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Article: Vitamin D receptor and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Growing therapeutic opportunities.

Manchanda, Parmeet Kaur / Bid, Hemant K

2013 Volume 18, Issue 3, Page(s) 274–275

Language	English
Publishing date	2013-05-28
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2109167-5
ISSN	1998-362X ; 0971-6866
ISSN (online)	1998-362X
ISSN	0971-6866
DOI	10.4103/0971-6866.107975
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Article: Analysis of cytokine gene polymorphisms in recipient's matched with living donors on acute rejection after renal transplantation.

Manchanda, Parmeet Kaur / Mittal, Rama Devi

Molecular and cellular biochemistry

2008 Volume 311, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 57–65

Abstract: Despite advances in immunosuppressive therapy in last few years, allograft rejection still remains the concern for kidney graft failure. Cytokines are key mediators in the induction and effector phases of all immune and inflammatory responses. They are ... ...

Abstract	Despite advances in immunosuppressive therapy in last few years, allograft rejection still remains the concern for kidney graft failure. Cytokines are key mediators in the induction and effector phases of all immune and inflammatory responses. They are not allospecific so both recipient as well as donor cells may be subjected to cytokine changes. We sought to ascertain whether IL-1B -511, IL-1B +3954, TNF-A -308, TGF-B Codon 10 and 25, IL-2 -330, IL-6 -174, IL-10 -1082, IL-10 -819 (SNPs), IL-1RN, IL-4 (VNTR) and TGF-B C-del (deletion) genes in two hundred subjects including recipients and their live matched donors influence renal allograft outcome. Screening was performed using PCR-RFLP and amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS-PCR). The risk for rejection appeared significant amongst recipients for pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1B + 3954 (P = 0.045) and TNF-A -308 (0.031). No association of cytokine gene variants with rejection was observed in donors group. Further evaluating combinational effect of TNF-A (-308), IL-4 and IL-10 (-819) genes with the risk of allograft rejection showed no additive influence. Haplotype analysis between IL-1 gene cluster, TGF-B Codon 10 and 25 and IL-10 -1082 and -819 revealed that haplotypes of IL-1 gene 240-T-C, 410-T-C and 410-T-T showed very high risk among the recipients (>16, >5 and >12 folds risk respectively) when compared to donors. Interestingly, all these three haplotypes contained the variant allele T* of IL-B -511. In conclusion, our results suggest that high producing genotypes of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in recipients have risk for allograft rejection. Lack of association in donors may be suggestive of having no conspicuous role in allograft outcome. Further analysis of diversity in haplotype variations in large populations could conceivably provide the basis for defined approaches to limit the rejections.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Cytokines/genetics ; Cytokines/immunology ; Female ; Genotype ; Graft Rejection/genetics ; Graft Rejection/immunology ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Regression Analysis ; Tissue Donors
Chemical Substances	Cytokines
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-04
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	184833-1
ISSN	1573-4919 ; 0300-8177
ISSN (online)	1573-4919
ISSN	0300-8177
DOI	10.1007/s11010-007-9694-0
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Article: Association of interleukin (IL)-4 intron-3 and IL-6 -174 G/C gene polymorphism with susceptibility to end-stage renal disease.

Mittal, Rama Devi / Manchanda, Parmeet Kaur

Immunogenetics

2007 Volume 59, Issue 2, Page(s) 159–165

Abstract: Earlier studies suggest that end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with inflammatory state and have become a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study speculated the role of interleukins (IL)-2, -4, and -6 cytokines gene ... ...

Abstract	Earlier studies suggest that end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with inflammatory state and have become a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study speculated the role of interleukins (IL)-2, -4, and -6 cytokines gene polymorphism with risk of susceptibility to ESRD. Polymorphism in IL-2 (-330 T/G, polymerase chain reaction [PCR]-restriction fragment length polymorphism), IL-4 (intron-3, variable number of tandem repeat, variable number tandem repeats analysis), and IL-6 (-174 G/C, amplification refractory mutation system, i.e. ARMS-PCR) were genotyped in 193 ESRD patients and 180 controls. Significant difference was observed in genotype frequencies of IL-4 and IL-6 between ESRD patients and control group (p<0.001 and p=0.032, respectively). Patients had higher frequency of homozygous B2B2 genotype (IL-4) than controls (62.7% vs 46.7) and GG genotype of IL-6 (73.1% vs 60.6%). The genotypic frequencies of IL-2 were comparable in patients and controls (p=0.102). Significant association of IL-4 was also observed in patients with glomerulonephritis (p=0.001). Combination of low IL-4 and high IL-6 genotypes were significantly associated with ESRD showing the highest risk, i.e. >threefolds risk (odds ratio=3.48, 95%CI=1.88-6.42; p < 0.001) among the four possible combinations taking high IL-4 and low IL-6 as reference. Our study suggests that polymorphism in IL-4 and IL-6 may be associated with susceptibility to ESRD. Further, combined analysis implicated a higher risk in ESRD patients with low IL-4 and high IL-6 producing genotypes. This study provided the basis for defined anti-inflammatory approaches to limit renal disease progression.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Base Sequence ; Case-Control Studies ; DNA Primers/genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Interleukin-2/genetics ; Interleukin-4/genetics ; Interleukin-6/genetics ; Introns ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/genetics ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Minisatellite Repeats ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Chemical Substances	DNA Primers ; IL4 protein, human ; IL6 protein, human ; Interleukin-2 ; Interleukin-6 ; Interleukin-4 (207137-56-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	186560-2
ISSN	1432-1211 ; 0093-7711
ISSN (online)	1432-1211
ISSN	0093-7711
DOI	10.1007/s00251-006-0182-6
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Article: Is low-frequency distribution of TGF-beta genotype associated with increased risk for end-stage renal disease?

Mittal, Rama Devi / Manchanda, Parmeet Kaur

DNA and cell biology

2007 Volume 26, Issue 3, Page(s) 172–177

Abstract: End-stage renal disease has been associated with an inflammatory state. TGF-beta plays a critical role in antiinflammation counteracting inflammatory cytokines, wound healing, and tissue repair. We, therefore, speculated the protective role of TGF-beta ... ...

Abstract	End-stage renal disease has been associated with an inflammatory state. TGF-beta plays a critical role in antiinflammation counteracting inflammatory cytokines, wound healing, and tissue repair. We, therefore, speculated the protective role of TGF-beta in renal inflammation rather than inducing fibrosis. Three polymorphisms of TGF-beta (713-8delC), i.e., C deletion in intron sequence 8 base prior to exon-5 by PCR-RFLP and codon-10, Leu/Pro, and codon-25, Arg/Pro by Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS-PCR) techniques were genotyped in 228 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and 180 controls. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype analysis was performed by Arlequin software. Our data showed positive association between codon-10 polymorphism and ESRD risk (P < 0.001; OR 4.845, 95% CI 2.57-9.11 for Pro/Pro). However, genotype frequencies were comparable in patients and controls for 713-8delC, while in the case of codon-25, a trend of higher frequency of Pro/Pro genotype (16.2% versus 10.0%) was observed but the P-value did not reach significant (P = 0.187). Significant association of codon-10 Pro/Pro was observed in patients with glomerulonephritis (P = 0.001; OR 4.138, 95%CI 2.1-8.13). LD was found significant between codon-10 and 25 (P = 0.021). Haplotype "Pro-Pro" showed 1.8-fold higher risk for ESRD (p = 0.003; OR = 1.867, 95%CI = 1.229-2.838). A combined analysis of the effect of TGF-beta (codon-10) with C-deletion and codon-25 showed significant difference for TGF-beta(10)-TGF-beta(C-del) (P = 0.010). In conclusion, the present study suggests that low-producing genotype (Pro/Pro) of TGF-beta (codon-10) polymorphism is associated with ESRD. Haplotype analysis further suggested that "Pro-Pro" (low producer) is associated with higher risk for ESRD. Thus, high-producing genotype of TGF-beta may be beneficial and may play a potential role in the resolution of renal inflammation.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alleles ; Codon/genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/genetics ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephritis/genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Proline/genetics ; Risk ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
Chemical Substances	Codon ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Proline (9DLQ4CIU6V)
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1024454-2
ISSN	1557-7430 ; 1044-5498 ; 0198-0238
ISSN (online)	1557-7430
ISSN	1044-5498 ; 0198-0238
DOI	10.1089/dna.2006.0520
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Article: Implications of XRCC1, XPD and APE1 gene polymorphism in North Indian population: a comparative approach in different ethnic groups worldwide

Gangwar, Ruchika / Manchanda, Parmeet Kaur / Mittal, Rama Devi

Genetica. 2009 May, v. 136, no. 1

2009

Abstract: Identifying risk factors for human cancers should consider combinations of genetic variations and environmental exposures. Several polymorphisms in DNA repair genes have impact on repair and cancer susceptibility. We focused on X-ray repair cross- ... ...

Abstract	Identifying risk factors for human cancers should consider combinations of genetic variations and environmental exposures. Several polymorphisms in DNA repair genes have impact on repair and cancer susceptibility. We focused on X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1), Xeroderma pigmentosum D (XPD) and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1) as these are most extensively studied in cancer. Present study was conducted to determine distribution of XRCC1 C26304T, G27466A, G23591A, APE1 T2197G and XPD A35931C gene polymorphisms in North Indian population and compare with different populations globally. PCR-based analysis was conducted in 209 normal healthy individuals of similar ethnicity. Allelic frequencies in wild type of XRCC1 C26304T were 91.1% C(Arg); G27466A 62.9% G(Arg); G23591A 60.3% G(Arg); APE1 T2197G 75.1% T(Asp) and XPD A35931C 71.8% A(Lys). The variant allele frequency were 8.9% T(Trp) in XRCC1 C26304T; 37.1% A(His) in G27466A; 39.7% A(Gln) in G23591A; 24.9% G(Glu) in APE1 and 28.2% C(Gln) in XPD respectively. We further compared frequency distribution for these genes with various published studies in different ethnicity. Our results suggest that frequency in these DNA repair genes exhibit distinctive pattern in India that could be attributed to ethnicity variation. This could assist in high-risk screening of humans exposed to environmental carcinogens and cancer predisposition in different ethnic groups.
Keywords	DNA repair ; X-radiation ; carcinogens ; gene frequency ; genes ; genetic polymorphism ; humans ; nationalities and ethnic groups ; neoplasms ; risk factors ; screening ; India
Language	English
Dates of publication	2009-05
Size	p. 163-169.
Publisher	Springer Netherlands
Publishing place	Dordrecht
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2165-9
ISSN	1573-6857 ; 0016-6707
ISSN (online)	1573-6857
ISSN	0016-6707
DOI	10.1007/s10709-008-9329-8
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Article ; Online: Cytokine (IL-10 -1082 and -819) and chemokine receptor (CCR2 and CCR5) gene polymorphism in North Indian patients with end-stage renal disease.

Manchanda, Parmeet Kaur / Singh, Ranjana / Mittal, Rama Devi

DNA and cell biology

2009 Volume 28, Issue 4, Page(s) 177–183

Abstract: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with the inflammatory state characterized by infiltrating macrophages/lymphocytes, a major source of cytokines and chemokines. This study examined the role of genetic polymorphisms in cytokine, IL-10, and ... ...

Abstract	End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with the inflammatory state characterized by infiltrating macrophages/lymphocytes, a major source of cytokines and chemokines. This study examined the role of genetic polymorphisms in cytokine, IL-10, and chemokine receptors, CCR2 and CCR5, with susceptibility to ESRD. Polymorphisms in IL-10 (-1082 G/A, PCR-RFLP; -819 C/T, ARMS-PCR), CCR2 (Val/Ile, PCR-RFLP), and CCR5Delta32 were detected in 184 ESRD patients and 180 controls. Our results demonstrated a significant difference in genotype frequencies of IL-10 -1082G/A (p<0.001), IL-10 -819C/T (p=0.007), and CCR2Val/Ile (p=0.033) between ESRD patients and controls. However, only low-producing genotype AA of IL-10 -1082G/A showed significantly threefold higher risk for all ESRD patients (odds ratio [OR]=3.164, 95%CI=1.74-5.72) as well as patients with only inflammatory causes of renal diseases (OR=2.979, 95%CI=1.61-5.52). No risk was seen in variant genotype of other genes. The genotypic frequencies of CCR5Delta32 were comparable in patients and controls (p=0.203). In haplotype analysis, A-T haplotype (low producer) of IL-10 showed 1.7-fold risk (p>0.05). No risk was seen for CCR2 and CCR5 haplotypes. The AA genotype of IL-10 -1082G/A polymorphism was associated with increased susceptibility to ESRD. This study implies the basis for defined antiinflammatory approaches to impede renal disease progression.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; India ; Interleukin-10/genetics ; Interleukin-10/immunology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/genetics ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Receptors, CCR2/genetics ; Receptors, CCR2/immunology ; Receptors, CCR5/genetics ; Receptors, CCR5/immunology ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	CCR2 protein, human ; IL10 protein, human ; Receptors, CCR2 ; Receptors, CCR5 ; Interleukin-10 (130068-27-8)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1024454-2
ISSN	1557-7430 ; 0198-0238 ; 1044-5498
ISSN (online)	1557-7430
ISSN	0198-0238 ; 1044-5498
DOI	10.1089/dna.2008.0822
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Article ; Online: Implications of XRCC1, XPD and APE1 gene polymorphism in North Indian population: a comparative approach in different ethnic groups worldwide.

Gangwar, Ruchika / Manchanda, Parmeet Kaur / Mittal, Rama Devi

Genetica

2009 Volume 136, Issue 1, Page(s) 163–169

Abstract	Identifying risk factors for human cancers should consider combinations of genetic variations and environmental exposures. Several polymorphisms in DNA repair genes have impact on repair and cancer susceptibility. We focused on X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1), Xeroderma pigmentosum D (XPD) and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1) as these are most extensively studied in cancer. Present study was conducted to determine distribution of XRCC1 C26304T, G27466A, G23591A, APE1 T2197G and XPD A35931C gene polymorphisms in North Indian population and compare with different populations globally. PCR-based analysis was conducted in 209 normal healthy individuals of similar ethnicity. Allelic frequencies in wild type of XRCC1 C26304T were 91.1% C(Arg); G27466A 62.9% G(Arg); G23591A 60.3% G(Arg); APE1 T2197G 75.1% T(Asp) and XPD A35931C 71.8% A(Lys). The variant allele frequency were 8.9% T(Trp) in XRCC1 C26304T; 37.1% A(His) in G27466A; 39.7% A(Gln) in G23591A; 24.9% G(Glu) in APE1 and 28.2% C(Gln) in XPD respectively. We further compared frequency distribution for these genes with various published studies in different ethnicity. Our results suggest that frequency in these DNA repair genes exhibit distinctive pattern in India that could be attributed to ethnicity variation. This could assist in high-risk screening of humans exposed to environmental carcinogens and cancer predisposition in different ethnic groups.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; DNA Repair ; DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Ethnic Groups/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; India ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1 ; Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein/genetics
Chemical Substances	DNA-Binding Proteins ; X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1 ; XRCC1 protein, human ; Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein (EC 3.6.4.12) ; APEX1 protein, human (EC 4.2.99.18) ; DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase (EC 4.2.99.18) ; ERCC2 protein, human (EC 5.99.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-05
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2165-9
ISSN	1573-6857 ; 0016-6707
ISSN (online)	1573-6857
ISSN	0016-6707
DOI	10.1007/s10709-008-9329-8
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Article: Analysis of cytokine gene polymorphisms in recipient's matched with living donors on acute rejection after renal transplantation

Manchanda, Parmeet Kaur / Mittal, Rama Devi

Molecular and cellular biochemistry. 2008 Apr., v. 311, no. 1-2

2008

Abstract	Despite advances in immunosuppressive therapy in last few years, allograft rejection still remains the concern for kidney graft failure. Cytokines are key mediators in the induction and effector phases of all immune and inflammatory responses. They are not allospecific so both recipient as well as donor cells may be subjected to cytokine changes. We sought to ascertain whether IL-1B -511, IL-1B +3954, TNF-A -308, TGF-B Codon 10 and 25, IL-2 -330, IL-6 -174, IL-10 -1082, IL-10 -819 (SNPs), IL-1RN, IL-4 (VNTR) and TGF-B C-del (deletion) genes in two hundred subjects including recipients and their live matched donors influence renal allograft outcome. Screening was performed using PCR-RFLP and amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS-PCR). The risk for rejection appeared significant amongst recipients for pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1B + 3954 (P = 0.045) and TNF-A -308 (0.031). No association of cytokine gene variants with rejection was observed in donors group. Further evaluating combinational effect of TNF-A (-308), IL-4 and IL-10 (-819) genes with the risk of allograft rejection showed no additive influence. Haplotype analysis between IL-1 gene cluster, TGF-B Codon 10 and 25 and IL-10 -1082 and -819 revealed that haplotypes of IL-1 gene 240-T-C, 410-T-C and 410-T-T showed very high risk among the recipients (>16, >5 and >12 folds risk respectively) when compared to donors. Interestingly, all these three haplotypes contained the variant allele T* of IL-B -511. In conclusion, our results suggest that high producing genotypes of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in recipients have risk for allograft rejection. Lack of association in donors may be suggestive of having no conspicuous role in allograft outcome. Further analysis of diversity in haplotype variations in large populations could conceivably provide the basis for defined approaches to limit the rejections.
Language	English
Dates of publication	2008-04
Size	p. 57-65.
Publisher	Springer US
Publishing place	Boston
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	184833-1
ISSN	1573-4919 ; 0300-8177
ISSN (online)	1573-4919
ISSN	0300-8177
DOI	10.1007/s11010-007-9694-0
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Article ; Online: BCG response prediction with cytokine gene variants and bladder cancer: where we are?

Ahirwar, Dinesh Kumar / Manchanda, Parmeet Kaur / Mittal, Rama Devi / Bid, Hemant K

Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology

2011 Volume 137, Issue 12, Page(s) 1729–1738

Abstract: Purpose: Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most widespread cancers afflicting men and women and also has major philosophical impact on health care worldwide. Despite elaborate characterization of the risk factors and treatment options, BC is still a ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most widespread cancers afflicting men and women and also has major philosophical impact on health care worldwide. Despite elaborate characterization of the risk factors and treatment options, BC is still a major epidemiological problem worldwide and its incidence lingers to upswing each year. Over the last three decades, intravesical immunotherapy with the biological response modifier Mycobacterium bovis-Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) has been established as the most effective adjuvant treatment for averting local recurrences and tumor progression following transurethral resection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Design and methods: PUBMED database was searched for articles, and manuscripts were selected that provided data regarding the correlation of BCG therapy and its response with different cytokine gene variants. Results: It is not clear how Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) works to treat BC. It may stimulate an immune response or cause inflammation of the bladder wall that destroys cancer cells within the bladder. Lot of reports indicated the correlation of various cytokines with respect to BCG therapy in BC, but the exact mechanism is under debate. Conclusion: Research continues to establish the most effectual strain of BCG and the best dosage schedule for the treatment for bladder cancer but, on the other hand, a very critical part of this therapy to find out the correlation of different cytokine with BCG therapy, which will give a better insights not only the mechanism but also a better therapeutic options.
MeSH term(s)	BCG Vaccine/therapeutic use ; Cytokines/genetics ; Cytokines/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Inflammation/complications ; Male ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/etiology ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/immunology ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/therapy
Chemical Substances	BCG Vaccine ; Cytokines
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-09-20
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	134792-5
ISSN	1432-1335 ; 0171-5216 ; 0084-5353 ; 0943-9382
ISSN (online)	1432-1335
ISSN	0171-5216 ; 0084-5353 ; 0943-9382
DOI	10.1007/s00432-011-1056-3
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Article: Vitamin D receptor as a therapeutic target for benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Manchanda, Parmeet Kaur / Kibler, Aaron J / Zhang, Mei / Ravi, Janani / Bid, Hemant K

Indian journal of urology : IJU : journal of the Urological Society of India

2013 Volume 28, Issue 4, Page(s) 377–381

Abstract: The bioactive form of vitamin D, 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α, 25(OH)2D3), is a secosteroid hormone that binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a member of the nuclear receptor super-family expressed in many cell types, and modulates a variety of ... ...

Abstract	The bioactive form of vitamin D, 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α, 25(OH)2D3), is a secosteroid hormone that binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a member of the nuclear receptor super-family expressed in many cell types, and modulates a variety of biological functions. 1α, 25(OH)2D3 is essential for bone and mineral homeostasis, but also regulates growth and differentiation of multiple cell types, and displays immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. The antiproliferative, prodifferentiative, antibacterial, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of synthetic VDR agonists could be exploited to treat a variety of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It has been hypothesized that VDR may influence both the risk of a variety of diseases and their occurrence and prognosis. However, earlier studies investigating the associations between specific VDR polymorphisms and various diseases often show controversial results. We performed a systematic review of the current literature on vitamin D and BPH using the PubMed and Web of Knowledge databases. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the utility of the VDR gene regarding prostate growth as well as the pathogenesis and treatment of BPH, a complex syndrome characterized by a static component related to prostate overgrowth, a dynamic component responsible for urinary storage symptoms, and an inflammatory component. Despite the massive advances in recent decades, further research is needed to fully characterize the exact underlying mechanisms of VDR action on BPH and to comprehend how these cellular changes translate into clinical development in physical concert.
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-02-28
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	639268-4
ISSN	1998-3824 ; 0970-1591
ISSN (online)	1998-3824
ISSN	0970-1591
DOI	10.4103/0970-1591.105745
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