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Article ; Online: Bio-efficacy and wash-fastness of a lambda-cyhalothrin long-lasting insecticide treatment kit (ICON

Tungu, Patrick K / Sudi, Wema S / Kaur, Harparkash / Magesa, Stephen M / Rowland, Mark

Malaria journal

2021 Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 387

Abstract: Background: Long-lasting efficacy of insecticide-treated nets is a balance between adhesion, retention and migration of insecticide to the surface of netting fibres. ICON: Methods: This study was a controlled comparison of the bio-efficacy and wash- ... ...

Abstract	Background: Long-lasting efficacy of insecticide-treated nets is a balance between adhesion, retention and migration of insecticide to the surface of netting fibres. ICON Methods: This study was a controlled comparison of the bio-efficacy and wash-fastness of lambda-cyhalothrin CS, with or without binder, on nets made of cotton, polyethylene, nylon, dyed and undyed polyester. Evaluation compared an array of bioassays: WHO cone and cylinder, median time to knockdown and WHO tunnel tests using Anopheles mosquitoes. Chemical assay revealed further insight. Results: ICON Maxx treated polyethylene and polyester netting met the WHO cone and tunnel test bio-efficacy criteria for LLIN after 20 standardized washes. Although nylon and cotton netting failed to meet the WHO cone and cylinder criteria, both materials passed the WHO tunnel test criterion of 80% mortality after 20 washes. All materials treated with standard lambda-cyhalothrin CS without binder failed to meet any of the WHO bio-efficacy criteria within 5 washes. Conclusion: The bio-efficacy of ICON Maxx against mosquitoes on netting washed up to 20 times demonstrated wash durability on a range of synthetic polymer and natural fibres: polyester, polyethylene, nylon and cotton. This raises the prospect of making insecticide-binder kits into an effective approach for turning untreated nets, curtains, military clothing, blankets-and tents and tarpaulins as used in disasters and humanitarian emergencies-into effective malaria prevention products. It may provide a solution to the problem of reduced LLIN coverage between campaigns by converting commercially sourced untreated nets into LLINs through community or home treatment. It may also open the door to binding of non-pyrethroid insecticides to nets and textiles for control of pyrethroid resistant vectors.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anopheles ; Female ; Insecticide-Treated Bednets/statistics & numerical data ; Insecticides ; Malaria/prevention & control ; Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors ; Nitriles ; Polymers/analysis ; Pyrethrins
Chemical Substances	Insecticides ; Nitriles ; Polymers ; Pyrethrins ; cyhalothrin (V0V73PEB8M)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1475-2875
ISSN (online)	1475-2875
DOI	10.1186/s12936-021-03909-6
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Article ; Online: Dynamics of malaria vector composition and Plasmodium falciparum infection in mainland Tanzania: 2017-2021 data from the national malaria vector entomological surveillance.

Mwalimu, Charles D / Kiware, Samson / Nshama, Rosemary / Derua, Yahya / Machafuko, Pendael / Gitanya, Peter / Mwafongo, Winfred / Bernard, Jubilate / Emidi, Basiliana / Mwingira, Victor / Malima, Robert / Githu, Victoria / Masanja, Brian / Mlacha, Yeromin / Tungu, Patrick / Kabula, Bilali / Sambu, Edward / Batengana, Bernard / Matowo, Johnson /

Govella, Nicodem / Chaki, Prosper / Lazaro, Samwel / Serbantez, Naomi / Kitau, Jovin / Magesa, Stephen M / Kisinza, William N

Malaria journal

2024 Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 29

Abstract: Background: In 2015, Tanzania National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) established a longitudinal malaria vector entomological surveillance (MVES). The MVES is aimed at a periodical assessment of malaria vector composition and abundance, feeding and ... ...

Abstract	Background: In 2015, Tanzania National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) established a longitudinal malaria vector entomological surveillance (MVES). The MVES is aimed at a periodical assessment of malaria vector composition and abundance, feeding and resting behaviours, and Plasmodium falciparum infection in different malaria epidemiological strata to guide the NMCP on the deployment of appropriate malaria vector interventions. This work details the dynamics of malaria vector composition and transmission in different malaria epidemiological strata. Methods: The MVES was conducted from 32 sentinel district councils across the country. Mosquitoes were collected by the trained community members and supervised by the NMCP and research institutions. Three consecutive night catches (indoor collection with CDC light trap and indoor/outdoor collection using bucket traps) were conducted monthly in three different households selected randomly from two to three wards within each district council. Collected mosquitoes were sorted and morphologically identified in the field. Thereafter, the samples were sent to the laboratory for molecular characterization using qPCR for species identification and detection of P. falciparum infections (sporozoites). ELISA technique was deployed for blood meal analysis from samples of blood-fed mosquitoes to determine the blood meal indices (BMI). Results: A total of 63,226 mosquitoes were collected in 32 district councils from January 2017 to December 2021. Out of which, 39,279 (62%), 20,983 (33%) and 2964 (5%) were morphologically identified as Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.), Anopheles funestus s.l., and as other Anopheles species, respectively. Out of 28,795 laboratory amplified mosquitoes, 13,645 (47%) were confirmed to be Anopheles arabiensis, 9904 (34%) as An. funestus sensu stricto (s.s.), and 5193 (19%) as An. gambiae s.s. The combined average entomological inoculation rates (EIR) were 0.46 (95% CI 0.028-0.928) for An. gambiae s.s., 0.836 (95% CI 0.138-1.559) for An. arabiensis, and 0.58 (95% CI 0.165-0.971) for An. funestus s.s. with variations across different malaria transmission strata. Anopheles funestus s.s. and An. arabiensis were predominant in the Lake and South-Eastern zones, respectively, mostly in high malaria transmission areas. Monthly mosquito densities displayed seasonal patterns, with two peaks following the rainy seasons, varying slightly across species and district councils. Conclusion: Anopheles arabiensis remains the predominant vector species followed by An. funestus s.s. in the country. Therefore, strengthening integrated vector management including larval source management is recommended to address outdoor transmission by An. arabiensis to interrupt transmission particularly where EIR is greater than the required elimination threshold of less than one (< 1) to substantially reduce the prevalence of malaria infection.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Malaria/prevention & control ; Anopheles ; Plasmodium falciparum ; Tanzania/epidemiology ; Mosquito Vectors ; Feeding Behavior ; Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control ; Chlorphentermine/analogs & derivatives
Chemical Substances	N-methylchlorphentermine (78558-95-9) ; Chlorphentermine (NHW07912O7)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2091229-8
ISSN	1475-2875 ; 1475-2875
ISSN (online)	1475-2875
ISSN	1475-2875
DOI	10.1186/s12936-024-04849-7
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Article: Challenges and opportunities in building health research capacity in Tanzania: a case of the National Institute for Medical Research.

Magesa, Stephen M / Mwape, Bonard / Mboera, Leonard E G

Tanzania journal of health research

2015 Volume 13, Issue 5 Suppl 1, Page(s) 427–443

Abstract: Capacity building is considered a priority for health research institutions in developing countries to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. However, in many countries including Tanzania, much emphasis has been directed towards human ... ...

Abstract	Capacity building is considered a priority for health research institutions in developing countries to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. However, in many countries including Tanzania, much emphasis has been directed towards human resources for health with the total exclusion of human resources for health research. The objective of this study was to systematically investigate the capacity building process for the Tanzanian National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) over a 30-year period and identify the challenges and opportunities in creating a critical mass of multi-disciplinary research scientists that is required for achieving the intended health benefits. A desk review of personnel database was conducted for information covering 1980-2009 on academic qualifications, training, research experience and research output. The current staff curriculum vitae (CV) were reviewed to gather information on researchers' employment record, training, training support, area of expertise and scientific output. Interviews were conducted with a cross section of researchers on capacity development aspects using a self-administered questionnaire. In-depth interviews were also conducted with the current and former NIMR Management to seek information on capacity development challenges. A review was also done on staff personal files, annual reports, strategic plans and other occasional documents. A total of 163 CV were assessed; of these, 76.7% (125) were for Research Scientists (RS), 20.9% (34) Laboratory Technologists (LT) and 2.4% (4) for System Analysts. The Institute had 13 research scientists upon its establishment. Since 1980, NIMR has recruited a total of 185 Research Scientists. By 2009, NIMR had a total scientific workforce of 170 staff (RS= 82.4%; LT= 17.6%). Of the 140 RSs, 37 (26.4%), were first degree; 77 (55.5%) second degree while 26 (18.6%) were PhD degree holders. Of the total of 78 researchers interviewed, 55 (70.5%) indicated to have accessed postgraduate training through their personal efforts and 23 through institutional arrangement. Sixty (77%) respondents were satisfied with their tenure at NIMR. Seventy (89%) indicated that they had not at any point considered leaving NIMR. Most (79%) research scientists were recruited while holding a first degree, a few (17%) with second degree while only one (0.7%) holding a PhD degree. NIMR has experienced a research scientist attrition rate of 17.5%. Staff retention factors included availability of training opportunities; passion for conducting research; and good career prospects. Despite having a training programme, the institute has never at any moment been able to hold its own training resources. Being a public research institution, NIMR receives its core funding from the government of the United Republic of Tanzania. The bulk of the funding appears to be spent on personnel emoluments that take up to 85% (mean = 66%) of the allocated budget. In conclusion, the current NIMR's research capacity building is dependent mainly on foreign funding and personal initiatives. There is an urgent need to increase local funding for capacity building and conduct of research. A programme should be put in place to ensure sustainability of the capacity building process.
MeSH term(s)	Academies and Institutes ; Biomedical Research ; Capacity Building ; Developing Countries ; Humans ; Tanzania
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-11-16
Publishing country	Tanzania
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2656045-8
ISSN	1821-6404 ; 0856-6496
ISSN	1821-6404 ; 0856-6496
DOI	10.4314/thrb.v13i5.11
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Article: Increased tolerance of Anopheles gambiae s.s. to chemical insecticides after exposure to agrochemical mixture.

Nkya, Theresia E / Mosha, Franklin W / Magesa, Stephen M / Kisinza, William N

Tanzania journal of health research

2016 Volume 16, Issue 4, Page(s) 329–332

Abstract: Resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides is mainly attributed to their adaptation to insecticide-based vector control interventions. Although pesticides used in agriculture have been frequently mentioned as an additional force driving the selection of ... ...

Abstract	Resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides is mainly attributed to their adaptation to insecticide-based vector control interventions. Although pesticides used in agriculture have been frequently mentioned as an additional force driving the selection of resistance, only a few studies were dedicated to validate this hypothesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of exposure of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae s.s. larvae for 72h to sub-lethal concentrations of the agrochemical mixture (pesticides, herbicides and fungicides). Their subsequent tolerances were measured to deltamethrin (pyrethroid), DDT (organochlorine) and bendiocarb (carbamate) currently used for vector control. The mean LC50 was determined and tolerance ratios for larvae exposed to agrochemical comparatively with unexposed larvae were calculated and expressed as fold increased tolerance. Bioassays revealed a significant increase in larval tolerance to detamethrin (1.83-2.86 fold), DDT (1.31-1.53 fold) and bendiocarb (1.14-1.19 fold) following exposure to 0.1 µM and 1 µM agrochemical mixture. The observed increased tolerance in this study is likely to be based on metabolic resistance mechanisms. Overall, this study reveals the potential of agrochemicals to increase the tolerance of mosquito larvae to chemical insecticides.
MeSH term(s)	Agrochemicals/pharmacology ; Animals ; Anopheles/drug effects ; Biological Assay ; Insecticide Resistance ; Insecticides/pharmacology ; Malaria/transmission
Chemical Substances	Agrochemicals ; Insecticides
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-02-17
Publishing country	Tanzania
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2656045-8
ISSN	1821-6404 ; 0856-6496
ISSN	1821-6404 ; 0856-6496
DOI	10.4314/thrb.v16i4.10
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Article: Spatial variability in the density, distribution and vectorial capacity of anopheline species in Rufiji district, south-eastern Tanzania.

Kigadye, Emmanuel S P / Nkwengulila, Gamba / Magesa, Stephen M / Abdulla, Salum

Tanzania journal of health research

2015 Volume 13, Issue 4, Page(s) 112–118

Abstract: Malaria transmission varies from one area to another and there are also local difference in time and space. The objective of the study was to determine the local variability of entomological parameters namely, mosquito abundance, human biting rate (HBR), ...

Abstract	Malaria transmission varies from one area to another and there are also local difference in time and space. The objective of the study was to determine the local variability of entomological parameters namely, mosquito abundance, human biting rate (HBR), sporozoite rate for Plasmodiumfalciparum and entomological inoculation rate (EIR). The study was carried out in Rufiji District south eastern Tanzania from October 2001 and September 2004. Adult mosquitoes were collected indoors by CDC light traps. PCR was employed to identify the species within the Anopheles gambiae complex. ELISA was used to determine the sporozoite rate. Over a three year sampling period a total of 64,875 female mosquitoes were caught using light-traps, and of these 28% were Anopheles gambiae complex, 25% An. funestus Giles, 1% An. pharoensis Theobald, 46% Culex species and the rest were Mansonia uniformis Theobald. Mosquito abundance and species composition varied seasonally, spatially and between years. Using PCR, three members of the Anopheles gambiae complex namely An. gambiae s.s. Giles (69%), An. arabiensis Paton (23%) and An. merus D6nitz (7%) were confirmed to occur in the study area. Plasmodiumfalciparum circumsporozoite antigen (CSA) rates were 3.5% for An. gambiae complex and 2.3% for An. funestus. The mean EIR ranged from 28-275 infective bites/person/year. Transmission indices varied over short distances, seasonally and between years. In conclusion, malaria transmission indices in the study area are one of the highest in Tanzania; and there is high variability of entomological parameters over a small geographical area.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anopheles/classification ; Anopheles/genetics ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Insect Vectors/classification ; Insect Vectors/genetics ; Malaria/transmission ; Rivers ; Sporozoites ; Tanzania
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-11-16
Publishing country	Tanzania
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2656045-8
ISSN	1821-6404 ; 0856-6496
ISSN	1821-6404 ; 0856-6496
DOI	10.4314/thrb.v13i4.69639
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Article ; Online: Genomic signatures of population decline in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.

O'Loughlin, Samantha M / Magesa, Stephen M / Mbogo, Charles / Mosha, Franklin / Midega, Janet / Burt, Austin

Malaria journal

2016 Volume 15, Page(s) 182

Abstract: Background: Population genomic features such as nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium are expected to be strongly shaped by changes in population size, and might therefore be useful for monitoring the success of a control campaign. In the ... ...

Abstract	Background: Population genomic features such as nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium are expected to be strongly shaped by changes in population size, and might therefore be useful for monitoring the success of a control campaign. In the Kilifi district of Kenya, there has been a marked decline in the abundance of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae subsequent to the rollout of insecticide-treated bed nets. Methods: To investigate whether this decline left a detectable population genomic signature, simulations were performed to compare the effect of population crashes on nucleotide diversity, Tajima's D, and linkage disequilibrium (as measured by the population recombination parameter ρ). Linkage disequilibrium and ρ were estimated for An. gambiae from Kilifi, and compared them to values for Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles merus at the same location, and for An. gambiae in a location 200 km from Kilifi. Results: In the first simulations ρ changed more rapidly after a population crash than the other statistics, and therefore is a more sensitive indicator of recent population decline. In the empirical data, linkage disequilibrium extends 100-1000 times further, and ρ is 100-1000 times smaller, for the Kilifi population of An. gambiae than for any of the other populations. There were also significant runs of homozygosity in many of the individual An. gambiae mosquitoes from Kilifi. Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis that the recent decline in An. gambiae was driven by the rollout of bed nets. Measuring population genomic parameters in a small sample of individuals before, during and after vector or pest control may be a valuable method of tracking the effectiveness of interventions.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anopheles/classification ; Anopheles/genetics ; Anopheles/growth & development ; Computer Simulation ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genomics ; Insect Vectors ; Kenya ; Mosquito Nets/utilization
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-03-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1475-2875
ISSN (online)	1475-2875
DOI	10.1186/s12936-016-1214-9
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Article: Smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis among HIV patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Bwana, Veneranda / Tenu, Filemoni / Magesa, Stephen M / Mfinanga, Sayoki G

Tanzania journal of health research

2013 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 14–20

Abstract: Globally, tuberculosis-HIV co-infections are on the increase. In 2007, 15% (1.37 million) of the tuberculosis cases were HIV-positive tuberculosis (TB). This cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2009 to assess the effect of the level of CD4 ... ...

Abstract	Globally, tuberculosis-HIV co-infections are on the increase. In 2007, 15% (1.37 million) of the tuberculosis cases were HIV-positive tuberculosis (TB). This cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2009 to assess the effect of the level of CD4 lymphocyte counts on the development of smear positive pulmonary TB (PTB) among HIV patients before and after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). A total of 155 HIV patients who were on HAART programme were enrolled and out of these 42 (27.1%) were smear positive PTB. Of the 42 PTB patients, 38 (90.5%) were also infected with HIV and were already at initiation of HAART. There was no association between the development of smear positive PTB and socio-demographic characteristics among HIV patients before and after HAART initiation (P>0.05). A larger proportion of HIV+PTB patients diagnosed before and after HAART initiation was found with CD4 lymphocyte count <200cells/microl. However, the difference was not statistically significant (P =0.092). Among HIV patients who were diagnosed to be smear positive PTB after HAART initiation, their CD4 lymphocyte counts at time of TB diagnosis was lower than their CD4 lymphocyte counts at time of HAART initiation. The four patients diagnosed with PTB after HAART initiation had mean CD4 lymphocyte counts at HAART initiation not statistically different from that at TB diagnosis (t=0.715, P=0.526). The median time period within which the diagnosis of smear positive PTB was made after HAART initiation was 22 weeks and the mean time was 66.75 weeks. These findings provide evidence that development of smear positive PTB after HAART initiation may occur at any level of CD4 lymphocyte count (P<0.05). This study was limited by the relatively small sample size, we therefore recommend more studies involving a larger sample size in order to estimate more accurately the effect of both level of CD4 lymphocyte count and HAART on the development of smear positive PTB among HIV patients on treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; Coinfection/blood ; Coinfection/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; HIV Infections/blood ; HIV Infections/drug therapy ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Sputum/cytology ; Tanzania/epidemiology ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-12-31
Publishing country	Tanzania
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2656045-8
ISSN	1821-6404 ; 0856-6496
ISSN	1821-6404 ; 0856-6496
DOI	10.4314/thrb.v13i1.62113
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Article: Indoor residual spraying with microencapsulated DEET repellent (N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide) for control of Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus

Kitau, Jovin / Oxborough, Richard / Matowo, Johnson / Mosha, Franklin / Magesa, Stephen M / Rowland, Mark

Parasites & vectors. 2014 Dec., v. 7, no. 1

2014

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Evolution of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae complex necessitates evaluation of alternative chemical classes to complement existing insecticides for long lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Evolution of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae complex necessitates evaluation of alternative chemical classes to complement existing insecticides for long lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Microencapsulated (MC) DEET (N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide) is a formulation of the popular repellent, which gives long lasting activity when applied to nets. Its suitability for IRS use has not been evaluated before. This study assessed the efficacy of DEET MC, for IRS in experimental huts. METHODS: DEET MC was tested alongside standard repellent and non-repellent residual insecticides: lambdacyhalothrin, permethrin, pirimiphos methyl and DDT. Residual formulations of these compounds were sprayed on plywood panels attached to walls of experimental huts to assess efficacy against pyrethroid resistant, wild free-flying Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus. The panel treatments were rotated weekly between huts. RESULTS: The overall mortalities of An. arabiensis induced by the various treatments (range: 76-86%) were significantly greater than mortality in the untreated control (8%, P < 0.001). Mortality of An. arabiensis in DEET sprayed huts (82%) was higher than in lambdacyhalothrin CS (76%, P = 0.043) but not significantly different to pirimiphos methyl CS (86%, P = 0.204) or DDT huts (81%, P = 0.703). Against Cx. quinquefasciatus DEET MC was less effective, inducing lower mortality (29%) than other treatments. An arabiensis blood feeding rates were higher in the unsprayed control (34%) than in sprayed huts (range between treatments: 19-22%, P < 0.002), and DEET provided equivalent or superior blood feeding inhibition (44%) to other insecticides. Against Cx. quinquefasciatus there was no significant reduction in blood-feeding for any treatment relative to the control. There was a significantly higher exiting of An. arabiensis from huts sprayed with DEET (98%), lambdacyhalothrin (98%) and permethrin (96%) relative to the control (80%, P < 0.01). Exiting rates of Cx. quinquefasciatus did not differ between treatment huts and the control. CONCLUSION: Microencapsulated DEET acts like an insecticide at ambient temperature and induces mosquito mortality when applied to walls made from wooden panels. This trial demonstrated the potential of microencapsulated DEET to control An. arabiensis and warrants further studies of residual activity on interior substrates.
Keywords	Anopheles arabiensis ; Anopheles gambiae ; Culex quinquefasciatus ; DDT (pesticide) ; ambient temperature ; blood ; deet ; evolution ; insecticide resistance ; microencapsulation ; mortality ; permethrin ; plywood ; pyrethrins ; spraying
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-12
Size	p. 1620.
Publishing place	Springer-Verlag
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2409480-8
ISSN	1756-3305
ISSN	1756-3305
DOI	10.1186/1756-3305-7-446
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Article ; Online: Sibling species of the Anopheles funestus group, and their infection with malaria and lymphatic filarial parasites, in archived and newly collected specimens from northeastern Tanzania.

Derua, Yahya A / Alifrangis, Michael / Magesa, Stephen M / Kisinza, William N / Simonsen, Paul E

Malaria journal

2015 Volume 14, Page(s) 104

Abstract: Background: Studies on the East African coast have shown a recent dramatic decline in malaria vector density and change in composition of sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae complex, paralleled by a major decline in malaria incidence. In order to ... ...

Abstract	Background: Studies on the East African coast have shown a recent dramatic decline in malaria vector density and change in composition of sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae complex, paralleled by a major decline in malaria incidence. In order to better understand the ongoing changes in vector-parasite dynamics in the area, and to allow for appropriate adjustment of control activities, the present study examined the composition, and malaria and lymphatic filarial infection, of sibling species of the Anopheles funestus group. Similar to the An. gambiae complex, the An. funestus group contains important vectors of both malaria and lymphatic filariasis. Methods: Archived (from 2005-2012) and newly collected (from 2014) specimens of the An. funestus group collected indoors using CDC light traps in villages in northeastern Tanzania were analysed. They were identified to sibling species by PCR based on amplification of species-specific nucleotide sequence in the ITS2 region on rDNA genes. The specimens were furthermore examined for infection with Plasmodium falciparum and Wuchereria bancrofti by PCR. Results: The identified sibling species were An. funestus s.s., Anopheles parensis, Anopheles rivulorum, and Anopheles leesoni, with the first being by far the most common (overall 94.4%). When comparing archived specimens from 2005-2007 to those from 2008-2012, a small but statistically significant decrease in proportion of An. funestus s.s. was noted, but otherwise observed temporal changes in sibling species composition were minor. No P. falciparum was detected in archived specimens, while 8.3% of the newly collected An. funestus s.s. were positive for this parasite. The overall W. bancrofti infection rate decreased from 14.8% in the 2005-2007 archived specimens to only 0.5% in the newly collected specimens, and with overall 93.3% of infections being in An. funestus s.s. Conclusion: The study indicated that the composition of the An. funestus group had remained rather stable during the study period, with An. funestus s.s. being the most predominant. The study also showed increasing P. falciparum infection and decreasing W. bancrofti infection in An. funestus s.s. in the study period, most likely reflecting infection levels with these parasites in the human population in the area.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anopheles/classification ; Anopheles/genetics ; Anopheles/parasitology ; Elephantiasis, Filarial/transmission ; Malaria/transmission ; Tanzania
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-03-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1475-2875
ISSN (online)	1475-2875
DOI	10.1186/s12936-015-0616-4
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Article ; Online: Indoor residual spraying with microencapsulated DEET repellent (N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide) for control of Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus.

Kitau, Jovin / Oxborough, Richard / Matowo, Johnson / Mosha, Franklin / Magesa, Stephen M / Rowland, Mark

Parasites & vectors

2014 Volume 7, Page(s) 446

Abstract: Background: Evolution of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae complex necessitates evaluation of alternative chemical classes to complement existing insecticides for long lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). ... ...

Abstract	Background: Evolution of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae complex necessitates evaluation of alternative chemical classes to complement existing insecticides for long lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Microencapsulated (MC) DEET (N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide) is a formulation of the popular repellent, which gives long lasting activity when applied to nets. Its suitability for IRS use has not been evaluated before. This study assessed the efficacy of DEET MC, for IRS in experimental huts. Methods: DEET MC was tested alongside standard repellent and non-repellent residual insecticides: lambdacyhalothrin, permethrin, pirimiphos methyl and DDT. Residual formulations of these compounds were sprayed on plywood panels attached to walls of experimental huts to assess efficacy against pyrethroid resistant, wild free-flying Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus. The panel treatments were rotated weekly between huts. Results: The overall mortalities of An. arabiensis induced by the various treatments (range: 76-86%) were significantly greater than mortality in the untreated control (8%, P < 0.001). Mortality of An. arabiensis in DEET sprayed huts (82%) was higher than in lambdacyhalothrin CS (76%, P = 0.043) but not significantly different to pirimiphos methyl CS (86%, P = 0.204) or DDT huts (81%, P = 0.703). Against Cx. quinquefasciatus DEET MC was less effective, inducing lower mortality (29%) than other treatments. An arabiensis blood feeding rates were higher in the unsprayed control (34%) than in sprayed huts (range between treatments: 19-22%, P < 0.002), and DEET provided equivalent or superior blood feeding inhibition (44%) to other insecticides. Against Cx. quinquefasciatus there was no significant reduction in blood-feeding for any treatment relative to the control. There was a significantly higher exiting of An. arabiensis from huts sprayed with DEET (98%), lambdacyhalothrin (98%) and permethrin (96%) relative to the control (80%, P < 0.01). Exiting rates of Cx. quinquefasciatus did not differ between treatment huts and the control. Conclusion: Microencapsulated DEET acts like an insecticide at ambient temperature and induces mosquito mortality when applied to walls made from wooden panels. This trial demonstrated the potential of microencapsulated DEET to control An. arabiensis and warrants further studies of residual activity on interior substrates.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anopheles/drug effects ; Culex/drug effects ; DEET/chemistry ; DEET/pharmacology ; Drug Compounding ; Female ; Housing ; Insect Repellents/chemistry ; Insect Repellents/pharmacology ; Insecticide Resistance ; Insecticides/chemistry ; Insecticides/pharmacology ; Mosquito Control/methods
Chemical Substances	Insect Repellents ; Insecticides ; DEET (134-62-3)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-09-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2409480-8
ISSN	1756-3305 ; 1756-3305
ISSN (online)	1756-3305
ISSN	1756-3305
DOI	10.1186/1756-3305-7-446
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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