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Article ; Online: Schoolchildren’s personal exposure to ultrafine particles in and near Accra, Ghana

Mawutorli Nyarku / Giorgio Buonanno / Francis Ofosu / Rohan Jayaratne / Mandana Mazaheri / Lidia Morawska

Environment International, Vol 133, Iss , Pp - (2019)

2019

Abstract: Exposure to air pollution is a significant health risk, and children who are exposed to it are likely to have lifelong consequences. Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are emitted by all combustion sources, and can be used as a proxy for the presence of ... ...

Abstract	Exposure to air pollution is a significant health risk, and children who are exposed to it are likely to have lifelong consequences. Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are emitted by all combustion sources, and can be used as a proxy for the presence of combustion products. The present study, the first of its kind to be conducted in Africa, assessed schoolchildren’s exposure to UFPs, and apportioned their daily exposure to seven different microenvironments that they inhabited on a typical school day. The personal exposure of 61 pupils attending three junior high schools was measured for 24 h each using wearable monitors over a period of 10 weeks. Two of the schools were located in suburbs of Accra and the third in Berekuso, a nearby rural community. The results of our study revealed the complex nature of children’s UFP exposure and its overall high to very high levels, significantly influenced by the locality (suburb) of residence and the type of activities in which the children were engaged. The mean (±standard error) daily exposure to UFPs (cm-3) was6.9×104(±6.8×103),4.9(±1.0)×104 and 1.6×104±1.9×103for pupils attending the Ashia Mills, Faith Baptist and Berekuso Basic Schools, respectively. Pupils attending the schools in urban Accra received higher exposure than those attending the school in the rural environment of Berekuso. The highest mean microenvironmental exposure was registered in the Home other microenvironment in an urban school and in Bedroom in another urban school and the rural school. The high exposure in Home other was due to pupils conducting trash burning and encountering environmental tobacco smoke, and the high exposure in Bedroom microenvironment was due to the burning of mosquito coils at night to prevent malaria. The principal sources that heightened exposure to UFPs were emissions from cooking (using firewood and charcoal), vehicular traffic and combustion of biomass and trash. All pupils recorded the highest exposure intensity in the Kitchen microenvironment. Keywords: Schoolchildren, ...
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Characteristics of school children's personal exposure to ultrafine particles in Heshan, Pearl River Delta, China – A pilot study

Mandana Mazaheri / Weiwei Lin / Samuel Clifford / Dingli Yue / Yuhong Zhai / Muwu Xu / Valeria Rizza / Lidia Morawska

Environment International, Vol 132, Iss , Pp - (2019)

2019

Abstract: Background: There is a significant lack of scientific knowledge on population exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) in China to date. This paper quantifies and characterises school children's personal UFP exposure and exposure intensity against their ... ...

Abstract	Background: There is a significant lack of scientific knowledge on population exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) in China to date. This paper quantifies and characterises school children's personal UFP exposure and exposure intensity against their indoor and outdoor activities during a school day (home, school and commuting) in the city of Heshan within the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, southern China. Methods: Time-series of UFP number concentrations and average size were measured over 24 h for 24 children (9–13 years old), using personal monitors over two weeks in April 2016. Time-activity diaries and a questionnaire on the general home environment and potential sources of particles at home were also collected for each participating child. The analysis included concurrently measured size distributions of ambient UFP at a nearby fixed reference site (Heshan Supersite). Results: Hourly average UFP concentrations exhibited three peaks in the morning, midday and evening. Time spent indoors at home was found to have the highest average exposure (1.26 × 104 cm−3 during sleeping) and exposure intensity (2.41). While there is always infiltration of outdoor particles indoors (from nearby traffic and general urban background sources), indoor exposure at home was significantly higher than outdoor exposure. Based on the collected questionnaire data, this was considered to be driven predominantly by adults smoking and the use of mosquito repellent incense during the night. Outdoor activities at school were associated with the lowest average exposure (6.87 × 102 cm−3) and exposure intensity (0.52). Conclusion: Despite the small sample size, this study characterised, for the first time, children's personal UFP exposure in a city downwind of major pollution sources of the PRD region in China. Particularly, the results highlighted the impact of smoking at home on children's exposure. While the study could not apportion the specific contributions of second hand-smoking and mosquito coil burning, considering the prevalence ...
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Estimate of main local sources to ambient ultrafine particle number concentrations in an urban area

Rahman, Md Mahmudur / Lidia Morawska / Mandana Mazaheri / Sam Clifford

Atmospheric research. 2017 Sept. 15, v. 194

2017

Abstract: Quantifying and apportioning the contribution of a range of sources to ultrafine particles (UFPs, D<100nm) is a challenge due to the complex nature of the urban environments. Although vehicular emissions have long been considered one of the major sources ...

Abstract	Quantifying and apportioning the contribution of a range of sources to ultrafine particles (UFPs, D<100nm) is a challenge due to the complex nature of the urban environments. Although vehicular emissions have long been considered one of the major sources of ultrafine particles in urban areas, the contribution of other major urban sources is not yet fully understood. This paper aims to determine and quantify the contribution of local ground traffic, nucleated particle (NP) formation and distant non-traffic (e.g. airport, oil refineries, and seaport) sources to the total ambient particle number concentration (PNC) in a busy, inner-city area in Brisbane, Australia using Bayesian statistical modelling and other exploratory tools. The Bayesian model was trained on the PNC data on days where NP formations were known to have not occurred, hourly traffic counts, solar radiation data, and smooth daily trend. The model was applied to apportion and quantify the contribution of NP formations and local traffic and non-traffic sources to UFPs. The data analysis incorporated long-term measured time-series of total PNC (D≥6nm), particle number size distributions (PSD, D=8 to 400nm), PM2.5, PM10, NOx, CO, meteorological parameters and traffic counts at a stationary monitoring site. The developed Bayesian model showed reliable predictive performances in quantifying the contribution of NP formation events to UFPs (up to 4×104particlescm−3), with a significant day to day variability. The model identified potential NP formation and no-formations days based on PNC data and quantified the sources contribution to UFPs. Exploratory statistical analyses show that total mean PNC during the middle of the day was up to 32% higher than during peak morning and evening traffic periods, which were associated with NP formation events. The majority of UFPs measured during the peak traffic and NP formation periods were between 30–100nm and smaller than 30nm, respectively. To date, this is the first application of Bayesian model to apportion different sources contribution to UFPs, and therefore the importance of this study is not only in its modelling outcomes but in demonstrating the applicability and advantages of this statistical approach to air pollution studies.
Keywords	air pollution ; airports ; Bayesian theory ; carbon monoxide ; emissions ; monitoring ; nitrogen oxides ; oils ; particulates ; solar radiation ; statistical analysis ; statistical models ; time series analysis ; traffic ; urban areas ; Queensland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-0915
Size	p. 178-189.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ISSN	0169-8095
DOI	10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.04.036
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Investigations into factors affecting personal exposure to particles in urban microenvironments using low-cost sensors

Mandana Mazaheri / Samuel Clifford / Bijan Yeganeh / Mar Viana / Valeria Rizza / Robin Flament / Giorgio Buonanno / Lidia Morawska

Environment International, Vol 120, Iss , Pp 496-

2018 Volume 504

Abstract: Epidemiological studies have linked outdoor PM2.5 concentrations to a range of health effects, although people spend most of the time indoors. To better understand how individuals' exposure vary as they move between different indoor and outdoor ... ...

Abstract	Epidemiological studies have linked outdoor PM2.5 concentrations to a range of health effects, although people spend most of the time indoors. To better understand how individuals' exposure vary as they move between different indoor and outdoor microenvironments, our study investigated personal PM2.5 exposure and exposure intensity of 14 adult volunteers over one week (five weekdays and one weekend), using low-cost personal monitors, recording PM2.5 concentrations in 5 min intervals. Further, the study evaluated community perception of air pollution exposure during the recruitment and engagement with the volunteers. We found that people with tertiary education across all ages had greater interest in participating, with younger people being interested regardless of the level of education. The derived exposures and exposure intensities differed between weekdays and the weekend due to larger variations in individuals' daily routines. In general, time spent at home and engaged in indoor activities was associated with the highest personal PM2.5 exposure and exposure intensity on both, week and weekend days, implying the significance of both duration of the exposure and the indoor PM2.5 concentrations. The results showed no relationship between personal exposures and indoor characteristics of home (ventilation, building age and cooktop), which are expected to be due to the study's small sample size. The observed PM2.5 > 10 μg m−3 were significantly higher for distances <50 m to the roads for both major and minor roads, and were observed in areas with <16% open space, which were also close to a major road. Keywords: Personal exposure, PM2.5, Ambient particles, Indoor air quality, Urban microenvironments, Low-cost sensors, Land-use characteristics
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Mobile phones as monitors of personal exposure to air pollution

Mawutorli Nyarku / Mandana Mazaheri / Rohan Jayaratne / Matthew Dunbabin / Md Mahmudur Rahman / Erik Uhde / Lidia Morawska

PLoS ONE, Vol 13, Iss 2, p e

Is this the future?

2018 Volume 0193150

Abstract: Mobile phones have a large spectrum of applications, aiding in risk prevention and improving health and wellbeing of their owners. So far, however, they have not been used for direct assessment of personal exposure to air pollution. In this study, we ... ...

Abstract	Mobile phones have a large spectrum of applications, aiding in risk prevention and improving health and wellbeing of their owners. So far, however, they have not been used for direct assessment of personal exposure to air pollution. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the first, and the only available, mobile phone-BROAD Life-equipped with air pollution sensors (PM2.5 and VOC), to answer the question whether this technology is a viable option in the quest of reducing the burden of disease to air pollution. We tested its performance, applicability and suitability for the purpose by subjecting it to varied concentrations of different types of aerosol particles (cigarette smoke, petrol exhaust and concrete dust) and formaldehyde under controlled laboratory conditions, as well as to ambient particles during field measurements. Six reference instruments were used in the study: AEROTRAK Optical Particle Counter (OPC model number 9306), DustTrak, Aerodynamic Particle Counter (APS), Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) and Formaldehyde Analyser. Overall, we found that the phone's response was linear at higher particle number concentrations in the chamber, above 5 and 10 μg m-3, for combustion and concrete dust particles, respectively, and for higher formaldehyde concentrations, making it potentially suitable for applications in polluted environments. At lower ambient concentrations of particles around 10 ug m-3 and 20 μg m-3 for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively, the phone's response was below its noise level, suggesting that it is not suitable for ambient monitoring under relatively clean urban conditions. This mobile phone has a number of limitations that may hinder its use in personal exposure and for continuous monitoring. Despite these limitations, it may be used for comparative assessments, for example when comparing outcomes of intervention measures or local impacts of air pollution sources. It should be kept in mind, however, that a mobile phone measuring ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Airborne culturable fungi in naturally ventilated primary school environments in a subtropical climate

Salonen, Heidi / Caroline Duchaine / Lidia Morawska / Mandana Mazaheri / Sam Clifford

Atmospheric environment. 2015 Apr., v. 106

2015

Abstract: There is currently a lack of reference values for indoor air fungal concentrations to allow for the interpretation of measurement results in subtropical school settings. Analysis of the results of this work established that, in the majority of properly ... ...

Abstract	There is currently a lack of reference values for indoor air fungal concentrations to allow for the interpretation of measurement results in subtropical school settings. Analysis of the results of this work established that, in the majority of properly maintained subtropical school buildings, without any major affecting events such as floods or visible mould or moisture contamination, indoor culturable fungi levels were driven by outdoor concentration. The results also allowed us to benchmark the âbaseline rangeâ concentrations for total culturable fungi, Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp. and Aspergillus spp. in such school settings. The measured concentration of total culturable fungi and three individual fungal genera were estimated using Bayesian hierarchical modelling. Pooling of these estimates provided a predictive distribution for concentrations at an unobserved school. The results indicated that âbaselineâ indoor concentration levels for indoor total fungi, Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp. and Aspergillus spp. in such school settings were generally â¤1450, â¤680, â¤480 and â¤90Â cfu/m3, respectively, and elevated levels would indicate mould damage in building structures. The indoor/outdoor ratio for most classrooms had 95% credible intervals containing 1, indicating that fungi concentrations are generally the same indoors and outdoors at each school. Bayesian fixed effects regression modelling showed that increasing both temperature and humidity resulted in higher levels of fungi concentration.
Keywords	air ; Aspergillus ; atmospheric chemistry ; buildings ; Cladosporium ; elementary schools ; floods ; fungi ; humidity ; models ; normal values ; Penicillium ; subtropics ; temperature
Language	English
Dates of publication	2015-04
Size	p. 412-418.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	216368-8
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
DOI	10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.052
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Airborne viable fungi in school environments in different climatic regions â A review

Salonen, Heidi / Caroline Duchaine / Kari Reijula / Lidia Morawska / Mandana Mazaheri / Sam Clifford / Sanna Lappalainen

Atmospheric environment. 2015 Mar., v. 104

2015

Abstract: Elevated levels of fungi in indoor environments have been linked with mould/moisture damage in building structures. However, there is a lack of information about ânormalâ concentrations and flora as well as guidelines of viable fungi in the school ... ...

Abstract	Elevated levels of fungi in indoor environments have been linked with mould/moisture damage in building structures. However, there is a lack of information about ânormalâ concentrations and flora as well as guidelines of viable fungi in the school environment in different climatic conditions. We have reviewed existing guidelines for indoor fungi and the current knowledge of the concentrations and flora of viable fungi in different climatic areas, the impact of the local factors on concentrations and flora of viable fungi in school environments. Meta-regression was performed to estimate the average behaviour for each analysis of interest, showing wide variation in the mean concentrations in outdoor and indoor school environments (range: 101â103Â cfu/m3). These concentrations were significantly higher for both outdoors and indoors in the moderate than in the continental climatic area, showing that the climatic condition was a determinant for the concentrations of airborne viable fungi. The most common fungal species both in the moderate and continental area were Cladosporium spp. and Penicillium spp. The suggested few quantitative guidelines for indoor air viable fungi for school buildings are much lower than for residential areas. This review provides a synthesis, which can be used to guide the interpretation of the fungi measurements results and help to find indications of mould/moisture in school building structures.
Keywords	air ; atmospheric chemistry ; buildings ; Cladosporium ; climatic factors ; climatic zones ; flora ; fungi ; guidelines ; Penicillium ; residential areas
Language	English
Dates of publication	2015-03
Size	p. 186-194.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	216368-8
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
DOI	10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.012
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Effects of exposure to ambient ultrafine particles on respiratory health and systemic inflammation in children

Clifford, Sam / Mandana Mazaheri / Farhad Salimi / Wafaa Nabil Ezz / Bijan Yeganeh / Samantha Low-Choy / Katy Walker / Kerrie Mengersen / Guy B. Marks / Lidia Morawska

Environment international. 2018 May, v. 114

2018

Abstract: It is known that ultrafine particles (UFP, particles smaller than 0.1 μm) can penetrate deep into the lungs and potentially have adverse health effects. However, epidemiological data on the health effects of UFP is limited. Therefore, our objective was ... ...

Abstract	It is known that ultrafine particles (UFP, particles smaller than 0.1 μm) can penetrate deep into the lungs and potentially have adverse health effects. However, epidemiological data on the health effects of UFP is limited. Therefore, our objective was to test the hypothesis that exposure to UFPs is associated with respiratory health status and systemic inflammation among children aged 8 to 11 years.We conducted a cross-sectional study among 655 children (43.3% male) attending 25 primary (elementary) schools in the Brisbane Metropolitan Area, Australia. Ultrafine particle number concentration (PNC) was measured at each school and modelled at homes using Land Use Regression to derive exposure estimates. Health outcomes were respiratory symptoms and diagnoses, measured by parent-completed questionnaire, spirometric lung function, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and serum C reactive protein (CRP). Exposure-response models, adjusted for potential personal and environmental confounders measured at the individual, home and school level, were fitted using Bayesian methods.PNC was not independently associated with respiratory symptoms, asthma diagnosis or spirometric lung function. However, PNC was positively associated with an increase in CRP (1.188-fold change per 1000 UFP cm−3 day/day (95% credible interval 1.077 to 1.299)) and an increase in FeNO among atopic participants (1.054 fold change per 1000 UFP cm−3 day/day (95% CrI 1.005 to 1.106)).UFPs do not affect respiratory health outcomes in children but do have systemic effects, detected here in the form of a positive association with a biomarker for systemic inflammation. This is consistent with the known propensity of UFPs to penetrate deep into the lung and circulatory system.
Keywords	adverse effects ; asthma ; biomarkers ; blood serum ; children ; cross-sectional studies ; health status ; inflammation ; land use ; lung function ; lungs ; males ; metropolitan areas ; models ; nitric oxide ; questionnaires ; schools ; Australia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-05
Size	p. 167-180.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.019
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Effects of exposure to ambient ultrafine particles on respiratory health and systemic inflammation in children

Sam Clifford / Mandana Mazaheri / Farhad Salimi / Wafaa Nabil Ezz / Bijan Yeganeh / Samantha Low-Choy / Katy Walker / Kerrie Mengersen / Guy B. Marks / Lidia Morawska

Environment International, Vol 114, Iss , Pp 167-

2018 Volume 180

Abstract: It is known that ultrafine particles (UFP, particles smaller than 0.1 μm) can penetrate deep into the lungs and potentially have adverse health effects. However, epidemiological data on the health effects of UFP is limited. Therefore, our objective was ... ...

Abstract	It is known that ultrafine particles (UFP, particles smaller than 0.1 μm) can penetrate deep into the lungs and potentially have adverse health effects. However, epidemiological data on the health effects of UFP is limited. Therefore, our objective was to test the hypothesis that exposure to UFPs is associated with respiratory health status and systemic inflammation among children aged 8 to 11 years.We conducted a cross-sectional study among 655 children (43.3% male) attending 25 primary (elementary) schools in the Brisbane Metropolitan Area, Australia. Ultrafine particle number concentration (PNC) was measured at each school and modelled at homes using Land Use Regression to derive exposure estimates. Health outcomes were respiratory symptoms and diagnoses, measured by parent-completed questionnaire, spirometric lung function, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and serum C reactive protein (CRP). Exposure-response models, adjusted for potential personal and environmental confounders measured at the individual, home and school level, were fitted using Bayesian methods.PNC was not independently associated with respiratory symptoms, asthma diagnosis or spirometric lung function. However, PNC was positively associated with an increase in CRP (1.188-fold change per 1000 UFP cm−3 day/day (95% credible interval 1.077 to 1.299)) and an increase in FeNO among atopic participants (1.054 fold change per 1000 UFP cm−3 day/day (95% CrI 1.005 to 1.106)).UFPs do not affect respiratory health outcomes in children but do have systemic effects, detected here in the form of a positive association with a biomarker for systemic inflammation. This is consistent with the known propensity of UFPs to penetrate deep into the lung and circulatory system. Keywords: Ultrafine particles, Exposure, Schoolchildren, Respiratory health, Systematic inflammation
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Indoor Air Quality in Naturally Ventilated Italian Classrooms

Fernanda Carmen Fuoco / Luca Stabile / Giorgio Buonanno / Concepcion Vargas Trassiera / Angelamaria Massimo / Aldo Russi / Mandana Mazaheri / Lidia Morawska / Alexandro Andrade

Atmosphere, Vol 6, Iss 11, Pp 1652-

2015 Volume 1675

Abstract: Characterization of indoor air quality in school classrooms is crucial to children’s health and performance. The present study was undertaken to characterize the indoor air quality in six naturally ventilated classrooms of three schools in Cassino (Italy) ...

Abstract	Characterization of indoor air quality in school classrooms is crucial to children’s health and performance. The present study was undertaken to characterize the indoor air quality in six naturally ventilated classrooms of three schools in Cassino (Italy). Indoor particle number, mass, black carbon, CO2 and radon concentrations, as well as outdoor particle number were measured within school hours during the winter and spring season. The study found the concentrations of indoor particle number were influenced by the concentrations in the outdoors; highest BC values were detected in classrooms during peak traffic time. The effect of different seasons’ airing mode on the indoor air quality was also detected. The ratio between indoor and outdoor particles was of 0.85 ± 0.10 in winter, under airing conditions of short opening window periods, and 1.00 ± 0.15 in spring when the windows were opened for longer periods. This was associated to a higher degree of penetration of outdoor particles due to longer period of window opening. Lower CO2 levels were found in classrooms in spring (908 ppm) than in winter (2206 ppm). Additionally, a greater reduction in radon concentrations was found in spring. In addition, high PM10 levels were found in classrooms during break time due to re-suspension of coarse particles.
Keywords	classroom ; Ni/Nout ratio ; airing by opening windows ; particle number concentration ; Meteorology. Climatology ; QC851-999 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Science ; Q
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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