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Article ; Online: Preliminary Study on Greywater Treatment Using Nonwoven Textile Filters

Marcin Spychała / Thanh Hung Nguyen

Applied Sciences, Vol 9, Iss 15, p

2019 Volume 3205

Abstract: The objective of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of novel nonwoven textile filter technology for greywater treatment. This technology had already been used on a lab scale for septic tank effluent treatment; however, this study is the first time ... ...

Abstract	The objective of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of novel nonwoven textile filter technology for greywater treatment. This technology had already been used on a lab scale for septic tank effluent treatment; however, this study is the first time it has been used for greywater treatment. The set-up period with septic tank effluent (STE) feeding was significantly shorter than that of greywater feeding. The average capacities of both filter types were practically the same: 1.0−1.4 cm d −1 . The relatively high efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD Cr ) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ) removal (58.8−71.6% and 56.7−79.8%, respectively) were obtained thanks to the relatively low filtration velocity and effective diffusion of atmospheric air into the greywater. The relatively high efficiency of total suspended solids (TSS) removal (67.0−88.4%) was obtained by reducing the effective pore size of the filtration layer due to high biomass concentration and accumulation of suspended solids. Thanks to hydrostatic pressure, the filters can work practically with very low energy consumption. The pollutants removal efficiencies were satisfactory in respect to simple construction and maintenance, low investment and operational costs.
Keywords	nonwoven textile filter ; greywater ; efficiency ; removal ; Technology ; T ; Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ; TA1-2040 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	690
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A Preliminary Study on the Use of Xylit as Filter Material for Domestic Wastewater Treatment

Marcin Spychała / Tadeusz Nawrot / Radosław Matz

Applied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 5281, p

2021 Volume 5281

Abstract: The aim of the study was to verify two morphological forms (“angel hair” and “scraps”) of xylit as a trickling filter material. The study was carried out on two types of polluted media: septic tank effluent (STE) and seminatural greywater (GW). The basic ...

Abstract	The aim of the study was to verify two morphological forms (“angel hair” and “scraps”) of xylit as a trickling filter material. The study was carried out on two types of polluted media: septic tank effluent (STE) and seminatural greywater (GW). The basic wastewater quality indicators, namely, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonium nitrogen (N NH4 ), and total phosphorus (P tot ) were used as the indicators of treatment efficiency. Filtering columns filled with the investigated material acted as conventional trickling filters at a hydraulic load of 376–472 cm 3 /d during the preliminary stage, 198–245 cm 3 /d during stage I, and 184–223 cm 3 /d during stage II. The removal efficiency of the two morphological forms of xylit did not differ significantly. The average efficiencies of treatment were as follows: for COD, over 70, 80, and 85% for preliminary stage, stage I and stage II, respectively; for BOD 5 , 77–79% (preliminary stage); for TSS, 42% and 70% during the preliminary stage, and 88, 91, and 65% during stage I; for N NH4 , 97–99% for stage I and 36–49% for stage II; for P tot , 51–54% for stage I and 52–56% for stage II. The study demonstrated that xylit was a material highly effective in wastewater quality indicators removal, even during the initial period of its use.
Keywords	greywater ; nutrient ; organic compound ; wastewater ; xylit ; Technology ; T ; Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ; TA1-2040 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Use of Shredded Recycled Plastic as Filter Bed Packing in a Vertical Flow Filter for Onsite Wastewater Treatment Plants

Krzysztof Chmielowski / Wiktor Halecki / Adam Masłoń / Łukasz Bąk / Marek Kalenik / Marcin Spychała / Arkadiusz Niedziółka / Mariusz Łaciak / Michał Roman / Jakub Mazurkiewicz

Sustainability, Vol 15, Iss 1883, p

Preliminary Findings

2023 Volume 1883

Abstract: Household wastewater is a problem, especially in areas with a dispersed settlement where there is no wastewater collection system or wastewater treatment plant. In this case, it is necessary to build a local or onsite wastewater treatment plant. This ... ...

Abstract	Household wastewater is a problem, especially in areas with a dispersed settlement where there is no wastewater collection system or wastewater treatment plant. In this case, it is necessary to build a local or onsite wastewater treatment plant. This paper is an attempt to analyse the possibility of using recycled shredded ABS plastic (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) as packing media in an experimental vertical flow filter for use in on-site wastewater treatment plants. Studies have shown that shredded recycled ABS is a promising filtration material that has several features important in the treatment process, like a large surface area, high mechanical strength and chemical inertness. The system was operated with a hydraulic load of 50 dm 3 /m 2 (3 months). BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand), COD (chemical oxygen demand), and total suspended solids (TSS) reduction efficiency in the primary effluent was high; 94.4%, 77.8%, and 92.8%, respectively.
Keywords	flow filter ; reuse ; shredded recycled plastic ; waste management ; wastewater treatment plant ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: REDUCTION OF SOIL INFILTRATION AREA THANKS TO THE WASTEWATER SECONDARY TREATMENT FILTERS

Marcin Spychała / Jakub Mazurkiewicz

Inżynieria Ekologiczna, Vol 47, Pp 82-

2016 Volume 88

Abstract: The aim of the article was to determine the feasibility and advisability of the use of secondary filters applied before discharge of wastewater into the ground in the context of the fulfillment of the conditions of the current Regulation of the Minister ... ...

Abstract	The aim of the article was to determine the feasibility and advisability of the use of secondary filters applied before discharge of wastewater into the ground in the context of the fulfillment of the conditions of the current Regulation of the Minister of Environment of 18 November 2014 on the conditions to be met during the discharge of wastewater into the water or the ground and on substances particularly harmful to the aquatic environment. Due to expected in practice, an application and popularity, as compared variants, reactors having a very simple construction were used. The average values of removal of BOD 5 , COD and total suspended solids for three secondary filters technologies: biological trickling filter with natural ventilation, sand filter and nonwoven filter were compared. Additionally, as a fourth option a simple mathematical model has been presented. This model allows to estimate of BOD 5 at the outflow from biological trickling filter and to verify the empirical data. Despite a large usefulness, it is rarely used in our country. It has been found the possibility of reduction of the infiltration area (surface area after reduction is 38–63% of the initial value) due to the application of secondary filters. In the case of a high initial demand of the terrain area for drainage localization the benefit in costs resulting from the reduction (several thousand of PLN) or may even significantly exceed the cost of buying and installing a cheap secondary filter. In addition, reduction the occupied area of the lot (in extreme cases up to 100 m 2 ) by using the secondary filter allows to use the unoccupied space for other purposes, and thus gives additional economic advantage.
Keywords	sand filter ; trickling filter ; textile filter ; wastewater infiltration ; soil ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	Polish
Publishing date	2016-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Polish Society of Ecological Engineering (PTIE)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Effect of thickness of textile filter on organic compounds and nutrients removal efficiency at changeable wastewater surface level

Marcin Spychała / Piotr Łucyk

Nauka Przyroda Technologie, Vol 9, Iss

2015 Volume 3

Abstract: The aim of the study was to identify the innovative filters’ (textile filters for wastewater treatment) thickness impact on dissolved compounds removal efficiency and related: biomass concentration, hydraulic capacity and hydraulic retention time. The ... ...

Abstract	The aim of the study was to identify the innovative filters’ (textile filters for wastewater treatment) thickness impact on dissolved compounds removal efficiency and related: biomass concentration, hydraulic capacity and hydraulic retention time. The study was conducted on septic tank effluent (STE) which was filtered at changeable wastewater surface between 7 cm and 20 cm of height under hydrostatic pressure. The research was performed on filters of thickness: 1.8 mm, 3.6 mm and 7.2 mm. The thinner the filter layer, the lower the total solids content and the higher the hydraulic capacity. The thicker the filter layer, the higher the dissolved compounds removal efficiency. The most efficient in removal were the thickest (eight-layers) filters. The calculated hydraulic retention times were: 0.5, 1.1 and 3.3 h for two-, four- and eight-layer filters, respectively.
Keywords	ammonium nitrogen ; dissolved organic compounds ; non-woven textile ; textile filter for wastewater treatment (TFWT) ; wastewater treatment ; Agriculture (General) ; S1-972 ; Agriculture ; S
Subject code	500
Language	Polish
Publishing date	2015-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Filter cake impact on the textile filtersfor wastewater treatment hydraulic capacity

Marcin Spychała / Aleksandra Sowińska

Nauka Przyroda Technologie, Vol 9, Iss

2015 Volume 4

Abstract: The aim of the study was to identify the filter cake hydraulic conductivity and its impact on the hydraulic capacity of textile filters for wastewater treatment. The study was carried out using septic tank effluent filtered on four types of filters of ... ...

Abstract	The aim of the study was to identify the filter cake hydraulic conductivity and its impact on the hydraulic capacity of textile filters for wastewater treatment. The study was carried out using septic tank effluent filtered on four types of filters of different thickness (0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 7.2 mm). The dry biomass content was 13.45–36.7 mg TS per 1 cm2 at organic loading rate of 0.04–0.07 mg BOD5 per 1 mg d.m. per day. The filter cake dry mass was related to filter thickness. The dry mass content of filter cake was about 9.7–19.1% of whole filter cross-sectional profile TS content in the long-term experiment. The filter cake had a significant impact on the hydraulic capacity reduction due to its high density and small porosity. The volumetric density of filter cake biomass was almost twice as high as the volumetric density of biomass inside the textile filter. The filter hydraulic conductivity of a one-layer filter without filter cake was over four orders of magnitude higher than the hydraulic conductivity of a one-layer filter with filter cake formed during the short-term experiment.
Keywords	biomass ; filter cake ; hydraulic capacity ; hydraulic conductivity ; septic tank effluent ; textile filters for wastewater treatment ; Agriculture (General) ; S1-972 ; Agriculture ; S
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: NEW APPROACH TO MODELLING OF SAND FILTER CLOGGING BY SEPTIC TANK EFFLUENT

Jakub Nieć / Marcin Spychała / Paweł Zawadzki

Journal of Ecological Engineering, Vol 17, Iss 2, Pp 97-

2016 Volume 107

Abstract: The deep bed filtration model elaborated by Iwasaki has many applications, e.g. solids removal from wastewater. Its main parameter, filter coefficient, is directly related to removal efficiency and depends on filter depth and time of operation. In this ... ...

Abstract	The deep bed filtration model elaborated by Iwasaki has many applications, e.g. solids removal from wastewater. Its main parameter, filter coefficient, is directly related to removal efficiency and depends on filter depth and time of operation. In this paper the authors have proposed a new approach to modelling, describing dry organic mass from septic tank effluent and biomass distribution in a sand filter. In this approach the variable filter coefficient value was used as affected by depth and time of operation and the live biomass concentration distribution was approximated by a logistic function. Relatively stable biomass contents in deeper beds compartments were observed in empirical studies. The Iwasaki equations associated with the logistic function can predict volatile suspended solids deposition and biomass content in sand filters. The comparison between the model and empirical data for filtration lasting 10 and 20 days showed a relatively good agreement.
Keywords	clogging ; filter coefficient ; mathematical modelling ; sand filter ; solids deposition ; suspended solids ; biofilm processes ; Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ; TD1-1066 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Polish Society of Ecological Engineering (PTIE)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Removal of Volatile Solids from Greywater Using Sand Filters

Marcin Spychała / Jakub Nieć / Paweł Zawadzki / Radosław Matz / Thanh Hung Nguyen

Applied Sciences, Vol 9, Iss 4, p

2019 Volume 770

Abstract: Sand filtration is a primary stage of treatment for reuse of greywater. This study aimed at assessing the volatile solid removal efficiency of a sand filter and imitating its performance using analytical simulation. This study used artificial greywater, ... ...

Abstract	Sand filtration is a primary stage of treatment for reuse of greywater. This study aimed at assessing the volatile solid removal efficiency of a sand filter and imitating its performance using analytical simulation. This study used artificial greywater, medium sand as a filtering material, and nine PVC cylinders as filter columns. Samples of the sand were collected after 6, 14 and 21 days, with the aim of specific deposit determination. The vertical distribution of specific deposit (volatile solids) in the sand filters was typical for gravitationally operated sand filters. Relatively high removal efficiency of volatile solids (51⁻60%) was achieved at relatively low cumulative hydraulic load. The average removal efficiency of organic compounds (detected as chemical oxygen demand) was 26.8%. Maximum specific deposit was achieved for a cumulative hydraulic load of 363.6 m. The filter coefficient was identified empirically for application of the Iwasaki formula. The filter coefficient λ was corrected for a better fit of the modelled values with measured values.
Keywords	greywater ; filter coefficient ; modelling ; sand filter ; specific deposit ; Technology ; T ; Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ; TA1-2040 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: COLLOIDS IN SEPTIC TANK EFFLUENT AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON FILTER PERMEABILITY

Marcin Spychała / Jakub Nieć / Natalia Walczak / Anna Marciniak

Journal of Ecological Engineering, Vol 16, Iss 4, Pp 74-

2015 Volume 80

Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the content of colloids in septic tank effluent and their impact on textile filter permeability. Measurements were performed on septic tank effluent without suspended solids but containing colloids and without ... ...

Abstract	The aim of the study was to evaluate the content of colloids in septic tank effluent and their impact on textile filter permeability. Measurements were performed on septic tank effluent without suspended solids but containing colloids and without colloids - including only dissolved substances (filtered by micro-filters and centrifuged). The study was conducted on unclogged and clogged textile filter coupons. During the study the following measurements were determined: turbidity, chemical oxygen demand and hydraulic conductivity of textile filter coupons. The colloid size range was assumed to be less than 1.2 microns according to the literature. Despite the relatively low content in the septic tank effluent the colloids played an important role in the clogging process. Both the filtering media, filled with low (unclogged) and high content of biomass (clogged) were sensitive to the clogging process of colloid acceleration due to the possibility of small diameter pore closure and oxygen access termination. Moreover, small size pores were probably sensitive to closing or bridging by small size colloidal particles.
Keywords	colloids ; clogging ; hydraulic conductivity ; non-woven textile ; turbidity ; Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ; TD1-1066 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	660
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Polish Society of Ecological Engineering (PTIE)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: SMALL WATER RETENTION IN LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROGRAMS OF WARTA RIVER MUNICIPALITIES

Arnold Bernaciak / Marcin Spychała / Mariusz Korytowski / Pamela Powolna

Inżynieria Ekologiczna, Vol 44, Pp 121-

2015 Volume 130

Abstract: Municipalities according to existing environmental law ought to have regularly updated local environmental protection programs. Part of the municipalities in Poland, unfortunately, does not comply this requirement. In a changing and contrasting climate ... ...

Abstract	Municipalities according to existing environmental law ought to have regularly updated local environmental protection programs. Part of the municipalities in Poland, unfortunately, does not comply this requirement. In a changing and contrasting climate with increasing frequency of rainfall absence periods, the problems related to small water retention are becoming increasingly relevant and important. The aim of the study was to identify the actions assumed by municipalities in the area of the water protection and management in the local environmental protection programs. Municipalities lying in the immediate vicinity of the Warta River should treat these issues as particularly important. On the basis of the analysis, it was found that the area of water management is dominated by the tasks related to construction of wastewater treatment plants and sewerage systems. None of the analysed programs has a small water retention as priority, and only one program has a small water retention as a goal, but with regard to flood protection. A small water retention is included in environmental programs in relatively large numbers as the tasks, but it is only 5–6% of all tasks. This may suggest a slight degree of actual attention given by local authorities to the area of small water retention, or not recognizing this type of action, as carried out by other entities. One of the main potential causes of small water retention marginal treatment in local environmental protection programs may be the treatment of the construction or expansion of the sanitary network and construction of sewage treatment plants as the priority due to the National Urban Wastewater Treatment Program realisation.
Keywords	small water retention ; local environmental protection program ; water relations ; storm water ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	Polish
Publishing date	2015-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Polish Society of Ecological Engineering (PTIE)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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