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Article ; Online: Excess Mortality Data Analysis of COVID-19 Infections and Fatalities in Ecuador

Theofilos Toulkeridis / Esteban Ortiz-Prado / Jamileth Chunga-Moran / Marco Heredia-R / Alexis Debut

Uniciencia, Vol 36, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 10

Abstract: The global COVID-19 pandemic has shocked the world. Since the virus gave rise to health problems and often ended in deaths, the count of the contagion and the deceased has been an open issue. Such statistics are vital for every nation and even every city ...

Abstract	The global COVID-19 pandemic has shocked the world. Since the virus gave rise to health problems and often ended in deaths, the count of the contagion and the deceased has been an open issue. Such statistics are vital for every nation and even every city or district and suburb as these numbers decide the level of intervention and the subsequent reduction of its given spread. Worldwide data show a mortality rate of around two percent prior to successful vaccination campaigns. However, Ecuador's statistical data indicate an abnormal amount of excess mortality, which is officially denied in each of the studied countries. These numbers have been projected on a monthly basis and exceed up to 300% of the official COVID-19 deaths. In particular, the average mortality rate in Ecuador, prior to and close to the pandemic, has been about 6083.4±234.6, while in the worst month during the sanitary crisis, deaths piled up to 21,000 people, and only 1180 were recognized as deceased by COVID-19. The reasons are widespread but based on an insufficient financed health sector, political incompetence, lack of leadership, and a long-lasting economic crisis. Therefore, premature endings of confinements or lockdowns have contributed to an accelerated contagion and seem to even counteract the vaccination phase, in middle 2021, shortly before excess mortality ceased completely.
Keywords	covid-19 ; excess mortality ; health crisis ; data analysis ; ecuador ; Science ; Q ; Science (General) ; Q1-390
Subject code	310
Language	Spanish
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Evaluation of a Microbial Consortium and Selection of a Support in an Anaerobic Reactor Directed to the Bio-Treatment of Wastewater of the Textile Industry

Marco Heredia-R / Andrea Paola Layedra-Almeida / Yenny Torres / Theofilos Toulkeridis

Sustainability, Vol 14, Iss 14, p

2022 Volume 8889

Abstract: The dyeing processes of the textile industry generate waste products such as unfixed dyes, phenolic surfactants and heavy metals. These constitute an environmental problem for the bodies receiving their wastewater due to the interruption of the lighting ... ...

Abstract	The dyeing processes of the textile industry generate waste products such as unfixed dyes, phenolic surfactants and heavy metals. These constitute an environmental problem for the bodies receiving their wastewater due to the interruption of the lighting in the aquatic environment and the release of toxic molecules by the decomposition of the dyes. There are several treatment methods, of which biological methods are the most feasible. In the current study, the I5-ESPE microbial consortium was obtained and evaluated on the components of textile wastewater, in addition to the selection of a support for an anaerobic reactor that is directed to the treatment of effluents from the textile industry. Two microbial consortia were achieved by exposure to air in Pseudomonas culture medium modified with direct dyes Red 23 and Blue 106, evaluating their removal capacity of the reactive dyes Navy 171, Red 141 and Yellow 84. The consortium I5-ESPE was selected for its greatest action, yielding approximately 95% removal. Its tolerance to phenol was also determined; we reached 98% removal of chromium(VI) and 67% of total chromium under anaerobic conditions and some 25% zinc in aerobiosis. The reduction in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was evaluated with (57.03%) and without (31.47%) aeration. The species Staphylococcus xylosus , Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida tropicalis were identified prior to treatment of textile wastewater, as well as Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus megaterium after treatment. Bacillus subtilis was present throughout the process. We evaluated coconut shell as a support for an anaerobic reactor, and it demonstrated better physical characteristics than plastic and common rock, in addition to similar results in the reduction in COD of 50%, volatile suspended solids of 2545.46 mg/L and total suspended solids of 282.82 mg/L.
Keywords	textile dyes ; microbial consortium ; phenols ; heavy metals ; coconut shell ; COD ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	660
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Livelihood Capitals, Income Inequality, and the Perception of Climate Change

Bolier Torres / Jhenny Cayambe / Susana Paz / Kelly Ayerve / Marco Heredia-R / Emma Torres / Marcelo Luna / Theofilos Toulkeridis / Antón García

Sustainability, Vol 14, Iss 5028, p

A Case Study of Small-Scale Cattle Farmers in the Ecuadorian Andes

2022 Volume 5028

Abstract: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of 2015 identify poverty, growth, and inequality as three key areas of intervention towards the UN 2030 Agenda for human well-being and sustainability. Herein, the predominant objectives are: (a) To determine the ... ...

Abstract	The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of 2015 identify poverty, growth, and inequality as three key areas of intervention towards the UN 2030 Agenda for human well-being and sustainability. Herein, the predominant objectives are: (a) To determine the poverty groups by quintiles through the cattle income in households of small milk producers; (b) To characterize rural livelihoods by using capital theory; and (c) To assess the perception of climate change (CC) and the willingness to accept adaptation as well as mitigation measures. The current study was performed in communities that are located in the Ecuadorian Andes, where some 178 surveys were conducted with indigenous Kichwa and mestizo heads of households. From the total net income determined, five groups were organized. The Lorenz curve was applied as a general indicator of the relative inequality, as well as the Gini coefficient (G). On the basis of the theory of capital, the human, social, natural, physical, and financial characteristics were determined, and seven variables were considered to evaluate the perception and willingness to accept mitigation and adaptation actions of the given quintiles. The result of the Gini coefficient was 0.52, which indicates that the poorest 20% of the population only receives 3.40% of the income, while the richest 20% of the quintile obtain about 54% of the total income. It is evident that most producers know little about CC, but that they are willing to receive strengthening programs. Therefore, it is essential to establish strategic guidelines from public policy in order to reduce inequality and to improve the social welfare of producers, with a transversal axis in the strengthening of the capacities on the impact, mitigation, and adaptation to CC, as well as the provision of several tools, such as access to climate information.
Keywords	indigenous ; poverty ; inequality ; climate change ; Lorenz curve ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Sustainability Dimensions Assessment in Four Traditional Agricultural Systems in the Amazon

Marco Heredia-R / Bolier Torres / Liette Vasseur / Laura Puhl / Deniz Barreto / Carlos G. H. Díaz-Ambrona

Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, Vol

2022 Volume 5

Abstract: Although traditional agriculture carried out by ethnic groups is considered for its high biodiversity and important for food security and sovereignty, few studies have investigated the potential of these systems in the interest of promoting a sustainable ...

Abstract	Although traditional agriculture carried out by ethnic groups is considered for its high biodiversity and important for food security and sovereignty, few studies have investigated the potential of these systems in the interest of promoting a sustainable agricultural development policy according to United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Using the FAO's Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture (SAFA) methodology, this study analyzed the sustainability of four traditional agricultural systems, three indigenous (Waorani, Shuar, and Kichwa) and one migrant settler populations in the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve (YBR) and identified synergies and trade-offs among the dimensions of sustainability. The results showed different dynamics in all dimensions of sustainability-specifically, trade-offs in the dimensions of good governance with environmental integrity and social well-being, economic resilience, and social well-being. It was identified that the differences in terms of sustainability are narrowing between the indigenous Shuar people's traditional agricultural systems and those of migrant settlers, which provides policymakers with specific information to design sustainable development policies and rescue traditional agricultural systems in the Amazon region.
Keywords	agriculture ; indigenous peoples ; migrant settlers ; rural development ; Yasuni Biosphere Reserve ; livelihoods ; Nutrition. Foods and food supply ; TX341-641 ; Food processing and manufacture ; TP368-456
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Productive Livestock Characterization and Recommendations for Good Practices Focused on the Achievement of the SDGs in the Ecuadorian Amazon

Bolier Torres / Verónica Andrade / Marco Heredia-R / Theofilos Toulkeridis / Kleber Estupiñán / Marcelo Luna / Carlos Bravo / Antón García

Sustainability, Vol 14, Iss 10738, p

2022 Volume 10738

Abstract: The increase in livestock production in the Ecuadorian Amazon Region has caused an increase in deforestation and the advance of the agricultural frontier. The aim of the current study was to conduct a socioeconomic and productive characterization in ... ...

Abstract	The increase in livestock production in the Ecuadorian Amazon Region has caused an increase in deforestation and the advance of the agricultural frontier. The aim of the current study was to conduct a socioeconomic and productive characterization in Andean-Amazonian livestock systems in Ecuador. The study area was part of the Sumaco Biosphere Reserve (SBR) and three other zones: low (400 to 700 masl), middle (701 to 1600 masl), and high (701 to 1600 masl). Data were collected from 167 ranching households. There are significant differences ( p ≤ 0.001) in the results. It was identified that 56.1% of the producers in the middle zone are indigenous (Kichwa). The largest ( p ≤ 0.01) average household size (6.7 household members) and the highest level of household heads without schooling (16%) were found in the same area. Heads of households over 54 years of age were reported throughout the gradient. The largest farms were also found in the middle zone, with an average of 62.3 ha, of which an average of 32.9 ha is native forest, 2.1 ha is agricultural land, and 27.2 ha is cattle pasture. The household economy is driven by a greater investment in livestock in the upper area, and therefore their annual gross income has a high impact on their economy. With these results, this study presents recommendations to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
Keywords	Amazon ; livestock income ; land use ; livestock management ; sustainable development goals ; Ecuador ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Evaluation of sustainability in strawberry crops production under greenhouse and open-field systems in the Andes

Jhenny Cayambe / Marco Heredia-R / Emma Torres / Laura Puhl / Bolier Torres / Deniz Barreto / Biviana N. Heredia / Andrea Vaca-Lucero / Carlos G. H. Diaz-Ambrona

International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, Vol 21, Iss

2023 Volume 1

Abstract: The use of natural resources for food production and the identification of viable solutions to problems related to agricultural sustainability are topics of current debate. Our proposed objectives were to: i) determine the agronomic characteristics of ... ...

Abstract	The use of natural resources for food production and the identification of viable solutions to problems related to agricultural sustainability are topics of current debate. Our proposed objectives were to: i) determine the agronomic characteristics of strawberry crops in open-field and aeroponic greenhouse production systems, ii) assess the sustainability of production systems concerning social, environmental, economic, and governance dimensions, and iii) identify the variability of sustainability scores between production systems. Surveys were conducted on small Mestizo strawberry producers with open-field production systems and aeroponic production researchers in the Ecuadorian Andes. The SAFA-FAO methodology was applied, considering 111 indicators, 56 subtopics, and 20 topics, distributed among the four dimensions. A principal component analysis was performed using the Infostat programme. The sustainability score (0–5) of the aeroponic system was 1.09 times higher than that of the traditional system. The dimensions of economic resilience (2.23) and good governance (2.29) obtained low scores in the open-field system, and in the aeroponic production system the dimensions with high scores were environmental integrity (4.05) and social welfare (4.46). The identified sustainability dynamics contribute to a better multidimensional understanding for decision-makers and are a contribution toward meeting the goals of the UN’s 2030 Agenda.
Keywords	sustainable development ; respectful food production ; sustainable production ; Agriculture ; S
Subject code	690
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Taylor & Francis Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Land Use and Land Cover Changes in the Diversity and Life Zone for Uncontacted Indigenous People

Marco Heredia-R / Bolier Torres / Francisco Cabrera-Torres / Emma Torres / Carlos G. H. Díaz-Ambrona / Salvatore Eugenio Pappalardo

Forests, Vol 12, Iss 1539, p

Deforestation Hotspots in the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve, Ecuadorian Amazon

2021 Volume 1539

Abstract: Land use and land cover change (LULC) is an essential component for the monitoring environmental change and managing natural resources in areas of high natural and cultural biodiversity, such as the Amazon biome. This study was conducted in in the ... ...

Abstract	Land use and land cover change (LULC) is an essential component for the monitoring environmental change and managing natural resources in areas of high natural and cultural biodiversity, such as the Amazon biome. This study was conducted in in the northern Amazon of Ecuador, specifically in the Diversity and Life Zone (DLZ) of the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve (YBR). The general aim was to investigate the territorial dynamics of land use/land cover changes to support policies for environmental and sociocultural protection in the DLZ. Specific objectives included (i) mapping LULC spatial and temporal dynamics in the DLZ in the period from 1999 to 2018, (ii) identifying sensitive LULC hotspots within the DLZ, and (iii) defining the possible policy implications for sustainable land use in the DLZ. Multitemporal satellite imagery from the Landsat series was used to map changes in LULC, which were divided into three-time stages (1999–2009, 2009–2018, 1999–2018). We adopted open-access Landsat images downloaded from the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The processes for assessing LULC in the DLZ included (1) data collection and analysis, (2) data processing for remote sensing, (3) thematic land cover, and (4) homogenization and vectorization of images. The results showed that in the period 1999–2018, most of the uses and land cover were transformed into pastures in the DLZ. Therefore, it is important to improve territorial planning, to avoid conflicts between indigenous populations, migrant settlers, and uncontacted indigenous populations that live in the DLZ, within the YBR.
Keywords	forest ; indigenous peoples ; traditional productive systems ; migrant settlers ; Plant ecology ; QK900-989
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Sustainability Assessment of Smallholder Agroforestry Indigenous Farming in the Amazon

Marco Heredia-R / Bolier Torres / Jhenny Cayambe / Nadia Ramos / Marcelo Luna / Carlos G. H. Diaz-Ambrona

Agronomy, Vol 10, Iss 1973, p

A Case Study of Ecuadorian Kichwas

2020 Volume 1973

Abstract: In the Amazon, the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve (YBR) is considered a natural and cultural diversity hotspot. It is populated by several indigenous groups, including the Kichwa, who are characterized by their traditional systems of production, which are a ... ...

Abstract	In the Amazon, the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve (YBR) is considered a natural and cultural diversity hotspot. It is populated by several indigenous groups, including the Kichwa, who are characterized by their traditional systems of production, which are a means of subsistence and socio-ecological integration. The objective of this research was to evaluate the sustainability of small farmers who use a traditional agroforestry system ( chakra ) within the buffer, transition, and core zones of the YBR. We conducted 133 interviews with Kichwa heads of households. The socio-demographic structure and distribution were identified, and the response-inducing sustainability evaluation (RISE) methodology was used to evaluate chakra sustainability according to social, economic, and ecological dimensions, expressed using 10 indicators from 50 parameters, valued from 0 (worst case) to 100 (best case). The results are expressed in a polygon, defined by the areas: (1) good performance, (2) medium performance, and (3) poor performance. We employed the multivariate classification hierarchical cluster technique and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify dissimilarities between groups of chakras and the existence of statistical differences, respectively. Among the studied indigenous Kichwas, a pyramidal structure progressive type was identified, which is characteristic of young populations and the nonexistence of significant differences between the RISE indicators and chakras. The lowest-scoring indicators using the RISE guidelines were: use of materials and environmental protection, animal production, economic viability and chakra administration. We provide suggestions for decision makers who support Kichwa populations in socio-productive management with sustainability goals. We to taking actions on the indicators identified with high priority to improve the sustainability in the chakras and sociodemographic dynamics.
Keywords	hotspot ; natural resources ; sustainable agriculture ; Yasuní ; Agriculture ; S
Subject code	390
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Is This a Real Choice? Critical Exploration of the Social License to Operate in the Oil Extraction Context of the Ecuadorian Amazon

Alberto Diantini / Salvatore Eugenio Pappalardo / Tim Edwards Powers / Daniele Codato / Giuseppe Della Fera / Marco Heredia-R / Francesco Facchinelli / Edoardo Crescini / Massimo De Marchi

Sustainability, Vol 12, Iss 8416, p

2020 Volume 8416

Abstract: The purpose of this research was to critically analyze the social license to operate (SLO) for an oil company operating in Block 10, an oil concession located in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The specific study area is an important biodiversity hotspot, ... ...

Abstract	The purpose of this research was to critically analyze the social license to operate (SLO) for an oil company operating in Block 10, an oil concession located in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The specific study area is an important biodiversity hotspot, inhabited by indigenous villages. A mixed-methods approach was used to support a deeper understanding of SLO, grounded in participants’ direct experience. Semi-structured interviews (N = 53) were conducted with village leaders and members, indigenous associations, State institutions, and oil company staff, while household surveys were conducted with village residents (N = 346). The qualitative data informed a modified version of Moffat and Zhang’s SLO model, which was tested through structural equation modelling (SEM) analyses. Compared to the reference model, our findings revealed a more crucial role of procedural fairness in building community trust, as well as acceptance and approval of the company. Procedural fairness was found to be central in mediating the relationship between trust and the effects of essential services provided by the company (medical assistance, education, house availability) and sources of livelihoods (i.e., fishing, hunting, harvesting, cultivating, and waterway quality). The main results suggested that the concept of SLO may not appropriately apply without taking into account a community’s autonomy to decline company operation. To enhance procedural fairness and respect for the right of community self-determination, companies may need to consider the following: Establishing a meaningful and transparent dialogue with the local community; engaging the community in decision-making processes; enhancing fair distribution of project benefits; and properly addressing community concerns, even in the form of protests. The respect of the free prior informed consent procedure is also needed, through the collaboration of both the State and companies. The reduction of community dependence on companies (e.g., through the presence of developmental ...
Keywords	social license to operate ; trust ; acceptance and approval ; social performance ; mixed methods ; oil activities ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	650
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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