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Article: An Opportunistic Pathogen Afforded Ample Opportunities: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

Mackay, Ian M. / Arden, Katherine

Viruses, 9(12):369

2017

Abstract: The human coronaviruses (CoV) include HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1, some of which have been known for decades. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV briefly emerged into the human population but was controlled. In 2012, ... ...

Abstract	The human coronaviruses (CoV) include HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1, some of which have been known for decades. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV briefly emerged into the human population but was controlled. In 2012, another novel severely human pathogenic CoV—the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV—was identified in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 80% of over 2000 human cases have been recorded over five years. Targeted research remains key to developing control strategies for MERS-CoV, a cause of mild illness in its camel reservoir. A new therapeutic toolbox being developed in response to MERS is also teaching us more about how CoVs cause disease. Travel-related cases continue to challenge the world’s surveillance and response capabilities, and more data are needed to understand unexplained primary transmission. Signs of genetic change have been recorded, but it remains unclear whether there is any impact on clinical disease. How camels came to carry the virus remains academic to the control of MERS. To date, human-to-human transmission has been inefficient, but virus surveillance, characterisation, and reporting are key to responding to any future change. MERS-CoV is not currently a pandemic threat; it is spread mainly with the aid of human habit and error.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; emerging virus ; infection ; MERS ; Middle East respiratory syndrome ; comorbidity ; coronavirus ; camel ; zoonosis
Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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Book: Real time PCR in microbiology

Mackay, Ian M.

from diagnosis to characterization

2007

Title variant	Real-time PCR in microbiology
Author's details	Ian M. Mackay [ed.]
Keywords	Mikrobiologie ; Polymerase-Kettenreaktion ; Echtzeitverarbeitung
Subject	Echtzeitbetrieb ; Echtzeitdatenverarbeitung ; Realzeitverarbeitung ; Realzeitverfahren ; Real time processing ; Realzeitbetrieb ; Echtzeitverfahren ; PCR ; Polymerase chain reaction
Language	English
Size	X, 454 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
Publisher	Caister Acad. Press
Publishing place	Norfolk
Publishing country	Great Britain
Document type	Book
HBZ-ID	HT015016643
ISBN	978-1-904455-18-9 ; 1-904455-18-2
Database	Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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2007 A 4089	order for loan	Magazin

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Article ; Online: An Opportunistic Pathogen Afforded Ample Opportunities: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus.

Mackay, Ian M / Arden, Katherine E

Viruses

2017 Volume 9, Issue 12

Abstract	The human coronaviruses (CoV) include HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1, some of which have been known for decades. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV briefly emerged into the human population but was controlled. In 2012, another novel severely human pathogenic CoV-the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV-was identified in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 80% of over 2000 human cases have been recorded over five years. Targeted research remains key to developing control strategies for MERS-CoV, a cause of mild illness in its camel reservoir. A new therapeutic toolbox being developed in response to MERS is also teaching us more about how CoVs cause disease. Travel-related cases continue to challenge the world's surveillance and response capabilities, and more data are needed to understand unexplained primary transmission. Signs of genetic change have been recorded, but it remains unclear whether there is any impact on clinical disease. How camels came to carry the virus remains academic to the control of MERS. To date, human-to-human transmission has been inefficient, but virus surveillance, characterisation, and reporting are key to responding to any future change. MERS-CoV is not currently a pandemic threat; it is spread mainly with the aid of human habit and error.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Camelus ; Communicable Diseases, Imported/epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases, Imported/virology ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Disease Reservoirs ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Humans ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/pathogenicity ; Saudi Arabia ; Travel ; Zoonoses/epidemiology ; Zoonoses/virology
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2017--02
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v9120369
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Measles Vaccine Virus RNA in Children More Than 100 Days after Vaccination.

McMahon, Jamie / Mackay, Ian M / Lambert, Stephen B

Viruses

2019 Volume 11, Issue 7

Abstract: Measles vaccines have been in use since the 1960s with excellent safety and effectiveness profiles. Limited data are available on detection of measles vaccine virus (MeVV) RNA in human subjects following vaccination. Available evidence suggests MeVV RNA ... ...

Abstract	Measles vaccines have been in use since the 1960s with excellent safety and effectiveness profiles. Limited data are available on detection of measles vaccine virus (MeVV) RNA in human subjects following vaccination. Available evidence suggests MeVV RNA can be identified up to 14 days after vaccination, with detection beyond this rare. In routine diagnostic testing, we used two real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-rPCR) assays targeting M and F genes to identify measles virus (MeV) and MeVV RNA. Confirmatory testing was performed with an N gene RT-rPCR, followed by sequence confirmation of RT-rPCR positives by semi-nested conventional RT-PCR assays targeting portions of the N, H, and L genes. We report detection and confirmation of MeVV RNA from the respiratory tract of 11 children between 100 and 800 days after most recent receipt of measles-containing vaccine. These novel findings emphasize the importance of genotyping all MeV detections and highlight the need for further work to assess whether persistent MeVV RNA represents viable virus and if transmission to close contacts can occur.
MeSH term(s)	Australia ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Measles/prevention & control ; Measles/virology ; Measles Vaccine/administration & dosage ; Measles virus/genetics ; Nose/virology ; Pharynx/virology ; Phosphoproteins/genetics ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; Respiratory System/virology ; Time Factors ; Viral Proteins/genetics
Chemical Substances	Measles Vaccine ; P protein, Sendai virus ; Phosphoproteins ; RNA, Viral ; Viral Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v11070636
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Mayaro virus: a forest virus primed for a trip to the city?

Mackay, Ian M / Arden, Katherine E

Microbes and infection

2016 Volume 18, Issue 12, Page(s) 724–734

Abstract: Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus). Infection by MAYV can produce Mayaro virus disease (MAYVD) which is usually a clinically diagnosed, acute, febrile illness associated with prolonged and painful joint inflammation and ... ...

Abstract	Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus). Infection by MAYV can produce Mayaro virus disease (MAYVD) which is usually a clinically diagnosed, acute, febrile illness associated with prolonged and painful joint inflammation and swelling. MAYVD may be clinically indistinguishable from dengue, chikungunya fever, malaria, rabies, measles or other arboviral diseases. The full spectrum of disease, sequelae, routes of infection, virus shedding and any rarer means of transmission remain undefined. MAYVD cases in humans have so far been localised to Central and South America, particularly regions in and around the Amazon basin. MAYV usually circulates in a sylvan cycle of forest mosquitoes and vertebrates, however it has also been found in more urban locations alongside anthropophilic (preferring humans) insect vectors. If transmission via anthropophilic mosquitoes becomes more efficient following viral change, or existing vectors change their habitat and biting habits, the risk of urban establishment and further spread into non-forested areas will grow. Surveillance, testing and vector control remain key to monitoring and preventing global spread and establishment. The possibility of MAYV becoming further urbanized is worthy of note, consideration and action to ensure MAYV does not spread beyond the forests and establish in the world's cities.
MeSH term(s)	Alphavirus/pathogenicity ; Alphavirus/physiology ; Alphavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Alphavirus Infections/pathology ; Alphavirus Infections/transmission ; Alphavirus Infections/virology ; Animals ; Central America/epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/pathology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/transmission ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology ; Culicidae/virology ; Disease Transmission, Infectious ; Disease Vectors ; Humans ; Insect Vectors ; Mosquito Control ; South America/epidemiology ; Urban Population
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-12
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1465093-9
ISSN	1769-714X ; 1286-4579
ISSN (online)	1769-714X
ISSN	1286-4579
DOI	10.1016/j.micinf.2016.10.007
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Ebola virus in the semen of convalescent men.

Mackay, Ian M / Arden, Katherine E

The Lancet. Infectious diseases

2015 Volume 15, Issue 2, Page(s) 149–150

MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Convalescence ; Ebolavirus/isolation & purification ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology ; Humans ; Male ; RNA, Viral/isolation & purification ; Semen/virology ; Time Factors
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports ; Letter
ZDB-ID	2061641-7
ISSN	1474-4457 ; 1473-3099
ISSN (online)	1474-4457
ISSN	1473-3099
DOI	10.1016/S1473-3099(14)71033-3
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission.

Mackay, Ian M / Arden, Katherine E

Virology journal

2015 Volume 12, Page(s) 222

Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), associated with infection by a novel coronavirus (CoV), occurred in 2012 in Jordan but were reported retrospectively. The case first to be publicly reported was from Jeddah, in the Kingdom ...

Abstract	The first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), associated with infection by a novel coronavirus (CoV), occurred in 2012 in Jordan but were reported retrospectively. The case first to be publicly reported was from Jeddah, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Since then, MERS-CoV sequences have been found in a bat and in many dromedary camels (DC). MERS-CoV is enzootic in DC across the Arabian Peninsula and in parts of Africa, causing mild upper respiratory tract illness in its camel reservoir and sporadic, but relatively rare human infections. Precisely how virus transmits to humans remains unknown but close and lengthy exposure appears to be a requirement. The KSA is the focal point of MERS, with the majority of human cases. In humans, MERS is mostly known as a lower respiratory tract (LRT) disease involving fever, cough, breathing difficulties and pneumonia that may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan failure and death in 20% to 40% of those infected. However, MERS-CoV has also been detected in mild and influenza-like illnesses and in those with no signs or symptoms. Older males most obviously suffer severe disease and MERS patients often have comorbidities. Compared to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), another sometimes- fatal zoonotic coronavirus disease that has since disappeared, MERS progresses more rapidly to respiratory failure and acute kidney injury (it also has an affinity for growth in kidney cells under laboratory conditions), is more frequently reported in patients with underlying disease and is more often fatal. Most human cases of MERS have been linked to lapses in infection prevention and control (IPC) in healthcare settings, with approximately 20% of all virus detections reported among healthcare workers (HCWs) and higher exposures in those with occupations that bring them into close contact with camels. Sero-surveys have found widespread evidence of past infection in adult camels and limited past exposure among humans. Sensitive, validated reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-rtPCR)-based diagnostics have been available almost from the start of the emergence of MERS. While the basic virology of MERS-CoV has advanced over the past three years, understanding of the interplay between camel, environment, and human remains limited.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Camelus ; Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary ; Cross Infection/transmission ; Disease Transmission, Infectious ; Global Health ; Humans ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/isolation & purification ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods ; Occupational Exposure ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Zoonoses/transmission
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-12-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2160640-7
ISSN	1743-422X ; 1743-422X
ISSN (online)	1743-422X
ISSN	1743-422X
DOI	10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The Middle East respiratory syndrome puzzle: A familiar virus, a familiar disease, but some assembly still required.

Mackay, Ian M / Arden, Katherine E

Journal of infection and public health

2015 Volume 8, Issue 5, Page(s) 405–408

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/pathology ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Disease Transmission, Infectious ; Humans ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/isolation & purification
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-08-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	2467587-8
ISSN	1876-035X ; 1876-0341
ISSN (online)	1876-035X
ISSN	1876-0341
DOI	10.1016/j.jiph.2015.07.001
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Middle East respiratory syndrome: An emerging coronavirus infection tracked by the crowd.

Mackay, Ian M / Arden, Katherine E

Virus research

2015 Volume 202, Page(s) 60–88

Abstract: In 2012 in Jordan, infection by a novel coronavirus (CoV) caused the first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). MERS-CoV sequences have since been found in a bat and the virus appears to be enzootic among dromedary camels across the ... ...

Abstract	In 2012 in Jordan, infection by a novel coronavirus (CoV) caused the first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). MERS-CoV sequences have since been found in a bat and the virus appears to be enzootic among dromedary camels across the Arabian Peninsula and in parts of Africa. The majority of human cases have occurred in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In humans, the etiologic agent, MERS-CoV, has been detected in severe, mild and influenza-like illness and in those without any obvious signs or symptoms of disease. MERS is often a lower respiratory tract disease associated with fever, cough, breathing difficulties, pneumonia that can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan failure and death among more than a third of those infected. Severe disease is usually found in older males and comorbidities are frequently present in cases of MERS. Compared to SARS, MERS progresses more rapidly to respiratory failure and acute kidney injury, is more often observed as severe disease in patients with underlying illnesses and is more often fatal. MERS-CoV has a broader tropism than SARS-CoV, rapidly triggers cellular damage, employs a different receptor and induces a delayed proinflammatory response in cells. Most human cases have been linked to lapses in infection prevention and control in healthcare settings, with a fifth of virus detections reported among healthcare workers. This review sets out what is currently known about MERS and the MERS-CoV, summarises the new phenomenon of crowd-sourced epidemiology and lists some of the many questions that remain unanswered, nearly three years after the first reported case.
MeSH term(s)	Africa/epidemiology ; Animals ; Arabia/epidemiology ; Camelus ; Chiroptera ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/pathology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/pathology ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Humans ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/isolation & purification ; Zoonoses/epidemiology ; Zoonoses/pathology ; Zoonoses/virology
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-02-02
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	605780-9
ISSN	1872-7492 ; 0168-1702
ISSN (online)	1872-7492
ISSN	0168-1702
DOI	10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.021
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Article ; Online: An Opportunistic Pathogen Afforded Ample Opportunities

Mackay, Ian M. / Arden, Katherine

Viruses, 9(12):369

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

2017

Abstract	The human coronaviruses (CoV) include HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1, some of which have been known for decades. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV briefly emerged into the human population but was controlled. In 2012, another novel severely human pathogenic CoV—the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV—was identified in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 80% of over 2000 human cases have been recorded over five years. Targeted research remains key to developing control strategies for MERS-CoV, a cause of mild illness in its camel reservoir. A new therapeutic toolbox being developed in response to MERS is also teaching us more about how CoVs cause disease. Travel-related cases continue to challenge the world’s surveillance and response capabilities, and more data are needed to understand unexplained primary transmission. Signs of genetic change have been recorded, but it remains unclear whether there is any impact on clinical disease. How camels came to carry the virus remains academic to the control of MERS. To date, human-to-human transmission has been inefficient, but virus surveillance, characterisation, and reporting are key to responding to any future change. MERS-CoV is not currently a pandemic threat; it is spread mainly with the aid of human habit and error.
Keywords	Middle East respiratory syndrome ; COVID-19 ; infection ; camel ; MERS ; emerging virus ; comorbidity ; zoonosis ; coronavirus ; covid19
Language	English
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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