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  1. Book: Statistics for Health Data Science

    Etzioni, Ruth / Gulati, Roman / Mandel, Micha

    An Organic Approach

    (Springer Texts in Statistics)

    2020  

    Abstract: Students and researchers in the health sciences are faced with greater opportunity and challenge than ever before. The opportunity stems from the explosion in publicly available data that simultaneously informs and inspires new avenues of investigation. ... ...

    Author's details Ruth Etzioni, PhD has been on the faculty at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center since 1991 and is an affiliate professor of biostatistics and health services at the University of Washington. She develops statistical models and methods for health policy and is a member of national cancer policy panels including the American Cancer Society and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. She has developed and taught a new curriculum in statistical methods for graduate students in the School of Public Health at the University of Washington; the course focuses on health care analytics using contemporary, publicly available data resources. The popularity of this course led her to conceive of and develop the proposed text. Dr. Etzioni received her undergraduate degree in Computer Science and Operations Research from the University of Cape Town and her PhD in Statistics from Carnegie-Mellon University. Micha Mandel, PhD, is professor of statistics at the Hebrew University of Jerusal
    Series title Springer Texts in Statistics
    Abstract Students and researchers in the health sciences are faced with greater opportunity and challenge than ever before. The opportunity stems from the explosion in publicly available data that simultaneously informs and inspires new avenues of investigation. The challenge is that the analytic tools required go far beyond the standard methods and models of basic statistics. This textbook aims to equip health care researchers with the most important elements of a modern health analytics toolkit, dra...
    Keywords Lehrbuch ; FMAS030 ; NBII030 ; WEMA070 ; FINT050 ; FIND075 ; MHMA045 ; MHMA065 ; Analytic methods ; Biostatistics ; Epidemiology ; Health Care Databases ; health data analytics ; Health Economics ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Machine Learning ; Medical Claims ; Medical Claims Data ; models ; Prediction ; Public Health ; Regression ; Risk ; statistical analysis ; surveys ; Predictive modeling ; Analytic Methods ; Data Science ; Health Data Analytics ; Models ; Predictive Modeling ; Statistical Analysis ; Surveys
    Language English
    Size 244 p.
    Edition 1
    Publisher Springer International Publishing
    Document type Book
    Note PDA Manuell_11
    Format 160 x 241 x 19
    ISBN 9783030598884 ; 3030598888
    Database PDA

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  2. Article ; Online: Public health-focused use of COVID-19 rapid antigen and PCR tests.

    Woodbridge, Yonatan / Goldberg, Yair / Amit, Sharon / Kopelman, Naama M / Mandel, Micha / Huppert, Amit

    Scientific reports

    2024  Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 1430

    Abstract: During the Covid-19 pandemic, accurate PCR tests were augmented by the cheap, rapid, and logistically convenient, yet less sensitive antigen tests. In Israel, a testing policy shift was implemented due to limited availability of PCR tests during the ... ...

    Abstract During the Covid-19 pandemic, accurate PCR tests were augmented by the cheap, rapid, and logistically convenient, yet less sensitive antigen tests. In Israel, a testing policy shift was implemented due to limited availability of PCR tests during the Omicron surge. Thus, both PCR and antigen tests were used, as this was the only alternative for mass testing and surveillance at the time. Yet, evidence-based surveillance requires a robust understanding of the expected consequences of changing the testing policy. Using 41,065 paired tests performed by trained staff between January and April 2022 in Israel, we estimate how the sensitivity of antigen tests changes as a function of Ct value and other key covariates. The results reveal a logarithmic relationship between antigen detection probability and viral load, as quantified by Ct-values of the PCR tests. Further analysis shows a statistically significant association with an odds ratio of approximately 0.76 with each unit of Ct-value. The analysis suggests that in spite of their compromised sensitivity, antigen tests are a natural solution for routine use, while PCR tests should be considered in situations where a false negative result could have serious consequences. These findings are the foundations of policies that will utilize the strengths of the different tests, and achieve enhanced hybrid surveillance.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; Public Health ; Israel/epidemiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; COVID-19 Testing
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-023-50533-2
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  3. Article ; Online: Testing Independence Under Biased Sampling

    Tenzer, Yaniv / Mandel, Micha / Zuk, Or

    Journal of the American Statistical Association. 2022 Oct. 2, v. 117, no. 540 p.2194-2206

    2022  

    Abstract: Testing for dependence between pairs of random variables is a fundamental problem in statistics. In some applications, data are subject to selection bias that can create spurious dependence. An important example is truncation models, in which observed ... ...

    Abstract Testing for dependence between pairs of random variables is a fundamental problem in statistics. In some applications, data are subject to selection bias that can create spurious dependence. An important example is truncation models, in which observed pairs are restricted to a specific subset of the X-Y plane. Standard tests for independence are not suitable in such cases, and alternative tests that take the selection bias into account are required. Here, we generalize the notion of quasi-independence with respect to the sampling mechanism, and study the problem of detecting any deviations from it. We develop two tests statistics motivated by the classic Hoeffding’s statistic, and use two approaches to compute their distribution under the null: (i) a bootstrap-based approach, and (ii) a permutation-test with nonuniform probability of permutations. We also handle an important application to the case of censoring with truncation, by estimating the biased sampling mechanism from the data. We prove the validity of the tests, and show, using simulations, that they improve power compared to competing methods for important special cases. The tests are applied to four datasets, two that are subject to truncation, with and without censoring, and two to bias mechanisms related to length bias.
    Keywords Americans ; data collection ; exhibitions ; journals ; models ; probability ; Markov chain Monte Carlo ; Permutation test ; Quasi-independence ; Truncation ; Weighted distribution
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-1002
    Size p. 2194-2206.
    Publishing place Taylor & Francis
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 2064981-2
    ISSN 1537-274X
    ISSN 1537-274X
    DOI 10.1080/01621459.2021.1912758
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  4. Article ; Online: Analyzing multiple cross-sectional samples with application to hospitalization time after surgeries.

    Mandel, Micha

    Statistics in medicine

    2015  Volume 34, Issue 26, Page(s) 3415–3423

    Abstract: Repeated cross-sectional sampling results in multiple biased samples with possibly different weight functions. The standard non-parametric maximum likelihood estimator for the lifetime distribution of interest solves a set of nonlinear equations, and its ...

    Abstract Repeated cross-sectional sampling results in multiple biased samples with possibly different weight functions. The standard non-parametric maximum likelihood estimator for the lifetime distribution of interest solves a set of nonlinear equations, and its variance has a very complicated form. We suggest a simple closed-form estimator for the case where entrances to the population of interest follow a Poisson model. The variance of the estimator and confidence intervals are easily calculated. Our motivating example concerns a series of cross-sectional surveys conducted in Israeli hospitals. We discuss the bias mechanism in our data and suggest a simple design plan that provides valid estimators even when the weight functions are unknown. The new method is applied to estimate the distribution of hospitalization time after bowel and hernia surgeries.
    MeSH term(s) Bias ; Computer Simulation ; Confidence Intervals ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Herniorrhaphy ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Intestinal Diseases/surgery ; Israel ; Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Statistical ; Poisson Distribution ; Research Design ; Time Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-11-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 843037-8
    ISSN 1097-0258 ; 0277-6715
    ISSN (online) 1097-0258
    ISSN 0277-6715
    DOI 10.1002/sim.6535
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  5. Article ; Online: Assessing the roles of nitrogen, biomass, and niche dimensionality as drivers of species loss in grassland communities.

    Band, Nir / Kadmon, Ronen / Mandel, Micha / DeMalach, Niv

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2022  Volume 119, Issue 10, Page(s) e2112010119

    Abstract: Eutrophication is a major driver of species loss in plant communities worldwide. However, the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon are controversial. Previous studies have raised three main explanations: 1) High levels of soil resources increase ... ...

    Abstract Eutrophication is a major driver of species loss in plant communities worldwide. However, the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon are controversial. Previous studies have raised three main explanations: 1) High levels of soil resources increase standing biomass, thereby intensifying competitive interactions (the “biomass-driven competition hypothesis”). 2) High levels of soil resources reduce the potential for resource-based niche partitioning (the “niche dimension hypothesis”). 3) Increasing soil nitrogen causes stress by changing the abiotic or biotic conditions (the “nitrogen detriment hypothesis”). Despite several syntheses of resource addition experiments, so far, no study has tested all of the hypotheses together. This is a major shortcoming, since the mechanisms underlying the three hypotheses are not independent. Here, we conduct a simultaneous test of the three hypotheses by integrating data from 630 resource addition experiments located in 99 sites worldwide. Our results provide strong support for the nitrogen detriment hypothesis, weaker support for the biomass-driven competition hypothesis, and negligible support for the niche dimension hypothesis. The results further show that the indirect effect of nitrogen through its effect on biomass is minor compared to its direct effect and is much larger than that of all other resources (phosphorus, potassium, and water). Thus, we conclude that nitrogen-specific mechanisms are more important than biomass or niche dimensionality as drivers of species loss under high levels of soil resources. This conclusion is highly relevant for future attempts to reduce biodiversity loss caused by global eutrophication.
    MeSH term(s) Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Fertilizers ; Grassland ; Nitrogen
    Chemical Substances Fertilizers ; Nitrogen (N762921K75)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.2112010119
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  6. Article ; Online: Location distribution of randomly acquired characteristics on a shoe sole.

    Kaplan-Damary, Naomi / Mandel, Micha / Yekutieli, Yoram / Shor, Yaron / Wiesner, Sarena

    Journal of forensic sciences

    2022  Volume 67, Issue 5, Page(s) 1801–1809

    Abstract: Footwear comparison is used to link between a suspect's shoe and a shoeprint found at a crime scene. Forensic examiners compare the two items, and the conclusion reached is based on class characteristics and randomly acquired characteristics (RACs), such ...

    Abstract Footwear comparison is used to link between a suspect's shoe and a shoeprint found at a crime scene. Forensic examiners compare the two items, and the conclusion reached is based on class characteristics and randomly acquired characteristics (RACs), such as scratches or holes. An important question concerns the distribution of the location of RACs on shoe soles, which can serve as a benchmark for comparison. This study examines the probability of observing RACs in different areas of a shoe sole using a database of approximately 13,000 RACs observed on 386 outsoles. The analysis is somewhat complicated as the shoes are differentiated by shape and contact surface, and the RACs' locations are subject to measurement errors. A method that takes into account these challenges is presented. All impressions are normalized to a standardized axis to allow for inter-comparison of RACs on outsoles of different sizes and contact areas, and RACs are localized to one of 14 subareas of the shoe sole. Expected frequencies in each region are assumed to be Poisson distributed with rate parameters that depend on the subarea and the contact surface. Three different estimation approaches are studied: a naive crude approach, a shoe-specific random effects model, and an estimate that is based on conditional maximum likelihood. It is shown that the rate is not uniform across the shoe sole and that RACs are approximately twice as likely to appear at certain locations, corresponding to the foot's morphology. The results can guide investigators in determining a shoeprint's evidential value.
    MeSH term(s) Crime ; Databases, Factual ; Forensic Medicine ; Probability ; Shoes
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 219216-0
    ISSN 1556-4029 ; 0022-1198
    ISSN (online) 1556-4029
    ISSN 0022-1198
    DOI 10.1111/1556-4029.15091
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  7. Article ; Online: Estimating disease progression using panel data.

    Mandel, Micha

    Biostatistics (Oxford, England)

    2010  Volume 11, Issue 2, Page(s) 304–316

    Abstract: Continuous-time Markov processes are frequently used to describe the evolution of a disease over different phases. Such modeling can provide estimates for important parameters that are defined on the paths of the process. A simple example is the mean ... ...

    Abstract Continuous-time Markov processes are frequently used to describe the evolution of a disease over different phases. Such modeling can provide estimates for important parameters that are defined on the paths of the process. A simple example is the mean first hitting time to a set of states. However, more interesting events are defined by several time points such as the first time the process stays in state j for at least Delta time units. These kinds of events are very important in relapsing-remitting diseases such as in multiple sclerosis (MS) where the focus is on a sustained worsening that lasts 6 months or longer. The current paper considers data on independent continuous Markov processes that are only observed intermittently. It reviews modeling and estimation, presents a new general concept of hitting times, and provides point and interval estimates for it. The methodology is applied to data from a phase III clinical trial of Avonex--a drug given to MS patients.
    MeSH term(s) Algorithms ; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic ; Computer Simulation ; Confidence Intervals ; Disability Evaluation ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use ; Interferon beta-1a ; Interferon-beta/therapeutic use ; Markov Chains ; Models, Statistical ; Multiple Sclerosis/diagnosis ; Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy ; Probability ; Severity of Illness Index
    Chemical Substances Immunologic Factors ; Interferon-beta (77238-31-4) ; Interferon beta-1a (XRO4566Q4R)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2031500-4
    ISSN 1468-4357 ; 1465-4644
    ISSN (online) 1468-4357
    ISSN 1465-4644
    DOI 10.1093/biostatistics/kxp057
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  8. Article ; Online: The competing risks illness-death model under cross-sectional sampling.

    Mandel, Micha

    Biostatistics (Oxford, England)

    2010  Volume 11, Issue 2, Page(s) 290–303

    Abstract: The competing risks illness-death model describes the dynamics of healthy subjects who may move to an "illness" state before entering into one of several competing terminal states. A motivating example concerns patients in a hospital who may acquire ... ...

    Abstract The competing risks illness-death model describes the dynamics of healthy subjects who may move to an "illness" state before entering into one of several competing terminal states. A motivating example concerns patients in a hospital who may acquire infections during their stay, where the competing terminal states are discharged alive and death in the hospital. We consider a cross-sectional sampling of independent competing risks illness-death processes in which data are subject to length bias and censoring and develop estimators for functionals of the underlying distribution such as the joint probability of the terminal state and illness (infection) and cumulative incidence functions. We apply the methodology to infection data obtained in a cross-sectional study of patients hospitalized in intensive care units.
    MeSH term(s) Algorithms ; Computer Simulation ; Cross Infection/epidemiology ; Cross Infection/mortality ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data ; Models, Statistical ; Probability ; Risk ; Risk Factors ; Selection Bias ; Sepsis/epidemiology ; Sepsis/mortality ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Survival Analysis ; Time Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2031500-4
    ISSN 1468-4357 ; 1465-4644
    ISSN (online) 1468-4357
    ISSN 1465-4644
    DOI 10.1093/biostatistics/kxp048
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  9. Article ; Online: Three phases of increasing complexity in estimating vaccine protection.

    Amir, Ofra / Goldberg, Yair / Mandel, Micha / Bar-On, Yinon M / Freedman, Laurence S / Bodenheimer, Omri / Huppert, Amit / Milo, Ron

    International journal of epidemiology

    2023  Volume 52, Issue 5, Page(s) 1299–1302

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Vaccines ; Vaccination ; Communicable Disease Control
    Chemical Substances Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 187909-1
    ISSN 1464-3685 ; 0300-5771
    ISSN (online) 1464-3685
    ISSN 0300-5771
    DOI 10.1093/ije/dyad073
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  10. Article ; Online: Measuring vaccine protection when the population is mostly vaccinated.

    Goldberg, Yair / Amir, Ofra / Mandel, Micha / Freedman, Laurence / Bar-On, Yinon M / Bodenheimer, Omri / Milo, Ron / Huppert, Amit

    Journal of clinical epidemiology

    2023  Volume 163, Page(s) 111–116

    Abstract: Objectives: This study aims to address limitations in assessing vaccine protection using the classical vaccine effectiveness (VE) measure, especially in contexts where a significant portion of the population is already vaccinated or infected.: Study ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: This study aims to address limitations in assessing vaccine protection using the classical vaccine effectiveness (VE) measure, especially in contexts where a significant portion of the population is already vaccinated or infected.
    Study design and setting: We propose using the adjusted number of cases (ANC) as a building block for deriving vaccine effectiveness measures. This approach accounts for biases arising from small and unrepresentative unvaccinated reference groups with incomplete data. We demonstrate the use of these measures for assessing the protection conferred by a booster dose against severe COVID-19 using data from Israel.
    Results: The use of ANC and the derived measures reveals a more comprehensive understanding of the complex immunity landscape compared to traditional VE measures. This approach enables meaningful comparisons between different vaccination categories and provides insights to inform policy decisions.
    Conclusion: In situations with widespread vaccination and prior infections, traditional VE measures can be limited in their informative value. Using the ANC offers a more robust and insightful assessment of vaccine effectiveness. A demonstration of the evaluation of booster dose protection against severe COVID-19 in Israel underscores the importance of adopting complementary measures to guide public health strategies.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Vaccines ; Vaccination ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Israel/epidemiology ; Public Health
    Chemical Substances Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 639306-8
    ISSN 1878-5921 ; 0895-4356
    ISSN (online) 1878-5921
    ISSN 0895-4356
    DOI 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.09.009
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