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Article: Ultraviolet Radiation Environment of a Tropical Megacity in Transition: Mexico City 2000–2019

Ipiña, Adriana / López-Padilla, Gamaliel / Retama, Armando / Piacentini, Rubén D. / Madronich, Sasha

Environmental science & technology. 2021 Aug. 03, v. 55, no. 16

2021

Abstract: Tropical regions experience naturally high levels of UV radiation, but urban pollution can reduce these levels substantially. We analyzed 20 years of measurements of the UV index (UVI) at several ground-level locations in the Mexico City Metropolitan ... ...

Abstract	Tropical regions experience naturally high levels of UV radiation, but urban pollution can reduce these levels substantially. We analyzed 20 years of measurements of the UV index (UVI) at several ground-level locations in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area and compared these data with the UVI values derived from the satellite observations of ozone and clouds (but not local pollution). The ground-based measurements were systematically lower than the satellite-based estimates by ca. 40% in 2000 and 25% in 2019. Calculations with a radiative transfer model using observed concentrations of air pollutants explained well the difference between satellite and ground-based UVI and showed specific contributions from aerosols, O₃, NO₂, and SO₂ in decreasing order of importance. Such large changes in UV radiation between 2000 and 2019 have important implications ranging from human health (skin cancer and cataract induction) to air pollution control (photochemical smog formation).
Keywords	air ; air pollution control ; cataract ; cities ; human health ; metropolitan areas ; models ; ozone ; radiative transfer ; satellites ; skin neoplasms ; smog pollution ; ultraviolet radiation ; Mexico
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0803
Size	p. 10946-10956.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
ISSN	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.0c08515
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Estimation of Skin and Ocular Damage Avoided in the United States through Implementation of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.

Madronich, Sasha / Lee-Taylor, Julia M / Wagner, Mark / Kyle, Jessica / Hu, Zeyu / Landolfi, Robert

ACS earth & space chemistry

2021 Volume 5, Issue 8

Abstract: Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a threat to human health. It can cause skin cancer and cataracts. Human-made ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) reduce the ozone concentration in the Earth's stratosphere, which acts as a protective shield ... ...

Abstract	Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a threat to human health. It can cause skin cancer and cataracts. Human-made ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) reduce the ozone concentration in the Earth's stratosphere, which acts as a protective shield from UV radiation. To protect and restore the ozone layer, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was enacted in 1987 to phase out the production and consumption of certain ODSs and was later amended and adjusted to significantly strengthen its requirements. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses its Atmospheric and Health Effects Framework (AHEF) model to assess the adverse human health effects associated with stratospheric ozone depletion and the U.S. health benefits from the global implementation of the Montreal Protocol. Comparing the Montreal Protocol as amended and adjusted with a scenario of no controls on ODSs showed the prevention of an estimated 443 million cases of skin cancer and 63 million cataract cases for people born in the United States between 1890 and 2100. In addition, 2.3 million skin cancer deaths are avoided. Compared with the original 1987 Montreal Protocol, strengthening the Montreal Protocol, through its subsequent amendments and adjustments, resulted in an estimated 230 million fewer skin cancer cases, 1.3 million fewer skin cancer deaths, and 33 million fewer cataract cases.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2472-3452
ISSN	2472-3452
DOI	10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00183
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Ultraviolet Radiation Environment of a Tropical Megacity in Transition: Mexico City 2000-2019.

Ipiña, Adriana / López-Padilla, Gamaliel / Retama, Armando / Piacentini, Rubén D / Madronich, Sasha

Environmental science & technology

2021

Abstract	Tropical regions experience naturally high levels of UV radiation, but urban pollution can reduce these levels substantially. We analyzed 20 years of measurements of the UV index (UVI) at several ground-level locations in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area and compared these data with the UVI values derived from the satellite observations of ozone and clouds (but not local pollution). The ground-based measurements were systematically lower than the satellite-based estimates by ca. 40% in 2000 and 25% in 2019. Calculations with a radiative transfer model using observed concentrations of air pollutants explained well the difference between satellite and ground-based UVI and showed specific contributions from aerosols, O
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.0c08515
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Solar UV radiation and microbial life in the atmosphere.

Madronich, Sasha / Björn, Lars Olof / McKenzie, Richard L

Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology

2018 Volume 17, Issue 12, Page(s) 1918–1931

Abstract: Many microorganisms are alive while suspended in the atmosphere, and some seem to be metabolically active during their time there. One of the most important factors threatening their life and activity is solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Quantitative ... ...

Abstract	Many microorganisms are alive while suspended in the atmosphere, and some seem to be metabolically active during their time there. One of the most important factors threatening their life and activity is solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Quantitative understanding of the spatial and temporal survival patterns in the atmosphere, and of the ultimate deposition of microbes to the surface, is limited by a number factors some of which are discussed here. These include consideration of appropriate spectral sensitivity functions for biological damage (e.g. inactivation), and the estimation of UV radiation impingent on a microorganism suspended in the atmosphere. We show that for several bacteria (E. coli, S. typhimurium, and P. acnes) the inactivation rates correlate well with irradiances weighted by the DNA damage spectrum in the UV-B spectral range, but when these organisms show significant UV-A (or visible) sensitivities, the correlations become clearly non-linear. The existence of these correlations enables the use of a single spectrum (here DNA damage) as a proxy for sensitivity spectra of other biological effects, but with some caution when the correlations are strongly non-linear. The radiative quantity relevant to the UV exposure of a suspended particle is the fluence rate at an altitude above ground, while down-welling irradiance at ground-level is the quantity most commonly measured or estimated in satellite-derived climatologies. Using a radiative transfer model that computes both quantities, we developed a simple parameterization to exploit the much larger irradiance data bases to estimate fluence rates, and present the first fluence-rate based climatology of DNA-damaging UV radiation in the atmosphere. The estimation of fluence rates in the presence of clouds remains a particularly challenging problem. Here we note that both reductions and enhancements in the UV radiation field are possible, depending mainly on cloud optical geometry and prevailing solar zenith angles. These complex effects need to be included in model simulations of the atmospheric life cycle of the organisms.
MeSH term(s)	Bacillus/physiology ; DNA Damage/radiation effects ; Escherichia coli/growth & development ; Escherichia coli/radiation effects ; Propionibacterium acnes/growth & development ; Propionibacterium acnes/radiation effects ; Salmonella typhimurium/growth & development ; Salmonella typhimurium/radiation effects ; Spores, Bacterial/radiation effects ; Temperature ; Ultraviolet Rays
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-06-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2072584-X
ISSN	1474-9092 ; 1474-905X
ISSN (online)	1474-9092
ISSN	1474-905X
DOI	10.1039/c7pp00407a
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Analytic formula for the clear-sky UV index.

Madronich, Sasha

Photochemistry and photobiology

2007 Volume 83, Issue 6, Page(s) 1537–1538

Abstract: An approximate formula for the UV Index (UVI) under cloud-free, unpolluted, low surface albedo conditions is: UVI approximately 12.5mu(o)(2.42)(Omega/300)(-1.23) where mu(o) is the cosine of the solar zenith angle and Omega is the total vertical ozone ... ...

Abstract	An approximate formula for the UV Index (UVI) under cloud-free, unpolluted, low surface albedo conditions is: UVI approximately 12.5mu(o)(2.42)(Omega/300)(-1.23) where mu(o) is the cosine of the solar zenith angle and Omega is the total vertical ozone column (in Dobson Units, DU). The dependence on mu(o) and Omega is based on a simple physical model of biologically weighted atmospheric transmission in the UV-B and UV-A spectral bands, with coefficients tuned to a detailed radiative transfer model, and is accurate to 10% or better over 0-60 degrees and 200-400 DU. Other factors (clouds, haze, ground, etc.) mostly conserve this dependence and scale simply.
MeSH term(s)	Environment ; Ultraviolet Rays
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	123540-0
ISSN	1751-1097 ; 0031-8655
ISSN (online)	1751-1097
ISSN	0031-8655
DOI	10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00200.x
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Article ; Online: Relationship between ozone and biologically relevant UV at 4 NDACC sites.

McKenzie, Richard / Liley, Ben / Kotkamp, Michael / Geddes, Alexander / Querel, Richard / Stierle, Scott / Lantz, Kathleen / Rhodes, Steve / Madronich, Sasha

Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology

2022 Volume 21, Issue 12, Page(s) 2095–2114

Abstract: Clouds and aerosols, as well as overhead ozone, can have large effects on ultraviolet (UV) irradiances. We use statistical methods to remove cloud effects and mean aerosol effects from spectral UV irradiance measurements to investigate the relationship ... ...

Abstract	Clouds and aerosols, as well as overhead ozone, can have large effects on ultraviolet (UV) irradiances. We use statistical methods to remove cloud effects and mean aerosol effects from spectral UV irradiance measurements to investigate the relationship between UV and total column ozone. We show that for fixed solar zenith angles (SZA), seasonal changes in ozone lead to marked changes in clear-sky UV irradiances. Such effects are larger at mid-latitudes than in the tropics. At mid-latitudes, the minimum ozone amount over the course of a year can be about 50 percent of its maximum, with the lowest values in autumn and the highest values in spring. These seasonal ozone changes lead to UV Index (UVI) values in autumn that can exceed those in spring at the same SZA by nearly a factor of two. Differences are even larger for UV spectra weighted by the action spectra for DNA-damaging UV, and for cutaneous previtamin D production. In some cases, the seasonal increase exceeds a factor of 4. The analysis experimentally demonstrates the limits of applicability of the concept of constant Radiative Amplification Factors (RAFs) for estimating effects of changes in ozone for some weighting functions. Changes in DNA-weighted UV and erythemally weighted UV are well represented by the published RAFs. However, there are large SZA dependencies in the case of UVB and vitamin D-weighted UV. For all weightings considered, RAFs calculated from the observations as a function of SZA show similar dependencies between sites, in good agreement with published values, independently of the ozone data source. High quality measurements show that natural variations in ozone are responsible for huge variations in biologically damaging UV, with seasonal changes at fixed solar zenith angles sometimes exceeding a factor of four. The measured changes from thousands of spectra agree well with calculations over a wide range of solar zenith angles.
MeSH term(s)	Ozone
Chemical Substances	Ozone (66H7ZZK23N)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2072584-X
ISSN	1474-9092 ; 1474-905X
ISSN (online)	1474-9092
ISSN	1474-905X
DOI	10.1007/s43630-022-00281-5
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Conference proceedings: Special issue: 13th International Symposium on Transport and Air Pollution (TAP-2004)

Madronich, Sasha

held 13 - 15 September 2004 in Boulder, Colorado

(Atmospheric environment ; 40.2006,31)

2006

Event/congress	International Symposium on Transport and Air Pollution (13, 2004.09.13-15, BoulderColo.) ; TAP (13, 2004.09.13-15, BoulderColo.)
Author's details	guest ed. S. Madronich
Series title	Atmospheric environment ; 40.2006,31
Language	English
Size	S. 5943 - 6066, Ill., graph. Darst., Kt
Publisher	Elsevier
Publishing place	Amsterdam u.a.
Document type	Book ; Conference proceedings
Database	Library catalogue of the German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB), Hannover

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Book ; Online: Comparison and evaluation of updates to WRF-Chem (v3.9) biogenic emissions using MEGAN

Morichetti, Mauro / Madronich, Sasha / Passerini, Giorgio / Rizza, Umberto / Mancinelli, Enrico / Virgili, Simone / Barth, Mary

eISSN: 1991-9603

2022

Abstract: Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted from the natural ecosystem are highly reactive and can thus impact air quality and aerosol radiative forcing. BVOC emission models (e.g., Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature – MEGAN) in ...

Abstract	Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted from the natural ecosystem are highly reactive and can thus impact air quality and aerosol radiative forcing. BVOC emission models (e.g., Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature – MEGAN) in global and regional chemical transport models still have large uncertainties in estimating biogenic trace gases because of uncertainties in emission activity factors, specification of vegetation type, and plant emission factors. This study evaluates a set of updates made to MEGAN v2.04 in the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem version 3.9). Our study considers four simulations for each update made to MEGAN v2.04: (i) a control run with no changes to MEGAN, (ii) a simulation with the emission activity factors modified following MEGAN v2.10, (iii) a simulation considering the changes to the plant functional type (PFT) emission factor, and (iv) a simulation with the isoprene emission factor calculated within the MEGAN module instead of being prescribed by the input database. We evaluate two regions, Europe and the southeastern United States, by comparing WRF-Chem results to ground-based monitoring observations in Europe (i.e., AirBase database) and aircraft observations obtained during the NOMADSS field campaign. We find that the updates to MEGAN v2.04 in WRF-Chem caused overpredictions in ground-based ozone concentrations in Europe and in isoprene mixing ratios compared to aircraft observations in the southeastern US. The update in emission activity factors caused the largest biases. These results suggest that further experimental and modeling studies should be conducted to address potential shortcomings in BVOC emission models.
Subject code	571
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-16
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Comparison and evaluation of updates to WRF-Chem (v3.9) biogenic emissions using MEGAN

Morichetti, Mauro / Madronich, Sasha / Passerini, Giorgio / Rizza, Umberto / Mancinelli, Enrico / Virgili, Simone / Barth, Mary

eISSN: 1991-9603

2022

Abstract: Natural gases produced by the Earth’s ecosystem include a wide range of volatile compounds such as isoprene, monoterpene, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and other non-methane volatile organic compounds: the so-called biogenic volatile organic compounds ( ... ...

Abstract	Natural gases produced by the Earth’s ecosystem include a wide range of volatile compounds such as isoprene, monoterpene, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and other non-methane volatile organic compounds: the so-called biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). BVOCs are highly reactive and thus can impact air quality and aerosol radiative forcing. BVOC emission fluxes have been consistently included in global and regional chemical transport models (e.g., Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature, MEGAN). However, present climate models still have large uncertainties in estimating biogenic trace gases. These uncertainties result from several factors, including uncertainties in emission activity factors that are controlled by environmental conditions, specification of vegetation type, and plant emission factors. This work concerns the evaluation and test of a set of updates made to MEGAN, a model for estimating fluxes of biogenic compounds between terrestrial ecosystem and the atmosphere, which is embedded into the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem version 3.9). Two different test cases are presented, the first covering Europe, and the second for a domain in the Southeast United States. Our study considers four simulations for each update made to MEGAN, (i) a control run with no changes to MEGAN; (ii) a simulation with the emission activity factors modified following MEGAN version 2.10; (iii) a simulation considering the changes to the plant functional type emission factor; (iv) a simulation with the isoprene emission factor calculated within the MEGAN module (the emission factor of isoprene is obtained from the input database directly in WRF-Chem). For the Europe domain region, a sensitivity study on BVOC emissions was performed for a high-ozone episode in August 2015. The updated MEGAN model led to significant increases, by factors of 2 or more, of the estimated BVOC emissions. The comparison of WRF-Chem results for the European domain with experimental data from the Airbase web-portal (European air quality database) showed that the temporal and spatial distribution of ozone are well represented. However, comparing the updated MEGAN simulations with the control run, ozone concentration bias increased substantially. Results from the U.S. domain are compared with the Nitrogen, Oxidants, Mercury and Aerosol Distributions, Sources and Sinks (NOMADSS) field campaign data (June 2013), which allows for direct comparison of isoprene mixing ratios with observations. The comparison between the modeled data and aircraft observations shows that isoprene mixing ratios agree well with measured isoprene for the M2.04 simulation but are overpredicted considerably by the M2.10 simulation.
Subject code	571
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-10
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Are current guidelines for sun protection optimal for health? Exploring the evidence.

Lucas, Robyn M / Neale, Rachel E / Madronich, Sasha / McKenzie, Richard L

Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology

2018 Volume 17, Issue 12, Page(s) 1956–1963

Abstract: Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the main risk factor for skin cancer, and a major source of vitamin D, in many regions of the world. Sun protection messages to minimize skin cancer risks but avoid vitamin D deficiency are ... ...

Abstract	Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the main risk factor for skin cancer, and a major source of vitamin D, in many regions of the world. Sun protection messages to minimize skin cancer risks but avoid vitamin D deficiency are challenging, partly because levels of UV radiation vary by location, season, time of day, and atmospheric conditions. The UV Index provides information on levels of UV radiation and is a cornerstone of sun protection guidelines. Current guidelines from the World Health Organization are that sun protection is required only when the UV Index is 3 or greater. This advice is pragmatic rather than evidence based. The UV Index is a continuous scale; more comprehensive sun protection is required as the UV Index increases. In addition, a wide range of UVA doses is possible with a UVI of 3, from which there may be health consequences, while full sun protection when the UVI is "moderate" (between 3 and 5) may limit vitamin D production. Finally, the duration of time spent in the sun is an essential component of a public health message, in addition to the intensity of ambient UV radiation as measured by the UV Index. Together these provide the dose of UV radiation that is relevant to both skin cancer genesis and vitamin D production. Further education is required to increase the understanding of the UV Index; messages framed using the UV Index need to incorporate the importance of duration of exposure and increasing sun protection with increasing dose of UV radiation.
MeSH term(s)	Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Public Health ; Risk Factors ; Seasons ; Skin/metabolism ; Skin/radiation effects ; Skin Neoplasms/prevention & control ; Sunburn/etiology ; Sunburn/prevention & control ; Sunscreening Agents/therapeutic use ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Vitamin D/biosynthesis
Chemical Substances	Sunscreening Agents ; Vitamin D (1406-16-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-06-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2072584-X
ISSN	1474-9092 ; 1474-905X
ISSN (online)	1474-9092
ISSN	1474-905X
DOI	10.1039/c7pp00374a
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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