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Article ; Online: Comparison of subarachnoid administration of low-dose bupivacaine and lidocaine in healthy goats.

Fackler, Bethany M / Pablo, Luisito S / Chiavaccini, Ludovica / Hernandez, Jorge A / Mallicote, Martha F

2024 , Page(s) 1–6

Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of low-dose subarachnoid injections of 2% lidocaine (LIDO) and 0.5% bupivacaine (BUPI) in goats.: Animals: 6 healthy, privately owned female goats.: Methods: In this randomized blind crossover ... ...

Abstract	Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of low-dose subarachnoid injections of 2% lidocaine (LIDO) and 0.5% bupivacaine (BUPI) in goats. Animals: 6 healthy, privately owned female goats. Methods: In this randomized blind crossover clinical trial, each goat received 0.05 mL/kg-1 of LIDO, BUPI, or sterile saline solution into the lumbosacral subarachnoid space, with a seven-day washout. Cardiorespiratory variables, rectal temperature, and somatosensory (pinprick) and motor (ataxia) functions were recorded at baseline (time 0) and 2, 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes after injection, then every 20 minutes until the goat was standing and able to walk. Time to regain somatosensory and motor functions was compared between treatments using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the Cox proportional hazards model. Linear mixed-effects models were used to compare cardiorespiratory variables between treatments and over time. A P value ≤ .05 was considered significant. Results: Somatosensory recovery was longer with BUPI, though not statistically significant. The median time to stand was 50 (50, 67) minutes after LIDO injection and 104 (101, 156) minutes after BUPI injection (P = .031). The median time to walk was 72 (54, 85) minutes after LIDO versus 225 (220, 245) minutes after BUPI injection (P = .031). Cardiovascular and respiratory variables showed no significant differences between treatments. Clinical relevance: Despite prolonged ataxia with BUPI, pinprick sensation recovery did not differ. At reduced doses, both LIDO and BUPI are deemed acceptable for short procedures of the flank, pelvic limb, or tail in healthy goats.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390796-x
ISSN	1943-5681 ; 0002-9645
ISSN (online)	1943-5681
ISSN	0002-9645
DOI	10.2460/ajvr.24.02.0030
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Article ; Online: Efficacy of treatment of equine anhidrosis with acupuncture and Chinese herbs is low but higher in treated horses compared with placebo.

Mallicote, Martha F / Medina, Carolina I / Xie, H / Zilberschtein, Jose / Atria, Stacie / Manzie, Megan / Hernandez, Jorge A / MacKay, Robert J

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

2023 Volume 262, Issue 3, Page(s) 1–6

Abstract: Objective: To assess the therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture in combination with Chinese herbs for treatment of horses affected with anhidrosis.: Animals: 44 horses affected with anhidrosis for up to 3 years' duration were enrolled. Inclusion ... ...

Abstract	Objective: To assess the therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture in combination with Chinese herbs for treatment of horses affected with anhidrosis. Animals: 44 horses affected with anhidrosis for up to 3 years' duration were enrolled. Inclusion required both compatible clinical signs and results of a quantitative intradermal terbutaline sweat test. Methods: Study horses were randomly allocated into 2 groups. Group 1 (n = 19) was treated with daily Chinese herbs and 4 weekly acupuncture sessions. Group 2 (n = 25) was given daily hay powder as a placebo and 4 weekly sham acupuncture sessions. Horses were tested by quantitative intradermal terbutaline sweat test within 2 days after treatment completion and again 4 weeks following treatment. Results: Terbutaline-induced sweat responses (mg) were not different between groups within 2 days and 4 weeks after treatment. Two days after treatment, ratios of sweat responses (compared to baseline) were higher (P < .05) in the treatment group compared to the placebo group at terbutaline concentrations of 1.0, 100, and 1,000 µg/mL. The number of horses responding to treatment was higher in the treatment group (5/19 [26%]), compared to horses in the placebo group (1/25 [4%]) for 1 of 5 terbutaline concentrations 2 days (10 µg/mL) or 4 weeks (0.1 µg/mL) after treatment. Clinical relevance: Ratios of sweat responses were higher in treatment horses 2 days after treatment, compared to baseline, but not 4 weeks later. The efficacy of a traditional Chinese veterinary medicine protocol for anhidrosis treatment with acupuncture and Chinese herbs was low but higher in treated horses compared with placebo.
MeSH term(s)	Horses ; Animals ; Hypohidrosis/veterinary ; Terbutaline ; Sweating ; Acupuncture Therapy/veterinary ; Horse Diseases/drug therapy ; Horse Diseases/diagnosis
Chemical Substances	Terbutaline (N8ONU3L3PG)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial, Veterinary ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390811-2
ISSN	1943-569X ; 0003-1488
ISSN (online)	1943-569X
ISSN	0003-1488
DOI	10.2460/javma.23.08.0474
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Article: Ion Channel and Ubiquitin Differential Expression during Erythromycin-Induced Anhidrosis in Foals

Patterson Rosa, Laura / Mallicote, Martha F. / MacKay, Robert J. / Brooks, Samantha A.

Animals. 2021 Nov. 25, v. 11, no. 12

2021

Abstract: Macrolide drugs are the treatment of choice for Rhodococcus equi infections, despite severe side-effects temporary anhidrosis as a. To better understand the molecular biology leading to macrolide induced anhidrosis, we performed skin biopsies and ... ...

Abstract	Macrolide drugs are the treatment of choice for Rhodococcus equi infections, despite severe side-effects temporary anhidrosis as a. To better understand the molecular biology leading to macrolide induced anhidrosis, we performed skin biopsies and Quantitative Intradermal Terbutaline Sweat Tests (QITSTs) in six healthy pony-cross foals for three different timepoints during erythromycin administration—pre-treatment (baseline), during anhidrosis and post-recovery. RNA sequencing of biopsies followed by differential gene expression analysis compared both pre and post normal sweating timepoints to the erythromycin induced anhidrosis episode. After Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, 132 gene transcripts were significantly differentially expressed during the anhidrotic timepoint. Gene ontology analysis of the full differentially expressed gene set identified over-represented biological functions for ubiquitination and ion-channel function, both biologically relevant to sweat production. These same mechanisms were previously implicated in heritable equine idiopathic anhidrosis and sweat gland function and their involvement in macrolide-induced temporary anhidrosis warrants further investigation.
Keywords	Rhodococcus equi ; adverse effects ; erythromycin ; gene expression regulation ; gene ontology ; genes ; ion channels ; molecular biology ; sweat ; sweat glands ; ubiquitin ; ubiquitination
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-1125
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani11123379
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of single-dose enteral cannabidiol and cannabidiolic acid rich hemp in horses (

Thomson, Alexander C S / McCarrel, Taralyn M / Zakharov, Alexander / Gomez, Beatriz / Lyubimov, Alex / Schwark, Wayne S / Mallicote, Martha F / Portela, Diego A / Bisiau, Amber L / Wakshlag, Joseph J

Frontiers in veterinary science

2024 Volume 11, Page(s) 1356463

Abstract: The pharmacokinetics and tolerability of cannabinoids and their metabolites were determined in eight horses after enteral administration of a commercial CBD/CBDA-rich hemp oil product. Each horse was administered 2 mg/kg or 8 mg/kg CBD/CBDA or no ... ...

Abstract	The pharmacokinetics and tolerability of cannabinoids and their metabolites were determined in eight horses after enteral administration of a commercial CBD/CBDA-rich hemp oil product. Each horse was administered 2 mg/kg or 8 mg/kg CBD/CBDA or no treatment in a randomized cross-over design. Serial serum samples collected over 48 h were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma chemistry analysis was performed at 0 h and 24 h. Vital parameters, pedometry, and blinded mentation and gait evaluations were recorded at intervals up to 24 h. Manure production and gastrointestinal transit time were tracked for 48 h after oil administration. The median maximal concentration of CBD and CBDA were 5.2 and 36.95 ng/mL in the 2 mg/kg group, respectively; and 40.35 and 353.56 ng/mL in the 8 mg/kg group. The median half-life of elimination was not calculated for the 2 mg/kg CBD treatment due to lack of time points above the lower quantifiable limit beyond the Cmax while it was 7.75 h in the 8 mg/kg group. CBDA absorption was biphasic. Pharmacokinetic parameters for tetrahydrocannabinol, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, cannabigerolic acid, and 7-carboxy cannabidiol are also reported. No significant differences in any of the measured tolerability parameters were demonstrated between treatment groups. Single-dose enteral administration of CBD/CBDA-rich hemp extract up to 8 mg/kg does not appear to produce neurologic, behavioral, or gastrointestinal effects in horses.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2834243-4
ISSN	2297-1769
ISSN	2297-1769
DOI	10.3389/fvets.2024.1356463
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Article: Ion Channel and Ubiquitin Differential Expression during Erythromycin-Induced Anhidrosis in Foals.

Patterson Rosa, Laura / Mallicote, Martha F / MacKay, Robert J / Brooks, Samantha A

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2021 Volume 11, Issue 12

Abstract: Macrolide drugs are the treatment of choice ... ...

Abstract	Macrolide drugs are the treatment of choice for
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-25
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani11123379
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Article: Metabogenomics reveals four candidate regions involved in the pathophysiology of Equine Metabolic Syndrome

Patterson Rosa, Laura / Mallicote, Martha F / Long, Maureen T / Brooks, Samantha A

Molecular and cellular probes. 2020 Oct., v. 53

2020

Abstract: An analogous condition to human metabolic syndrome, Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) is defined by several clinical signs including obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and peripheral insulin dysregulation (ID). Affected horses may also exhibit hypertension, ... ...

Abstract	An analogous condition to human metabolic syndrome, Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) is defined by several clinical signs including obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and peripheral insulin dysregulation (ID). Affected horses may also exhibit hypertension, hyperlipemia and systemic inflammation. Measures of ID typically comprise the gold-standard for diagnosis in veterinary care. Yet, the dynamic nature of insulin homeostasis and complex procedures of typical assays make accurate quantification of ID and EMS challenging. This work aimed to investigate new strategies for identification of biochemical markers and correlated genes in EMS. To quantify EMS risk within this population, we utilized a composite score derived from nine common diagnostic variables. We applied a global liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy approach (HPLC/MS) to whole plasma collected from 49 Arabian horses, resulting in 3392 high-confidence features and identification of putative metabolites in public databases. We performed a genome wide association analysis with genotypes from the 670k Affymetrix Equine SNP array utilizing EMS-correlated metabolites as phenotypes. We discovered four metabolite features significantly correlated with EMS score (P < 1.474 × 10⁻⁵). GWAs for these features results (P = 6.787 × 10⁻⁷, Bonferroni) identified four unique candidate regions (r² > 0.4) containing 63 genes. Significant genomic markers capture 43.52% of the variation in the original EMS score phenotype. The identified genomic loci provide insight into the pathways controlling variation in EMS and the origin of genetic predisposition to the condition. Rapid, feasible and accurate diagnostic tools derived from metabogenomics can be translated into measurable benefits in the timeline and quality of preventative management practices to preserve health in horses.
Keywords	biomarkers ; databases ; diagnostic techniques ; genes ; genetic markers ; genetic predisposition to disease ; genome-wide association study ; genomics ; genotype ; high performance liquid chromatography ; homeostasis ; horses ; hyperinsulinemia ; hyperlipidemia ; hypertension ; inflammation ; insulin ; loci ; mass spectrometry ; metabolic syndrome ; metabolites ; obesity ; pathophysiology ; phenotype ; risk ; signs and symptoms (animals and humans) ; single nucleotide polymorphism ; single nucleotide polymorphism arrays
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-10
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	639082-1
ISSN	1096-1194 ; 0890-8508
ISSN (online)	1096-1194
ISSN	0890-8508
DOI	10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101620
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Metabogenomics reveals four candidate regions involved in the pathophysiology of Equine Metabolic Syndrome.

Patterson Rosa, Laura / Mallicote, Martha F / Long, Maureen T / Brooks, Samantha A

Molecular and cellular probes

2020 Volume 53, Page(s) 101620

Abstract	An analogous condition to human metabolic syndrome, Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) is defined by several clinical signs including obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and peripheral insulin dysregulation (ID). Affected horses may also exhibit hypertension, hyperlipemia and systemic inflammation. Measures of ID typically comprise the gold-standard for diagnosis in veterinary care. Yet, the dynamic nature of insulin homeostasis and complex procedures of typical assays make accurate quantification of ID and EMS challenging. This work aimed to investigate new strategies for identification of biochemical markers and correlated genes in EMS. To quantify EMS risk within this population, we utilized a composite score derived from nine common diagnostic variables. We applied a global liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy approach (HPLC/MS) to whole plasma collected from 49 Arabian horses, resulting in 3392 high-confidence features and identification of putative metabolites in public databases. We performed a genome wide association analysis with genotypes from the 670k Affymetrix Equine SNP array utilizing EMS-correlated metabolites as phenotypes. We discovered four metabolite features significantly correlated with EMS score (P < 1.474 × 10
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Genomics/methods ; Horse Diseases/blood ; Horse Diseases/genetics ; Horses ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; Metabolic Syndrome/blood ; Metabolic Syndrome/genetics ; Metabolic Syndrome/veterinary ; Metabolomics/methods
Chemical Substances	Genetic Markers
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	639082-1
ISSN	1096-1194 ; 0890-8508
ISSN (online)	1096-1194
ISSN	0890-8508
DOI	10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101620
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Article: Plasma l‐indospicine and 3‐nitropropionic acid in ponies fed creeping indigo: Comparison with results from an episode of presumptive creeping indigo toxicosis

Darby, Shannon / Sanchez, L. Chris / Mallicote, Martha F. / House, Amanda M. / Plummer, Caryn E. / Nadruz, Veridiana / Benmoha, Rachel H. / Roberts, Stephen M. / Derendorf, Hartmut / Silva‐Sanchez, Cecilia / Claire, Jami / MacKay, Robert J.

Equine veterinary journal. 2022 Jan., v. 54, no. 1

2022

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Creeping indigo (Indigofera spicata) toxicosis is an emerging problem among horses in Florida and bordering states. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the putative toxins l‐indospicine (IND) and 3‐nitropropionic acid (NPA) in creeping indigo collected ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Creeping indigo (Indigofera spicata) toxicosis is an emerging problem among horses in Florida and bordering states. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the putative toxins l‐indospicine (IND) and 3‐nitropropionic acid (NPA) in creeping indigo collected from multiple sites and to measure plasma toxin concentrations in ponies fed creeping indigo and horses with presumptive creeping indigo toxicosis. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental descriptive study with descriptive observational field investigation. METHODS: Air‐dried creeping indigo was assayed for IND and NPA content. Five ponies were fed chopped creeping indigo containing 1 mg/kg/day of IND and trace amounts of NPA for 5 days, then observed for 28 days. Blood samples from these ponies and from horses involved in a presumptive creeping indigo toxicosis were assayed for IND and NPA. RESULTS: IND in creeping indigo plants was 0.4‐3.5 mg/g dry matter whereas NPA was <0.01 to 0.03 mg/g. During creeping indigo feeding, clinical and laboratory signs were unchanged except for significant weight loss (median 6%, range 2%‐9%; p = .04) and significant increase from baseline plasma protein concentration (median 16 g/L, range 8‐25 g/L; p < .001). These changes could not definitively be ascribed to creeping indigo ingestion. Plasma IND rose to 3.9 ± 0.52 mg/L on day 6. Pharmacokinetic modelling indicated an elimination half‐life of 25 days and a steady state plasma concentration of 22 mg/L. Plasma IND concentration in sick horses during an incident of creeping indigo toxicosis was approximately twice that of clinically normal pasture mates. Plasma NPA was <0.05 mg/L in all samples. MAIN LIMITATIONS: Creeping indigo used in the feeding trial may not be representative of plants involved in creeping indigo toxicosis. There was no control group without creeping indigo in the feeding trial. CONCLUSIONS: Indospicine can be detected in blood of horses consuming creeping indigo and the toxin accumulates in tissues and clears slowly. The role of NPA in the neurological signs of this syndrome is unclear.
Keywords	3-nitropropionic acid ; Indigofera spicata ; air drying ; blood proteins ; descriptive studies ; half life ; horses ; indigo ; ingestion ; pastures ; pharmacokinetics ; poisoning ; toxins ; weight loss ; Florida
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-01
Size	p. 145-152.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	41606-x
ISSN	0425-1644
ISSN	0425-1644
DOI	10.1111/evj.13415
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Article ; Online: Use of principle component analysis to quantitatively score the equine metabolic syndrome phenotype in an Arabian horse population.

Lewis, Samantha L / Holl, Heather M / Long, Maureen T / Mallicote, Martha F / Brooks, Samantha A

PloS one

2018 Volume 13, Issue 7, Page(s) e0200583

Abstract: Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), like human metabolic syndrome, comprises a collection of clinical signs related to obesity, insulin dysregulation and susceptibility to secondary inflammatory disease. Although the secondary conditions resulting from EMS ... ...

Abstract	Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), like human metabolic syndrome, comprises a collection of clinical signs related to obesity, insulin dysregulation and susceptibility to secondary inflammatory disease. Although the secondary conditions resulting from EMS can be life-threatening, diagnosis is not straightforward and often complicated by the presence of other concurrent conditions like pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). In order to better characterize EMS, we sought to describe the variation within, and correlations between, typical physical and endocrine parameters for EMS. Utilizing an unsupervised statistical approach, we evaluated a population of Arabian horses using a physical examination including body measurements, as well as blood plasma insulin, leptin, ACTH, glucose, and lipid values. We investigated the relationships among these variables using principle component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering, and linear regression. Owner-assigned assessments of body condition were one full score (on a nine-point scale) lower than scores assigned by researchers, indicating differing perception of healthy equine body weight. Rotated PCA defined two factor scores explaining a total of 46.3% of variation within the dataset. Hierarchical clustering using these two factors revealed three groups corresponding well to traditional diagnostic categories of "Healthy", "PPID-suspect", and "EMS-suspect" based on the characteristics of each group. Proxies estimating up to 93.4% of the composite "EMS-suspect" and "PPID-suspect" scores were created using a reduced set of commonly used diagnostic variables, to facilitate application of these quantitative scores to horses of the Arabian breed in the field. Use of breed-specific, comprehensive physical and endocrinological variables combined in a single quantitative score may improve detection of horses at-risk for developing EMS, particularly in those lacking severe clinical signs. Quantification of EMS without the use of predetermined reference ranges provides an advantageous approach for future studies utilizing genomic or metabolomics approaches to improve understanding of the etiology behind this troubling condition.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Body Weight ; Female ; Horse Diseases/blood ; Horses ; Insulin/blood ; Leptin/blood ; Lipids/blood ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome/blood ; Metabolic Syndrome/pathology ; Metabolic Syndrome/veterinary ; Phenotype
Chemical Substances	Blood Glucose ; Insulin ; Leptin ; Lipids
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-07-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Clinical Trial, Veterinary ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0200583
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Plasma l-indospicine and 3-nitropropionic acid in ponies fed creeping indigo: Comparison with results from an episode of presumptive creeping indigo toxicosis.

Darby, Shannon / Sanchez, L Chris / Mallicote, Martha F / House, Amanda M / Plummer, Caryn E / Nadruz, Veridiana / Benmoha, Rachel H / Roberts, Stephen M / Derendorf, Hartmut / Silva-Sanchez, Cecilia / Claire, Jami / MacKay, Robert J

Equine veterinary journal

2021 Volume 54, Issue 1, Page(s) 145–152

Abstract: Background: Creeping indigo (Indigofera spicata) toxicosis is an emerging problem among horses in Florida and bordering states.: Objectives: To quantify the putative toxins l-indospicine (IND) and 3-nitropropionic acid (NPA) in creeping indigo ... ...

Abstract	Background: Creeping indigo (Indigofera spicata) toxicosis is an emerging problem among horses in Florida and bordering states. Objectives: To quantify the putative toxins l-indospicine (IND) and 3-nitropropionic acid (NPA) in creeping indigo collected from multiple sites and to measure plasma toxin concentrations in ponies fed creeping indigo and horses with presumptive creeping indigo toxicosis. Study design: Experimental descriptive study with descriptive observational field investigation. Methods: Air-dried creeping indigo was assayed for IND and NPA content. Five ponies were fed chopped creeping indigo containing 1 mg/kg/day of IND and trace amounts of NPA for 5 days, then observed for 28 days. Blood samples from these ponies and from horses involved in a presumptive creeping indigo toxicosis were assayed for IND and NPA. Results: IND in creeping indigo plants was 0.4-3.5 mg/g dry matter whereas NPA was <0.01 to 0.03 mg/g. During creeping indigo feeding, clinical and laboratory signs were unchanged except for significant weight loss (median 6%, range 2%-9%; p = .04) and significant increase from baseline plasma protein concentration (median 16 g/L, range 8-25 g/L; p < .001). These changes could not definitively be ascribed to creeping indigo ingestion. Plasma IND rose to 3.9 ± 0.52 mg/L on day 6. Pharmacokinetic modelling indicated an elimination half-life of 25 days and a steady state plasma concentration of 22 mg/L. Plasma IND concentration in sick horses during an incident of creeping indigo toxicosis was approximately twice that of clinically normal pasture mates. Plasma NPA was <0.05 mg/L in all samples. Main limitations: Creeping indigo used in the feeding trial may not be representative of plants involved in creeping indigo toxicosis. There was no control group without creeping indigo in the feeding trial. Conclusions: Indospicine can be detected in blood of horses consuming creeping indigo and the toxin accumulates in tissues and clears slowly. The role of NPA in the neurological signs of this syndrome is unclear.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Horse Diseases/chemically induced ; Horses ; Indigo Carmine ; Indigofera ; Nitro Compounds ; Norleucine/analogs & derivatives ; Propionates
Chemical Substances	Nitro Compounds ; Propionates ; Norleucine (832C8OV84S) ; Indigo Carmine (D3741U8K7L) ; 3-nitropropionic acid (QY4L0FOX0D) ; indospicine (X29Q4D9671)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	41606-x
ISSN	2042-3306 ; 0425-1644
ISSN (online)	2042-3306
ISSN	0425-1644
DOI	10.1111/evj.13415
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