eye movements in a mechanistic model of the oculomotor system we are able to separate and analyze these eye movements independently. Methods: We extended an established oculomotor model for horizontal eye movements by neural controller signals and by a blink artifact model. To estimate kinematic (position, velocity, acceleration, forces) and neural controller signals from eye position data, we employ Kalman smoothing and sparse input estimation techniques. The estimated signals are used for detecting saccade start and end points, and for classifying the recording into saccades, smooth pursuit, fixations, post-saccadic oscillations, and blinks. Results: On simulated data, the reconstruction error of the velocity profiles is about half the error value obtained by the commonly employed approach of filtering and numerical differentiation. In experiments with smooth pursuit data from human subjects, we observe an accurate signal separation. In addition, in neural recordings from non-human primates, the estimated neural controller signals match the real recordings strikingly well. Significance: The MBSDC framework enables the analysis of multi-type eye movement recordings and provides a physiologically motivated approach to study motor commands and might aid the discovery of new digital biomarkers. Conclusion: The proposed framework provides a model-based approach for a wide variety of eye movement analysis tasks.
MeSH term(s)	Algorithms ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Eye Movements/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Video Recording
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	160429-6
ISSN	1558-2531 ; 0018-9294
ISSN (online)	1558-2531
ISSN	0018-9294
DOI	10.1109/TBME.2019.2918986
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Article ; Online: Portable Infrared Pupillometer in Patients With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Prognostic Value and Circadian Rhythm of the Neurological Pupil Index (NPi).

Natzeder, Samuel / Mack, David J / Maissen, Gabriela / Strässle, Christian / Keller, Emanuela / Muroi, Carl

Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology

2018 Volume 31, Issue 4, Page(s) 428–433

Abstract: Background: Portable automated infrared pupillometry is becoming increasingly popular. To generate an objective reference base, the Neurological Pupil index (NPi) which combines different values of the pupillary light reflex is being introduced into ... ...

Abstract	Background: Portable automated infrared pupillometry is becoming increasingly popular. To generate an objective reference base, the Neurological Pupil index (NPi) which combines different values of the pupillary light reflex is being introduced into clinical practice. In this explorative study, we examined different aspects of the NPi in relation to clinical severity and outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Materials and methods: Patients with serial assessment of the NPi (NeurOptics pupillometer NPi-200, Irvine, CA) starting no later than day 2 after aSAH onset were included in the study. Relative numbers of pathologic NPi's, absolute NPi values, and their variances were compared according to aSAH clinical severity grade, functional outcome, and case fatality. The correlation between NPi and intracranial pressure, and NPi periodicity, were also examined. Results: In total, 18 patients with 4456 NPi values were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. The general trend of the NPi over time reflected the course of the neurological illness. Mean NPi tended to be lower in patients with clinically severe compared with nonsevere aSAH (3.75±0.40 vs. 4.56±0.06; P=0.171), and in patients with unfavorable compared with favorable outcomes (3.64±0.48 vs. 4.50±0.08; P=0.198). The mean variance of the NPi was higher in patients with severe compared with nonsevere aSAH (0.49±0.17 vs. 0.06±0.02; P=0.025). Pathologic NPi values were recorded more frequently in patients with severe compared with nonsevere aSAH (16.3%±8.8% vs. 0.0%±0.0%; P=0.002), and in those with unfavorable compared with favorable outcomes (19.2%±10.6% vs. 0.7%±0.6%; P=0.017). NPi was inversely correlated with intracranial pressure (Spearman r=-0.551, P<0.001). We observed a circadian pattern of NPi's which was seemingly disrupted in patients with fatal outcome. Conclusions: On the basis of this preliminary study, the assessment of NPi by pupillometry is feasible and might complement multimodal neuromonitoring in patients with aSAH.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Circadian Rhythm ; Female ; Glasgow Outcome Scale ; Humans ; Male ; Monitoring, Physiologic/methods ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Prognosis ; Reflex, Pupillary ; Retrospective Studies ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/diagnosis ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/physiopathology ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/therapy ; Treatment Outcome
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-10-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1018119-2
ISSN	1537-1921 ; 0898-4921
ISSN (online)	1537-1921
ISSN	0898-4921
DOI	10.1097/ANA.0000000000000553
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Article ; Online: Automated False Alarm Reduction in a Real-Life Intensive Care Setting Using Motion Detection.

Muroi, Carl / Meier, Sando / De Luca, Valeria / Mack, David J / Strässle, Christian / Schwab, Patrick / Karlen, Walter / Keller, Emanuela

Neurocritical care

2019 Volume 32, Issue 2, Page(s) 419–426

Abstract: Background: Contemporary monitoring systems are sensitive to motion artifacts and cause an excess of false alarms. This results in alarm fatigue and hazardous alarm desensitization. To reduce the number of false alarms, we developed and validated a ... ...

Abstract	Background: Contemporary monitoring systems are sensitive to motion artifacts and cause an excess of false alarms. This results in alarm fatigue and hazardous alarm desensitization. To reduce the number of false alarms, we developed and validated a novel algorithm to classify alarms, based on automatic motion detection in videos. Methods: We considered alarms generated by the following continuously measured parameters: arterial oxygen saturation, systolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, heart rate, and mean intracranial pressure. The movements of the patient and in his/her surroundings were monitored by a camera situated at the ceiling. Using the algorithm, alarms were classified into RED (true), ORANGE (possibly false), and GREEN alarms (false, i.e., artifact). Alarms were reclassified by blinded clinicians. The performance was evaluated using confusion matrices. Results: A total of 2349 alarms from 45 patients were reclassified. For RED alarms, sensitivity was high (87.0%) and specificity was low (29.6%) for all parameters. As the sensitivities and specificities for RED and GREEN alarms are interrelated, the opposite was observed for GREEN alarms, i.e., low sensitivity (30.2%) and high specificity (87.2%). As RED alarms should not be missed, even at the expense of false positives, the performance was acceptable. The low sensitivity for GREEN alarms is acceptable, as it is not harmful to tag a GREEN alarm as RED/ORANGE. It still contributes to alarm reduction. However, a 12.8% false-positive rate for GREEN alarms is critical. Conclusions: The proposed system is a step forward toward alarm reduction; however, implementation of additional layers, such as signal curve analysis, multiple parameter correlation analysis and/or more sophisticated video-based analytics are needed for improvement.
MeSH term(s)	Alert Fatigue, Health Personnel/prevention & control ; Automation ; Blood Pressure ; Clinical Alarms/classification ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Intracranial Pressure ; Monitoring, Physiologic/methods ; Motion
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2381896-7
ISSN	1556-0961 ; 1541-6933
ISSN (online)	1556-0961
ISSN	1541-6933
DOI	10.1007/s12028-019-00711-w
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Book ; Online ; Thesis: Consequences of Video Games on Oculomotor Behavior and Attention and Additional Implications for Healthy Aging

Mack, David J. [Verfasser] / Ilg, Uwe J. [Akademischer Betreuer]

2015

Author's details	David J. Mack ; Betreuer: Uwe J. Ilg
Keywords	Naturwissenschaften ; Science
Subject code	sg500
Language	English
Publisher	Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen
Publishing place	Tübingen
Document type	Book ; Online ; Thesis
Database	Digital theses on the web

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Book ; Online: Not to Cry Wolf

Schwab, Patrick / Keller, Emanuela / Muroi, Carl / Mack, David J. / Strässle, Christian / Karlen, Walter

Distantly Supervised Multitask Learning in Critical Care

2018

Abstract: Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) require constant and close supervision. To assist clinical staff in this task, hospitals use monitoring systems that trigger audiovisual alarms if their algorithms indicate that a patient's condition may be ... ...

Abstract	Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) require constant and close supervision. To assist clinical staff in this task, hospitals use monitoring systems that trigger audiovisual alarms if their algorithms indicate that a patient's condition may be worsening. However, current monitoring systems are extremely sensitive to movement artefacts and technical errors. As a result, they typically trigger hundreds to thousands of false alarms per patient per day - drowning the important alarms in noise and adding to the exhaustion of clinical staff. In this setting, data is abundantly available, but obtaining trustworthy annotations by experts is laborious and expensive. We frame the problem of false alarm reduction from multivariate time series as a machine-learning task and address it with a novel multitask network architecture that utilises distant supervision through multiple related auxiliary tasks in order to reduce the number of expensive labels required for training. We show that our approach leads to significant improvements over several state-of-the-art baselines on real-world ICU data and provide new insights on the importance of task selection and architectural choices in distantly supervised multitask learning.
Keywords	Computer Science - Machine Learning ; Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ; Statistics - Machine Learning
Subject code	006
Publishing date	2018-02-14
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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