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Article: Impact of Rocket Launch and Space Debris Air Pollutant Emissions on Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate.

Ryan, Robert G / Marais, Eloise A / Balhatchet, Chloe J / Eastham, Sebastian D

2022 Volume 10, Issue 6, Page(s) e2021EF002612

Abstract: Detailed examination of the impact of modern space launches on the Earth's atmosphere is crucial, given booming investment in the space industry and an anticipated space tourism era. We develop air pollutant emissions inventories for rocket launches and ... ...

Abstract	Detailed examination of the impact of modern space launches on the Earth's atmosphere is crucial, given booming investment in the space industry and an anticipated space tourism era. We develop air pollutant emissions inventories for rocket launches and re-entry of reusable components and debris in 2019 and for a speculative space tourism scenario based on the recent billionaire space race. This we include in the global GEOS-Chem model coupled to a radiative transfer model to determine the influence on stratospheric ozone (O
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2746403-9
ISSN	2328-4277
ISSN	2328-4277
DOI	10.1029/2021EF002612
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The health burden of air pollution in the UK: a modelling study using updated exposure-risk associations.

Marais, Eloise A / Vohra, Karn / Kelly, Jamie M / Li, Yifan / Lu, Gongda

Lancet (London, England)

2023 Volume 402 Suppl 1, Page(s) S66

Abstract: Background: Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution, in particular fine particles or PM: Methods: For this modelling study, we used the GEOS-Chem model nested over the UK to simulate ambient PM: Findings: We estimated that adult premature ... ...

Abstract	Background: Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution, in particular fine particles or PM Methods: For this modelling study, we used the GEOS-Chem model nested over the UK to simulate ambient PM Findings: We estimated that adult premature mortality attributable to exposure to ambient PM Interpretation: According to our findings, PM Funding: Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA).
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Aged ; Particulate Matter/adverse effects ; Air Pollution ; Cohort Studies ; Risk Assessment ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; Air Pollutants/adverse effects ; Air Pollutants/analysis ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects
Chemical Substances	Particulate Matter ; Air Pollutants
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3306-6
ISSN	1474-547X ; 0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
ISSN (online)	1474-547X
ISSN	0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
DOI	10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02099-8
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Article ; Online: Impact of Legislated and Best Available Emission Control Measures on UK Particulate Matter Pollution, Premature Mortality, and Nitrogen-Sensitive Habitats.

Marais, Eloise A / Kelly, Jamie M / Vohra, Karn / Li, Yifan / Lu, Gongda / Hina, Naila / Rowe, Ed C

GeoHealth

2023 Volume 7, Issue 10, Page(s) e2023GH000910

Abstract: Past emission controls in the UK have substantially reduced precursor emissions of health-hazardous fine particles ( ... ...

Abstract	Past emission controls in the UK have substantially reduced precursor emissions of health-hazardous fine particles (PM
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2471-1403
ISSN (online)	2471-1403
DOI	10.1029/2023GH000910
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Article ; Online: Air Pollution and Climate Forcing of the Charcoal Industry in Africa.

Bockarie, Alfred S / Marais, Eloise A / MacKenzie, A R

Environmental science & technology

2020 Volume 54, Issue 21, Page(s) 13429–13438

Abstract: The demand for charcoal in Africa is growing rapidly, driven by urbanization and lack of access to electricity. Charcoal production and use, including plastic burning to initiate combustion, release large quantities of trace gases and particles that ... ...

Abstract	The demand for charcoal in Africa is growing rapidly, driven by urbanization and lack of access to electricity. Charcoal production and use, including plastic burning to initiate combustion, release large quantities of trace gases and particles that impact air quality and climate. Here, we develop an inventory of current (2014) and future (2030) emissions from the charcoal supply chain in Africa that we implement in the GEOS-Chem model to quantify the contribution of charcoal to surface concentrations of PM
MeSH term(s)	Africa ; Africa, Western ; Air Pollutants/analysis ; Air Pollution/analysis ; Atlantic Ocean ; Charcoal ; Cities ; Environmental Monitoring ; Particulate Matter/analysis
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter ; Charcoal (16291-96-6)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.0c03754
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Article ; Online: Air Quality Impact of Diffuse and Inefficient Combustion Emissions in Africa (DICE-Africa).

Marais, Eloise A / Wiedinmyer, Christine

Environmental science & technology

2016 Volume 50, Issue 19, Page(s) 10739–10745

Abstract: Anthropogenic pollution in Africa is dominated by diffuse and inefficient combustion sources, as electricity access is low and motorcycles and outdated cars proliferate. These sources are missing, out-of-date, or misrepresented in state-of-the-science ... ...

Abstract	Anthropogenic pollution in Africa is dominated by diffuse and inefficient combustion sources, as electricity access is low and motorcycles and outdated cars proliferate. These sources are missing, out-of-date, or misrepresented in state-of-the-science emission inventories. We address these deficiencies with a detailed inventory of Diffuse and Inefficient Combustion Emissions in Africa (DICE-Africa) for 2006 and 2013. Fuelwood for energy is the largest emission source in DICE-Africa, but grows from 2006 to 2013 at a slower rate than charcoal production and use, and gasoline and diesel for motorcycles, cars, and generators. Only kerosene use and gas flaring decline. Increase in emissions from 2006 to 2013 in this work is consistent with trends in satellite observations of formaldehyde and NO
MeSH term(s)	Africa ; Air Pollutants ; Environmental Monitoring ; Particulate Matter ; Soot ; Vehicle Emissions
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter ; Soot ; Vehicle Emissions
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-10-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.6b02602
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Article ; Online: Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem.

Vohra, Karn / Vodonos, Alina / Schwartz, Joel / Marais, Eloise A / Sulprizio, Melissa P / Mickley, Loretta J

Environmental research

2021 Volume 195, Page(s) 110754

Abstract: The burning of fossil fuels - especially coal, petrol, and diesel - is a major source of airborne fine particulate matter ( ... ...

Abstract	The burning of fossil fuels - especially coal, petrol, and diesel - is a major source of airborne fine particulate matter (PM
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/analysis ; Air Pollution/analysis ; Asia ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Environmental Exposure ; Europe ; Fossil Fuels ; Humans ; India ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; North America ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Particulate Matter/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Fossil Fuels ; Particulate Matter
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-09
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754
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ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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Article: Air Quality Impact of Diffuse and Inefficient Combustion Emissions in Africa (DICE-Africa)

Marais, Eloise A / Wiedinmyer Christine

Environmental Science & Technology. 2016 Oct. 04, v. 50, no. 19

2016

Abstract	Anthropogenic pollution in Africa is dominated by diffuse and inefficient combustion sources, as electricity access is low and motorcycles and outdated cars proliferate. These sources are missing, out-of-date, or misrepresented in state-of-the-science emission inventories. We address these deficiencies with a detailed inventory of Diffuse and Inefficient Combustion Emissions in Africa (DICE-Africa) for 2006 and 2013. Fuelwood for energy is the largest emission source in DICE-Africa, but grows from 2006 to 2013 at a slower rate than charcoal production and use, and gasoline and diesel for motorcycles, cars, and generators. Only kerosene use and gas flaring decline. Increase in emissions from 2006 to 2013 in this work is consistent with trends in satellite observations of formaldehyde and NOâ, but much slower than the explosive growth projected with a fuel consumption model. Seasonal biomass burning is considered a large pollution source in Africa, but we estimate comparable emissions of black carbon and higher emissions of nonmethane volatile organic compounds from DICE-Africa. Nitrogen oxide (NOâ â¡ NO + NOâ) emissions are much lower than from biomass burning. We use GEOS-Chem to estimate that the largest contribution of DICE-Africa to annual mean surface fine particulate matter (PMâ.â) is >5 Î¼g mâÂ³ in populous Nigeria.
Keywords	air quality ; biomass ; burning ; carbon ; charcoal ; combustion ; electricity ; emissions ; energy ; energy use and consumption ; formaldehyde ; fuelwood ; gasoline ; inventories ; kerosene ; models ; motorcycles ; nitric oxide ; nitrogen dioxide ; particulates ; pollution ; satellites ; volatile organic compounds ; Nigeria
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-1004
Size	p. 10739-10745.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
ISSN	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021%2Facs.est.6b02602
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Rapid rise in premature mortality due to anthropogenic air pollution in fast-growing tropical cities from 2005 to 2018.

Vohra, Karn / Marais, Eloise A / Bloss, William J / Schwartz, Joel / Mickley, Loretta J / Van Damme, Martin / Clarisse, Lieven / Coheur, Pierre-F

Science advances

2022 Volume 8, Issue 14, Page(s) eabm4435

Abstract: Tropical cities are experiencing rapid growth but lack routine air pollution monitoring to develop prescient air quality policies. Here, we conduct targeted sampling of recent (2000s to 2010s) observations of air pollutants from space-based instruments ... ...

Abstract	Tropical cities are experiencing rapid growth but lack routine air pollution monitoring to develop prescient air quality policies. Here, we conduct targeted sampling of recent (2000s to 2010s) observations of air pollutants from space-based instruments over 46 fast-growing tropical cities. We quantify significant annual increases in nitrogen dioxide (NO
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2810933-8
ISSN	2375-2548 ; 2375-2548
ISSN (online)	2375-2548
ISSN	2375-2548
DOI	10.1126/sciadv.abm4435
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Article: Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem

Vohra, Karn / Vodonos, Alina / Schwartz, Joel / Marais, Eloise A / Sulprizio, Melissa P / Mickley, Loretta J

Environmental research. 2021 Apr., v. 195

2021

Abstract: The burning of fossil fuels – especially coal, petrol, and diesel – is a major source of airborne fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅), and a key contributor to the global burden of mortality and disease. Previous risk assessments have examined the health ... ...

Abstract	The burning of fossil fuels – especially coal, petrol, and diesel – is a major source of airborne fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅), and a key contributor to the global burden of mortality and disease. Previous risk assessments have examined the health response to total PM₂.₅, not just PM₂.₅ from fossil fuel combustion, and have used a concentration-response function with limited support from the literature and data at both high and low concentrations. This assessment examines mortality associated with PM₂.₅ from only fossil fuel combustion, making use of a recent meta-analysis of newer studies with a wider range of exposure. We also estimated mortality due to lower respiratory infections (LRI) among children under the age of five in the Americas and Europe, regions for which we have reliable data on the relative risk of this health outcome from PM₂.₅ exposure. We used the chemical transport model GEOS-Chem to estimate global exposure levels to fossil-fuel related PM₂.₅ in 2012. Relative risks of mortality were modeled using functions that link long-term exposure to PM₂.₅ and mortality, incorporating nonlinearity in the concentration response. We estimate a global total of 10.2 (95% CI: −47.1 to 17.0) million premature deaths annually attributable to the fossil-fuel component of PM₂.₅. The greatest mortality impact is estimated over regions with substantial fossil fuel related PM₂.₅, notably China (3.9 million), India (2.5 million) and parts of eastern US, Europe and Southeast Asia. The estimate for China predates substantial decline in fossil fuel emissions and decreases to 2.4 million premature deaths due to 43.7% reduction in fossil fuel PM₂.₅ from 2012 to 2018 bringing the global total to 8.7 (95% CI: −1.8 to 14.0) million premature deaths. We also estimated excess annual deaths due to LRI in children (0–4 years old) of 876 in North America, 747 in South America, and 605 in Europe. This study demonstrates that the fossil fuel component of PM₂.₅ contributes a large mortality burden. The steeper concentration-response function slope at lower concentrations leads to larger estimates than previously found in Europe and North America, and the slower drop-off in slope at higher concentrations results in larger estimates in Asia. Fossil fuel combustion can be more readily controlled than other sources and precursors of PM₂.₅ such as dust or wildfire smoke, so this is a clear message to policymakers and stakeholders to further incentivize a shift to clean sources of energy.
Keywords	chronic exposure ; coal ; dust ; energy ; fuel combustion ; gasoline ; meta-analysis ; models ; mortality ; particulates ; pollution ; relative risk ; research ; smoke ; stakeholders ; wildfires ; China ; Eastern United States ; Europe ; India ; South America ; South East Asia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-04
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Book ; Online: Measurement report

Ryan, Robert G. / Marais, Eloise A. / Gershenson-Smith, Eleanor / Ramsay, Robbie / Muller, Jan-Peter / Tirpitz, Jan-Lukas / Frieß, Udo

eISSN: 1680-7324

MAX-DOAS measurements characterise Central London ozone pollution episodes during 2022 heatwaves

2023

Abstract: Heatwaves are a substantial health threat in the UK, exacerbated by co-occurrence of ozone pollution episodes. Here we report on the first use of retrieved vertical profiles of nitrogen dioxide ( NO 2 ) and formaldehyde ( HCHO ) over Central London from ... ...

Abstract	Heatwaves are a substantial health threat in the UK, exacerbated by co-occurrence of ozone pollution episodes. Here we report on the first use of retrieved vertical profiles of nitrogen dioxide ( NO 2 ) and formaldehyde ( HCHO ) over Central London from a newly installed multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instrument coincident with two of three heatwaves for the hottest summer on record. We evaluate space-based sensor observations routinely used to quantify temporal changes in air pollution and precursor emissions over London. Collocated daily mean tropospheric column densities from the high-spatial-resolution space-based TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) and MAX-DOAS, after accounting for differences in vertical sensitivities, are temporally consistent for NO 2 and HCHO (both R = 0.71). TROPOMI NO 2 is 27 %–31 % less than MAX-DOAS NO 2 , as expected from horizontal dilution of NO 2 by TROPOMI pixels in polluted cities. TROPOMI HCHO is 20 % more than MAX-DOAS HCHO , greater than differences in past validation studies but within the range of systematic errors in the MAX-DOAS retrieval. The MAX-DOAS near-surface (0–110 m ) retrievals have similar day-to-day and hourly variability to the surface sites for comparison of NO 2 ( R ≥ 0.7) and for MAX-DOAS HCHO versus surface site isoprene ( R ≥ 0.7) that oxidises to HCHO in prompt and high yields. Daytime ozone production, diagnosed with MAX-DOAS HCHO -to- NO 2 tropospheric vertical column ratios, is mostly limited by availability of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), except on heatwave days. Temperature-dependent biogenic VOC emissions of isoprene increase exponentially, resulting in ozone concentrations that exceed the regulatory standard for ozone and cause non-compliance at urban background sites in Central London. Locations in Central London heavily influenced by traffic remain in compliance, but this is likely to change with stricter controls on vehicle emissions of NO x and higher likelihood of heatwave frequency, ...
Subject code	511 ; 333
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-28
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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