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  1. Article ; Online: Contamination of Beef Tissue Surfaces by Cattle Manure Inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes.

    Dickson, James S / Macneil, Michael D

    Journal of food protection

    2019  Volume 54, Issue 2, Page(s) 102–104

    Abstract: Contamination of beef lean and fat tissue surfaces by Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes was evaluated using phosphate buffer or sterilized manure as an inoculation menstruum. Immersion in inoculated phosphate buffer resulted in an ... ...

    Abstract Contamination of beef lean and fat tissue surfaces by Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes was evaluated using phosphate buffer or sterilized manure as an inoculation menstruum. Immersion in inoculated phosphate buffer resulted in an increase in numbers of attached cells during the 120 min inoculation for both bacterial species. Tissue immersed in inoculated manure generally showed an increase in cell numbers up to 10 min of immersion with only slight increases in cell numbers from 10 to 120 min. Fewer cells attached to either tissue type from the manure inoculum (P<0.05), although actual numerical differences were small.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-05-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 243284-5
    ISSN 1944-9097 ; 0362-028X
    ISSN (online) 1944-9097
    ISSN 0362-028X
    DOI 10.4315/0362-028X-54.2.102
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite DNA variation in domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and relationships with wild caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti, Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus, and Rangifer tarandus caribou).

    Cronin, Matthew A / Macneil, Michael D / Patton, John C

    The Journal of heredity

    2006  Volume 97, Issue 5, Page(s) 525–530

    Abstract: Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Alaska are semidomestic livestock descended from 1280 animals introduced from Siberia, Russia, approximately 100 years ago. Genetic variation at 18 microsatellite DNA loci and the cytochrome b gene of ... ...

    Abstract Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Alaska are semidomestic livestock descended from 1280 animals introduced from Siberia, Russia, approximately 100 years ago. Genetic variation at 18 microsatellite DNA loci and the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was quantified in reindeer from Alaska, Siberia (Russia), and Scandinavia and compared with wild North American caribou. Mean sequence divergence among 15 mtDNA haplotypes in reindeer was 0.007 substitutions per nucleotide site, and reindeer mtDNA is polyphyletic with caribou mtDNA. Microsatellite allele and mtDNA haplotype frequencies are similar between Alaskan and Russian reindeer and differentiated between these and Scandinavian reindeer. The frequencies of microsatellite alleles and mtDNA haplotypes are different in reindeer and wild caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti, Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus, and Rangifer tarandus caribou). Alaskan reindeer have maintained a genetic variation comparable to that in Russia and differentiated from that of wild caribou, >100 years after their introduction to Alaska.
    MeSH term(s) Alaska ; Alleles ; Animals ; Cytochromes b/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/metabolism ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Reindeer/genetics ; Russia ; Scandinavian and Nordic Countries ; Siberia
    Chemical Substances DNA, Mitochondrial ; Cytochromes b (9035-37-4)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 3044-2
    ISSN 1465-7333 ; 0022-1503
    ISSN (online) 1465-7333
    ISSN 0022-1503
    DOI 10.1093/jhered/esl012
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  3. Article ; Online: Comparative understanding of UTS2 and UTS2R genes for their involvement in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

    Jiang, Zhihua / Michal, Jennifer J / Tobey, David J / Wang, Zeping / Macneil, Michael D / Magnuson, Nancy S

    International journal of biological sciences

    2008  Volume 4, Issue 2, Page(s) 96–102

    Abstract: Several reports have shown that urotensin 2 (UTS2) and its receptor (UTS2R) are involved in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, which lead to development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in humans. In the present study, we annotated both bovine ... ...

    Abstract Several reports have shown that urotensin 2 (UTS2) and its receptor (UTS2R) are involved in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, which lead to development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in humans. In the present study, we annotated both bovine UTS2 and UTS2R genes and identified 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the former gene and 14 mutations for the latter gene. Four mutations were genotyped on a Wagyu x Limousin reference population, including 6 F(1 )bulls, 113 F(1 )dams and ~250 F(2 )progeny. Among 12 phenotypes related to fat deposition and fatty acid composition, we observed that the UTS2 gene was significantly associated with the amount of skeletal saturated fatty acids, while its receptor (UTS2R) gene had significant effects on amounts of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, Delta(9) desaturase activity for converting 16:0 into 16:1, muscle fat (marbling) score and Longissimus Dorsi muscle area. However, in this population, these markers were not associated with subcutaneous fat depth or percent kidney, pelvic and heart fat. We also found that mutations in the promoter regions altered the promoter activities in both genes and coding SNPs might affect the mRNA stability in the UTS2R gene. Overall, our present study provides the first evidence that both UTS2 and UTS2R genes regulate skeletal muscle fat accumulation and fatty acid metabolism, thus indicating their potential pathological functions related to obesity and T2DM in humans.
    MeSH term(s) Adipose Tissue/metabolism ; Animals ; Body Composition ; Cattle ; Cell Line ; Chromosome Mapping ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism/genetics ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism ; Urotensins/genetics ; Urotensins/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Urotensins ; urotensin II (9047-55-6)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-04-23
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2179208-2
    ISSN 1449-2288 ; 1449-2288
    ISSN (online) 1449-2288
    ISSN 1449-2288
    DOI 10.7150/ijbs.4.96
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  4. Article ; Online: Significant associations of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) gene with fat deposition and composition in skeletal muscle.

    Jiang, Zhihua / Michal, Jennifer J / Tobey, David J / Daniels, Tyler F / Rule, Daniel C / Macneil, Michael D

    International journal of biological sciences

    2008  Volume 4, Issue 6, Page(s) 345–351

    Abstract: Gene expression studies in humans and animals have shown that elevated stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) activity is associated with increased fat accumulation and monounsaturation of saturated fatty acids in skeletal muscle. However, results of the two ... ...

    Abstract Gene expression studies in humans and animals have shown that elevated stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) activity is associated with increased fat accumulation and monounsaturation of saturated fatty acids in skeletal muscle. However, results of the two reported association studies in humans are inconsistent. In the present study, we annotated the bovine SCD1 gene and identified 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in its 3'untranslated region (UTR). Genotyping these SNPs on a Wagyu x Limousin reference population revealed that the SCD1 gene was significantly associated with six fat deposition and fatty acid composition traits in skeletal muscle, but not with subcutaneous fat depth and percent kidney-pelvic-heart fat. In particular, we confirmed that the high stearoyl-CoA desaturase activities/alleles were positively correlated with beef marbling score, amount of monounsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid content, but negatively with amount of saturated fatty acids. The inconsistent associations between human studies might be caused by using different sets of markers because we observed that most associated markers are located near the end of 3'UTR. We found that the proximity of the polyadenylation signal site is highly conserved among human, cattle and pig, indicating that the region might contain functional elements involved in posttranscriptional control of SCD1 activity. In conclusion, our cross species study provided solid evidence to support SCD1 gene as a critical player in skeletal muscle fat metabolism.
    MeSH term(s) 3' Untranslated Regions/genetics ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cattle ; Fats/chemistry ; Fats/metabolism ; Fatty Acids/chemistry ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Mutation ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase/genetics
    Chemical Substances 3' Untranslated Regions ; Fats ; Fatty Acids ; Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (EC 1.14.19.1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-09-25
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2179208-2
    ISSN 1449-2288 ; 1449-2288
    ISSN (online) 1449-2288
    ISSN 1449-2288
    DOI 10.7150/ijbs.4.345
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  5. Article ; Online: Discovery of novel genetic networks associated with 19 economically important traits in beef cattle.

    Jiang, Zhihua / Michal, Jennifer J / Chen, Jie / Daniels, Tyler F / Kunej, Tanja / Garcia, Matthew D / Gaskins, Charles T / Busboom, Jan R / Alexander, Leeson J / Wright, Raymond W / Macneil, Michael D

    International journal of biological sciences

    2009  Volume 5, Issue 6, Page(s) 528–542

    Abstract: Quantitative or complex traits are determined by the combined effects of many loci, and are affected by genetic networks or molecular pathways. In the present study, we genotyped a total of 138 mutations, mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms derived ... ...

    Abstract Quantitative or complex traits are determined by the combined effects of many loci, and are affected by genetic networks or molecular pathways. In the present study, we genotyped a total of 138 mutations, mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from 71 functional genes on a Wagyu x Limousin reference population. Two hundred forty six F(2) animals were measured for 5 carcass, 6 eating quality and 8 fatty acid composition traits. A total of 2,280 single marker-trait association runs with 120 tagged mutations selected based on the HAPLOVIEW analysis revealed 144 significant associations (P < 0.05), but 50 of them were removed from the analysis due to the small number of animals (< or = 9) in one genotype group or absence of one genotype among three genotypes. The remaining 94 single-trait associations were then placed into three groups of quantitative trait modes (QTMs) with additive, dominant and overdominant effects. All significant markers and their QTMs associated with each of these 19 traits were involved in a linear regression model analysis, which confirmed single-gene associations for 4 traits, but revealed two-gene networks for 8 traits and three-gene networks for 5 traits. Such genetic networks involving both genotypes and QTMs resulted in high correlations between predicted and actual values of performance, thus providing evidence that the classical Mendelian principles of inheritance can be applied in understanding genetic complexity of complex phenotypes. Our present study also indicated that carcass, eating quality and fatty acid composition traits rarely share genetic networks. Therefore, marker-assisted selection for improvement of one category of these traits would not interfere with improvement of another.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Body Composition/genetics ; Cattle/genetics ; Haplotypes ; Meat/standards ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Quantitative Trait Loci/genetics ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Regression Analysis
    Language English
    Publishing date 2009-07-29
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2179208-2
    ISSN 1449-2288 ; 1449-2288
    ISSN (online) 1449-2288
    ISSN 1449-2288
    DOI 10.7150/ijbs.5.528
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  6. Article: Evaluation of candidate gene effects for beef backfat via Bayesian model selection.

    Wu, Xiao-Lin / Macneil, Michael D / De, Sachinadan / Xiao, Qian-Jun / Michal, Jennifer J / Gaskins, Charles T / Reeves, Jerry J / Busboom, Jan R / Wright, Raymond W / Jiang, Zhihua

    Genetica

    2005  Volume 125, Issue 1, Page(s) 103–113

    Abstract: Candidate gene approaches provide tools for exploring and localizing causative genes affecting quantitative traits and the underlying variation may be better understood by determining the relative magnitudes of effects of their polymorphisms. ... ...

    Abstract Candidate gene approaches provide tools for exploring and localizing causative genes affecting quantitative traits and the underlying variation may be better understood by determining the relative magnitudes of effects of their polymorphisms. Diacyglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), fatty acid binding protein (heart) 3 (FABP3), growth hormone 1 (GH1), leptin (LEP) and thyroglobulin (TG) have been previously identified as genes contributing to genetic control of subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) in beef cattle. In the present research, Bayesian model selection was used to evaluate effects of these five candidate genes by comparing competing non-nested models and treating candidate gene effects as either random or fixed. The analyses were implemented in SAS to simplify the programming and computation. Phenotypic data were gathered from a F(2) population of Wagyu x Limousin cattle. The five candidate genes had significant but varied effects on SFT in this population. Bayesian model selection identified the DGAT1 model as the one with the greatest model probability, whether candidate gene effects were considered random or fixed, and DGAT1 had the greatest additive effect on SFT. The SAS codes developed in the study are freely available and can be downloaded at: http://www.ansci.wsu.edu/programs/.
    MeSH term(s) Adiposity/genetics ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cattle ; Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/genetics ; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Growth Hormone/genetics ; Leptin/genetics ; Meat ; Models, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; Selection, Genetic ; Thyroglobulin/genetics
    Chemical Substances Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins ; Leptin ; Growth Hormone (9002-72-6) ; Thyroglobulin (9010-34-8) ; Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.20)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-09
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2165-9
    ISSN 0016-6707
    ISSN 0016-6707
    DOI 10.1007/s10709-005-5255-1
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  7. Article ; Online: The genome sequence of taurine cattle: a window to ruminant biology and evolution.

    Elsik, Christine G / Tellam, Ross L / Worley, Kim C / Gibbs, Richard A / Muzny, Donna M / Weinstock, George M / Adelson, David L / Eichler, Evan E / Elnitski, Laura / Guigó, Roderic / Hamernik, Debora L / Kappes, Steve M / Lewin, Harris A / Lynn, David J / Nicholas, Frank W / Reymond, Alexandre / Rijnkels, Monique / Skow, Loren C / Zdobnov, Evgeny M /
    Schook, Lawrence / Womack, James / Alioto, Tyler / Antonarakis, Stylianos E / Astashyn, Alex / Chapple, Charles E / Chen, Hsiu-Chuan / Chrast, Jacqueline / Câmara, Francisco / Ermolaeva, Olga / Henrichsen, Charlotte N / Hlavina, Wratko / Kapustin, Yuri / Kiryutin, Boris / Kitts, Paul / Kokocinski, Felix / Landrum, Melissa / Maglott, Donna / Pruitt, Kim / Sapojnikov, Victor / Searle, Stephen M / Solovyev, Victor / Souvorov, Alexandre / Ucla, Catherine / Wyss, Carine / Anzola, Juan M / Gerlach, Daniel / Elhaik, Eran / Graur, Dan / Reese, Justin T / Edgar, Robert C / McEwan, John C / Payne, Gemma M / Raison, Joy M / Junier, Thomas / Kriventseva, Evgenia V / Eyras, Eduardo / Plass, Mireya / Donthu, Ravikiran / Larkin, Denis M / Reecy, James / Yang, Mary Q / Chen, Lin / Cheng, Ze / Chitko-McKown, Carol G / Liu, George E / Matukumalli, Lakshmi K / Song, Jiuzhou / Zhu, Bin / Bradley, Daniel G / Brinkman, Fiona S L / Lau, Lilian P L / Whiteside, Matthew D / Walker, Angela / Wheeler, Thomas T / Casey, Theresa / German, J Bruce / Lemay, Danielle G / Maqbool, Nauman J / Molenaar, Adrian J / Seo, Seongwon / Stothard, Paul / Baldwin, Cynthia L / Baxter, Rebecca / Brinkmeyer-Langford, Candice L / Brown, Wendy C / Childers, Christopher P / Connelley, Timothy / Ellis, Shirley A / Fritz, Krista / Glass, Elizabeth J / Herzig, Carolyn T A / Iivanainen, Antti / Lahmers, Kevin K / Bennett, Anna K / Dickens, C Michael / Gilbert, James G R / Hagen, Darren E / Salih, Hanni / Aerts, Jan / Caetano, Alexandre R / Dalrymple, Brian / Garcia, Jose Fernando / Gill, Clare A / Hiendleder, Stefan G / Memili, Erdogan / Spurlock, Diane / Williams, John L / Alexander, Lee / Brownstein, Michael J / Guan, Leluo / Holt, Robert A / Jones, Steven J M / Marra, Marco A / Moore, Richard / Moore, Stephen S / Roberts, Andy / Taniguchi, Masaaki / Waterman, Richard C / Chacko, Joseph / Chandrabose, Mimi M / Cree, Andy / Dao, Marvin Diep / Dinh, Huyen H / Gabisi, Ramatu Ayiesha / Hines, Sandra / Hume, Jennifer / Jhangiani, Shalini N / Joshi, Vandita / Kovar, Christie L / Lewis, Lora R / Liu, Yih-Shin / Lopez, John / Morgan, Margaret B / Nguyen, Ngoc Bich / Okwuonu, Geoffrey O / Ruiz, San Juana / Santibanez, Jireh / Wright, Rita A / Buhay, Christian / Ding, Yan / Dugan-Rocha, Shannon / Herdandez, Judith / Holder, Michael / Sabo, Aniko / Egan, Amy / Goodell, Jason / Wilczek-Boney, Katarzyna / Fowler, Gerald R / Hitchens, Matthew Edward / Lozado, Ryan J / Moen, Charles / Steffen, David / Warren, James T / Zhang, Jingkun / Chiu, Readman / Schein, Jacqueline E / Durbin, K James / Havlak, Paul / Jiang, Huaiyang / Liu, Yue / Qin, Xiang / Ren, Yanru / Shen, Yufeng / Song, Henry / Bell, Stephanie Nicole / Davis, Clay / Johnson, Angela Jolivet / Lee, Sandra / Nazareth, Lynne V / Patel, Bella Mayurkumar / Pu, Ling-Ling / Vattathil, Selina / Williams, Rex Lee / Curry, Stacey / Hamilton, Cerissa / Sodergren, Erica / Wheeler, David A / Barris, Wes / Bennett, Gary L / Eggen, André / Green, Ronnie D / Harhay, Gregory P / Hobbs, Matthew / Jann, Oliver / Keele, John W / Kent, Matthew P / Lien, Sigbjørn / McKay, Stephanie D / McWilliam, Sean / Ratnakumar, Abhirami / Schnabel, Robert D / Smith, Timothy / Snelling, Warren M / Sonstegard, Tad S / Stone, Roger T / Sugimoto, Yoshikazu / Takasuga, Akiko / Taylor, Jeremy F / Van Tassell, Curtis P / Macneil, Michael D / Abatepaulo, Antonio R R / Abbey, Colette A / Ahola, Virpi / Almeida, Iassudara G / Amadio, Ariel F / Anatriello, Elen / Bahadue, Suria M / Biase, Fernando H / Boldt, Clayton R / Carroll, Jeffery A / Carvalho, Wanessa A / Cervelatti, Eliane P / Chacko, Elsa / Chapin, Jennifer E / Cheng, Ye / Choi, Jungwoo / Colley, Adam J / de Campos, Tatiana A / De Donato, Marcos / Santos, Isabel K F de Miranda / de Oliveira, Carlo J F / Deobald, Heather / Devinoy, Eve / Donohue, Kaitlin E / Dovc, Peter / Eberlein, Annett / Fitzsimmons, Carolyn J / Franzin, Alessandra M / Garcia, Gustavo R / Genini, Sem / Gladney, Cody J / Grant, Jason R / Greaser, Marion L / Green, Jonathan A / Hadsell, Darryl L / Hakimov, Hatam A / Halgren, Rob / Harrow, Jennifer L / Hart, Elizabeth A / Hastings, Nicola / Hernandez, Marta / Hu, Zhi-Liang / Ingham, Aaron / Iso-Touru, Terhi / Jamis, Catherine / Jensen, Kirsty / Kapetis, Dimos / Kerr, Tovah / Khalil, Sari S / Khatib, Hasan / Kolbehdari, Davood / Kumar, Charu G / Kumar, Dinesh / Leach, Richard / Lee, Justin C-M / Li, Changxi / Logan, Krystin M / Malinverni, Roberto / Marques, Elisa / Martin, William F / Martins, Natalia F / Maruyama, Sandra R / Mazza, Raffaele / McLean, Kim L / Medrano, Juan F / Moreno, Barbara T / Moré, Daniela D / Muntean, Carl T / Nandakumar, Hari P / Nogueira, Marcelo F G / Olsaker, Ingrid / Pant, Sameer D / Panzitta, Francesca / Pastor, Rosemeire C P / Poli, Mario A / Poslusny, Nathan / Rachagani, Satyanarayana / Ranganathan, Shoba / Razpet, Andrej / Riggs, Penny K / Rincon, Gonzalo / Rodriguez-Osorio, Nelida / Rodriguez-Zas, Sandra L / Romero, Natasha E / Rosenwald, Anne / Sando, Lillian / Schmutz, Sheila M / Shen, Libing / Sherman, Laura / Southey, Bruce R / Lutzow, Ylva Strandberg / Sweedler, Jonathan V / Tammen, Imke / Telugu, Bhanu Prakash V L / Urbanski, Jennifer M / Utsunomiya, Yuri T / Verschoor, Chris P / Waardenberg, Ashley J / Wang, Zhiquan / Ward, Robert / Weikard, Rosemarie / Welsh, Thomas H / White, Stephen N / Wilming, Laurens G / Wunderlich, Kris R / Yang, Jianqi / Zhao, Feng-Qi

    Science (New York, N.Y.)

    2009  Volume 324, Issue 5926, Page(s) 522–528

    Abstract: To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which ... ...

    Abstract To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which 1217 are absent or undetected in noneutherian (marsupial or monotreme) genomes. Cattle-specific evolutionary breakpoint regions in chromosomes have a higher density of segmental duplications, enrichment of repetitive elements, and species-specific variations in genes associated with lactation and immune responsiveness. Genes involved in metabolism are generally highly conserved, although five metabolic genes are deleted or extensively diverged from their human orthologs. The cattle genome sequence thus provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.
    MeSH term(s) Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Biological Evolution ; Cattle ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genome ; Humans ; Male ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Proteins/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Synteny
    Chemical Substances MicroRNAs ; Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2009-04-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 128410-1
    ISSN 1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
    ISSN (online) 1095-9203
    ISSN 0036-8075
    DOI 10.1126/science.1169588
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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