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Article ; Online: 3D LiDAR Scanning of Urban Forest Structure Using a Consumer Tablet

Gursel Y. Çakir / Christopher J. Post / Elena A. Mikhailova / Mark A. Schlautman

Urban Science, Vol 5, Iss 88, p

2021 Volume 88

Abstract: Forest measurements using conventional methods may not capture all the important information required to properly characterize forest structure. The objective of this study was to develop a low-cost alternative method for forest inventory measurements ... ...

Abstract	Forest measurements using conventional methods may not capture all the important information required to properly characterize forest structure. The objective of this study was to develop a low-cost alternative method for forest inventory measurements and characterization of forest structure using handheld LiDAR technology. Three-dimensional (3D) maps of trees were obtained using an iPad Pro with a LiDAR sensor. Freely-available software programs, including 3D Forest Software and CloudCompare software, were used to determine tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and distance between trees. The 3D point cloud data obtained from the iPad Pro LiDAR sensor was able to estimate tree DBH accurately, with a residual error of 2.4 cm in an urban forest stand and 1.9 cm in an actively managed experimental forest stand. Distances between trees also were accurately estimated, with mean residual errors of 0.21 m for urban forest, and 0.38 m for managed forest stand. This study demonstrates that it is possible to use a low-cost consumer tablet with a LiDAR sensor to accurately measure certain forest attributes, which could enable the crowdsourcing of urban and other forest tree DBH and density data because of its integration into existing Apple devices and ease of use.
Keywords	diameter at breast height (DBH) ; forest inventory ; handheld mobile laser scanning (HMLS) ; image-based point cloud ; iPad Pro Lidar ; 3D Forest software ; Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ; G ; Social Sciences ; H
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Removal of 1,4-Naphthoquinone by Birnessite-Catalyzed Oxidation

Han-Saem Lee / Jin Hur / Doo-Hee Lee / Mark A. Schlautman / Hyun-Sang Shin

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 17, Iss 4853, p

Effect of Phenolic Mediators and the Reaction Pathway

2020 Volume 4853

Abstract: This study investigated the birnessite (δ-MnO 2 ) catalyzed oxidative removal of 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NPQ) in the presence of phenolic mediators; specifically, the kinetics of 1,4-NPQ removal under various conditions was examined, and the reaction ... ...

Abstract	This study investigated the birnessite (δ-MnO 2 ) catalyzed oxidative removal of 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NPQ) in the presence of phenolic mediators; specifically, the kinetics of 1,4-NPQ removal under various conditions was examined, and the reaction pathway of 1,4-NPQ was verified by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The removal rate of 1,4-NPQ by birnessite-catalyzed oxidation (pH = 5) was faster in the presence of phenolic mediators with electron-donating substituents (pseudo-first-order initial stage rate constant (k 1 ) = 0.380–0.733 h –1 ) than with electron-withdrawing substituents (k 1 = 0.071–0.244 h −1 ), and the effect on the substituents showed a positive correlation with the Hammett constant (Σσ) (r 2 = 0.85, p < 0.001). The rate constants obtained using variable birnessite loadings (0.1–1.0 g L −1 ), catechol concentrations (0.1–1.0 mM), and reaction sequences indicate that phenolic mediators are the major limiting factor for the cross-coupling reaction of 1,4-NPQ in the initial reaction stages, whereas the birnessite-catalyzed surface reaction acts as the major limiting factor in the later reaction stages. This was explained by the operation of two different reaction mechanisms and reaction products identified by LC-MS/MS.
Keywords	1,4-naphthoquinone ; birnessite ; phenolic mediator ; cross-coupling ; kinetics ; pathway ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	660
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Soil Science Education

Hamdi A. Zurqani / Elena A. Mikhailova / Christopher J. Post / Mark A. Schlautman / Julia L. Sharp / khalid B. Judour / Abuabdall S. Sherif

مجلة المختار للعلوم, Vol 38, Iss

Adaptation of Soil Judging (Evaluation) to Libya

2023 Volume 1

Abstract: Adaptation of Soil Judging to Libya involves tailoring Soil Judging materials to the country's local context. The objectives of this study were to adapt Soil Judging to Libya and evaluate it in various locations in Libya. Different soil judging handbooks ...

Abstract	Adaptation of Soil Judging to Libya involves tailoring Soil Judging materials to the country's local context. The objectives of this study were to adapt Soil Judging to Libya and evaluate it in various locations in Libya. Different soil judging handbooks from the United States (US) were used to develop teaching materials for Libya (including tables of soil physical and chemical properties and scorecards). The soil judging scorecard was enhanced by adding more specific information relevant to Libya (e.g., soil salinity, calcium carbonate, etc.). Libyan users were asked to complete a survey on the usefulness of Soil Judging in Libya. Eighty-two percent of those surveyed were unaware of Soil Judging prior to this study. After completing Soil Judging trials in various locations in Libya, 95% of those surveyed indicated that Soil Judging is helpful in natural science education in Libya. Future improvements to Soil Judging should include better equipment and explanation.
Keywords	Africa ; Aridisols ; Entisols ; Agriculture ; Environment ; Education ; Science ; Q
Language	Arabic
Publishing date	2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Omar Al-Mukhtar University
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Enhancing the Definitions of Climate-Change Loss and Damage Based on Land Conversion in Florida, U.S.A.

Elena A. Mikhailova / Lili Lin / Zhenbang Hao / Hamdi A. Zurqani / Christopher J. Post / Mark A. Schlautman / Gregory C. Post / George B. Shepherd / Sarah J. Kolarik

Urban Science, Vol 7, Iss 40, p

2023 Volume 40

Abstract: Loss and damage (L&D) from climate change result from past and current greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Current definitions of L&D exclude GHG emissions even though they represent L&D to human beings and the environment. This study’s objective was to ... ...

Abstract	Loss and damage (L&D) from climate change result from past and current greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Current definitions of L&D exclude GHG emissions even though they represent L&D to human beings and the environment. This study’s objective was to identify and quantify the L&D from GHG emissions associated with land developments using the state of Florida (FL) in the United States of America (USA) as a case study. All land developments in FL caused various L&D (20,249.6 km 2 , midpoint 3.0 × 10 11 of total soil carbon (TSC) losses with midpoint $50.3B (where B = billion = 10 9 , USD) in social costs of carbon dioxide emissions, SC-CO 2 ), while “new” land developments (1703.7 km 2 ) in the period from 2001 to 2016 caused a complete loss of midpoint 2.8 × 10 10 kg of TSC resulting in midpoint $4.5B SC-CO 2 . These emissions are currently not accounted for in FL’s total carbon footprint (CF). Climate-change-related damages in FL include permanent losses (e.g., land losses), with 47 out of 67 FL’s counties potentially affected by the projected sea-level rise and repairable damages (e.g., destruction from hurricanes). Based on the fixed social cost of carbon (C), there appears to be a disconnect between the value attributed to soil-based emissions and the actual market-driven losses from climate-change-associated costs. The social cost of C could be scaled based on the vulnerability of a particular community and the market-based cost of L&D mitigation. Programs for compensation on the international level should be carefully designed to help people who have suffered climate-related L&D, without creating reverse climate change adaptation (RCCA), where compensation causes people to remain in areas that are vulnerable to climate-related L&D.
Keywords	carbon ; CO 2 ; compensation ; ecosystem ; hurricane ; insurance ; Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ; G ; Social Sciences ; H
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Soil Carbon Regulating Ecosystem Services in the State of South Carolina, USA

Elena A. Mikhailova / Hamdi A. Zurqani / Christopher J. Post / Mark A. Schlautman / Gregory C. Post / Lili Lin / Zhenbang Hao

Land, Vol 10, Iss 309, p

2021 Volume 309

Abstract: Sustainable management of soil carbon (C) at the state level requires valuation of soil C regulating ecosystem services (ES) and disservices (ED). The objective of this study was to assess the value of regulating ES from SOC, SIC, and TSC stocks, based ... ...

Abstract	Sustainable management of soil carbon (C) at the state level requires valuation of soil C regulating ecosystem services (ES) and disservices (ED). The objective of this study was to assess the value of regulating ES from SOC, SIC, and TSC stocks, based on the concept of the avoided social cost of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions for the state of South Carolina (SC) in the United States of America (U.S.A.) by soil order, soil depth (0–200 cm), region and county using information from the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) database. The total estimated monetary mid-point value for TSC in the state of South Carolina was $124.36B (i.e., $124.36 billion U.S. dollars, where B = billion = 10 9 ), $107.14B for SOC, and $17.22B for SIC. Soil orders with the highest midpoint value for SOC were: Ultisols ($64.35B), Histosols ($11.22B), and Inceptisols ($10.31B). Soil orders with the highest midpoint value for SIC were: Inceptisols ($5.91B), Entisols ($5.53B), and Alfisols ($5.0B). Soil orders with the highest midpoint value for TSC were: Ultisols ($64.35B), Inceptisols ($16.22B), and Entisols ($14.65B). The regions with the highest midpoint SOC values were: Pee Dee ($34.24B), Low Country ($32.17B), and Midlands ($29.24B). The regions with the highest midpoint SIC values were: Low Country ($5.69B), Midlands ($5.55B), and Pee Dee ($4.67B). The regions with the highest midpoint TSC values were: Low Country ($37.86B), Pee Dee ($36.91B), and Midlands ($34.79B). The counties with the highest midpoint SOC values were Colleton ($5.44B), Horry ($5.37B), and Berkeley ($4.12B). The counties with the highest midpoint SIC values were Charleston ($1.46B), Georgetown ($852.81M, where M = million = 10 6 ), and Horry ($843.18M). The counties with the highest midpoint TSC values were Horry ($6.22B), Colleton ($6.02B), and Georgetown ($4.87B). Administrative areas (e.g., counties, regions) combined with pedodiversity concepts can provide useful information to design cost-efficient policies to manage soil carbon regulating ES at the state level.
Keywords	accounting ; carbon emissions ; CO 2 ; climate change ; inorganic ; organic ; pedodiversity ; Agriculture ; S
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Soil Diversity (Pedodiversity) and Ecosystem Services

Elena A. Mikhailova / Hamdi A. Zurqani / Christopher J. Post / Mark A. Schlautman / Gregory C. Post

Land, Vol 10, Iss 288, p

2021 Volume 288

Abstract: Soil ecosystem services (ES) (e.g., provisioning, regulation/maintenance, and cultural) and ecosystem disservices (ED) are dependent on soil diversity/pedodiversity (variability of soils), which needs to be accounted for in the economic analysis and ... ...

Abstract	Soil ecosystem services (ES) (e.g., provisioning, regulation/maintenance, and cultural) and ecosystem disservices (ED) are dependent on soil diversity/pedodiversity (variability of soils), which needs to be accounted for in the economic analysis and business decision-making. The concept of pedodiversity (biotic + abiotic) is highly complex and can be broadly interpreted because it is formed from the interaction of atmospheric diversity (abiotic + biotic), biodiversity (biotic), hydrodiversity (abiotic + biotic), and lithodiversity (abiotic) within ecosphere and the anthroposphere. Pedodiversity is influenced by intrinsic (within the soil) and extrinsic (outside soil) factors, which are also relevant to ES/ED. Pedodiversity concepts and measures may need to be adapted to the ES framework and business applications. Currently, there are four main approaches to analyze pedodiversity: taxonomic (diversity of soil classes), genetic (diversity of genetic horizons), parametric (diversity of soil properties), and functional (soil behavior under different uses). The objective of this article is to illustrate the application of pedodiversity concepts and measures to value ES/ED with examples based on the contiguous United States (U.S.), its administrative units, and the systems of soil classification (e.g., U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Taxonomy, Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) Database). This study is based on a combination of original research and literature review examples. Taxonomic pedodiversity in the contiguous U.S. exhibits high soil diversity, with 11 soil orders, 65 suborders, 317 great groups, 2026 subgroups, and 19,602 series. The ranking of “soil order abundance” (area of each soil order within the U.S.) expressed as the proportion of the total area is: (1) Mollisols (27%), (2) Alfisols (17%), (3) Entisols (14%), (4) Inceptisols and Aridisols (11% each), (5) Spodosols (3%), (6) Vertisols (2%), and (7) Histosols and Andisols (1% each). Taxonomic, genetic, parametric, and functional pedodiversity ...
Keywords	climate change ; extinction ; food ; land use ; market ; pedocapacity ; Agriculture ; S
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Determining the Value of Soil Inorganic Carbon Stocks in the Contiguous United States Based on the Avoided Social Cost of Carbon Emissions

Garth R. Groshans / Elena A. Mikhailova / Christopher J. Post / Mark A. Schlautman / Lisha Zhang

Resources, Vol 8, Iss 3, p

2019 Volume 119

Abstract: Carbon sequestered as soil inorganic carbon (SIC) provides a regulating ecosystem service, which can be assigned a monetary value based on the avoided social cost of carbon (SC-CO 2 ). By definition, the SC-CO 2 is a measure, in dollars, of the long-term ...

Abstract	Carbon sequestered as soil inorganic carbon (SIC) provides a regulating ecosystem service, which can be assigned a monetary value based on the avoided social cost of carbon (SC-CO 2 ). By definition, the SC-CO 2 is a measure, in dollars, of the long-term damage resulting from the emission of a metric ton of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Therefore, this dollar figure also represents the value of damages avoided due to an equivalent reduction or sequestration of CO 2 . The objective of this study was to assess the value of SIC stocks in the contiguous United States (U.S.) by soil order, soil depth (0−20, 20−100, 100−200 cm), land resource region (LRR), state, and region using information from the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) database together with a reported SC-CO 2 of $42 (U.S. dollars). With this approach, the calculated monetary value for total SIC storage in the contiguous U.S. was between $3.48T (i.e., $3.48 trillion U.S. dollars, where T = trillion = 10 12 ) and $14.4T, with a midpoint value of $8.34T. Soil orders with the highest (midpoint) values for SIC storage were: 1) Mollisols ($3.57T), 2) Aridisols ($1.99T), and 3) Alfisols ($841B) (i.e., $841B is 841 billion U.S. dollars, where B = billion = 10 9 ). When normalized by land area, the soil orders with the highest (midpoint) values for SIC storage were: 1) Vertisols ($3.57 m −2 ), 2) Aridisols ($2.45 m −2 ), and 3) Mollisols ($1.77 m −2 ). Most of the SIC value was associated with the 100−200 cm depth interval, with a midpoint value of $4T and an area-normalized value of $0.54 m −2 . The LRRs with the highest (midpoint) values of SIC storage were: 1) D—Western Range and Irrigated Region ($1.77T), 2) H—Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region ($1.49T), and 3) M—Central Feed Grains and Livestock Region ($1.02T). When normalized by land area, the LRRs were ranked: 1) I—Southwest Plateaus and Plains Range and Cotton Region ($5.36 m −2 ), 2) J—Southwestern Prairies Cotton and Forage Region ($4.56 m −2 ), and 3) H—Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and ...
Keywords	carbon emissions ; CO 2 ; social cost ; soil inorganic carbon (SIC) ; STATSGO ; Science ; Q
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Net-Zero Target and Emissions from Land Conversions

Philip C. Hutton / Elena A. Mikhailova / Lili Lin / Zhenbang Hao / Hamdi A. Zurqani / Christopher J. Post / Mark A. Schlautman / George B. Shepherd

Geographies, Vol 3, Iss 3, Pp 40-

A Case Study of Maryland’s Climate Solutions Now Act

2022 Volume 59

Abstract: Many climate change “solution” plans include net-zero goals, which involve balancing the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) with their removal. Achieving net-zero goals is particularly problematic for soils because they are often excluded from ... ...

Abstract	Many climate change “solution” plans include net-zero goals, which involve balancing the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) with their removal. Achieving net-zero goals is particularly problematic for soils because they are often excluded from GHG inventories and reduction plans. For example, Maryland’s Climate Solutions Now Act (Senate Bill 528) put forward the goal of lowering emissions of GHG to 60% under 2006 quantities by 2031 and with a target of net-zero emissions by 2045. To achieve these goals, the state of Maryland (MD) needs to quantify GHG emissions from various sources contributing to the state’s total emissions footprint (EF). Soils are currently excluded from MD’s GHG assessments, which raises a question about how the soil impacts the net-zero goal. This study examines the challenges in meeting net-zero goals using an example of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as one of the GHG types (net-zero CO 2 emissions). The current study quantified the “realized” social costs of CO 2 (SC-CO 2 ) emissions for MD from new land developments in the period from 2001 to 2016 which caused a complete loss of 2.2 × 10 9 kg of total soil carbon (TSC) resulting in $383.8M (where M = million, USD = US dollars). All MD’s counties experienced land developments with various emissions and SC-CO 2 monetary values. Most of the developments, TSC losses, and SC-CO 2 occurred near the existing urban areas of Annapolis and Baltimore City. These emissions need to be accounted for in MD’s GHG emissions reduction plans to achieve a net-zero target. Soils of MD are limited in recarbonization capacity because 64% of the state area is occupied by highly leached Ultisols. Soil recarbonization potential is further reduced by urbanization with Prince George’s, Montgomery, and Frederick counties experiencing the highest increases in developed areas. In addition, projected sea-level rises will impact 17 of MD’s 23 counties. These losses will generate additional social costs because of migration, costs of relocation, and damages to ...
Keywords	carbon ; CO 2 ; change ; footprint ; goal ; greenhouse gas ; Geography (General) ; G1-922
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Determining farm-scale site-specific monetary values of “soil carbon hotspots” based on avoided social costs of CO2 emissions

Elena A. Mikhailova / Christopher J. Post / Mark A. Schlautman / Gregory C. Post / Hamdi A. Zurqani

Cogent Environmental Science, Vol 6, Iss

2020 Volume 1

Abstract: A “soil carbon hotspot” (SCH) is a geographic area having an abundance of soil carbon, and therefore higher ecosystem services value based on avoided social costs of CO2 emissions. Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil inorganic carbon (SIC), and total soil ... ...

Abstract	A “soil carbon hotspot” (SCH) is a geographic area having an abundance of soil carbon, and therefore higher ecosystem services value based on avoided social costs of CO2 emissions. Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil inorganic carbon (SIC), and total soil carbon (TSC) are critical data to help identify SCH at the farm scale, but monetary methods of hotspot evaluation are not well defined. This study provides a first of its kind quantitative example of farm-scale monetary value of soil carbon (C), and mapping of SCH based on avoided social cost of CO2 emissions using both Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database and field measurements. The total calculated monetary value for TSC storage at the Willsboro Farm based on the SSURGO database was about 7.3 million U.S. dollars ($7.3 M), compared to $2.8 M based on field data from averaged soil core results. This difference is attributed to variation in soil sampling methodology, laboratory methods of soil C analyses, and depth of reported soil C results. Despite differences in total monetary valuation, observed trends by soil order were often similar for SSURGO versus field methods, with Alfisols typically having the highest total and area-normalized monetary values for SOC, SIC, and TSC. Farm-scale C accounting provides a more detailed spatial resolution of monetary values and SCH, compared to estimates based on country-level reports in soil survey databases. Delineation and mapping of SCH at the farm scale can be useful tools to define land management zones, to achieve social profit for farmers, and to realize United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) based on avoided social cost of CO2 emissions.
Keywords	ecosystem services (es) ; external costs ; hotspots ; hot moments ; social profit ; soil organic carbon (soc) ; soil inorganic carbon (sic) ; total soil carbon (tsc) ; ssurgo ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Taylor & Francis Group
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Quantifying and Mapping Atmospheric Potassium Deposition for Soil Ecosystem Services Assessment in the United States

Elena A. Mikhailova / Gregory C. Post / Michael P. Cope / Christopher J. Post / Mark A. Schlautman / Lisha Zhang

Frontiers in Environmental Science, Vol

2019 Volume 7

Abstract: National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) databases are important for quantifying and mapping the contribution of atmospheric deposition to soil provisioning ecosystem services. These databases provide information about the atmospheric deposition of ...

Abstract	National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) databases are important for quantifying and mapping the contribution of atmospheric deposition to soil provisioning ecosystem services. These databases provide information about the atmospheric deposition of potassium (K+) which is an essential element and component of many fertilizing materials. Atmospheric deposition flows (wet, dry, and total) serve as one input of K+ to soils; however, deposition varies spatially across the United States (U.S.). This study ranked an estimated provisioning value of soil ecosystem services due to atmospheric K+ deposition within the contiguous U.S. by state and region based on the 16-year period from 2000 to 2015. The total provisioning ecosystem value of atmospheric potassium deposition was over $406M (i.e., 406 million U.S. dollars) ($179M wet + $227M dry) per year based on a 5-year moving average of $500 per metric ton of potassium chloride (KCl) fertilizer in the U.S. The highest ranked regions for total value of K+ deposition per year were: (1) West ($86.5M), (2) South Central ($80.4M), and (3) Southeast ($80.2M). The highest ranked states for total value of K+ deposition per year were: (1) Texas ($44.3M), (2) California ($18.3M), and (3) New Mexico ($1.35M). Atmospheric potassium deposition is a source of K which is essential for human health. Given a U.S. population of 325.7 million people (2017), and a recommended daily intake of 4.7 g per person per day of K, it would require at least 1,531 metric tons/day of potassium to ensure that every person is able to meet their daily potassium requirement. In terms of monetary value, it will cost nearly $1.5M per day based on a moving 5-year average U.S. price of $500 per metric ton of KCl fertilizer. The results of this study provide a methodology to estimate and map the value of atmospheric potassium deposition for ecosystem services assessments, which can be helpful in conducting nutrient audits at various scales to address the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals.
Keywords	agriculture ; fertilization ; flow ; potassium chloride ; STATSGO ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
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