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  1. Article: Strengthening of District/Taluk Level Hospitals Through Implementation of Post-graduate Medical Courses in Karnataka, India.

    Maroor, Parimala S / Pushpalatha, B S / Kodkani, Sangeetha / Shruthi, Lourdu / Ashwini, Damaraju / Sharma, Anjali / Negandhi, Himanshu / Shapeti, Suresh S / Zodpey, Sanjay P

    Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine

    2024  Volume 49, Issue 1, Page(s) 11–17

    Abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the requirement of human resource for health (HRH) stands at 44.5 skilled health workers per 10,000 population. WHO recognizes India as one of the countries which has HRH crisis. Karnataka, a southern state ... ...

    Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the requirement of human resource for health (HRH) stands at 44.5 skilled health workers per 10,000 population. WHO recognizes India as one of the countries which has HRH crisis. Karnataka, a southern state in India, has the highest number of medical colleges yet faces the shortage of specialists in the public hospitals. We conducted desk review to understand the HRH crisis, particularly the medical specialists in India. Simultaneously, we conducted secondary research to explore the initiatives taken by the Government of Karnataka (GoK) to mitigate the shortage of medical specialists in the rural areas. GoK scaled up the National Board of Examination in Medical Sciences (NBEMS) postgraduate and super-speciality courses such as Diplomate of National Board (DNB), Diploma, and Doctorate of National Board (DrNB) in district hospitals (minimum 250-500 bedded) and taluk hospitals (minimum 100 bedded) by utilizing the existing resources. Karnataka is the first state in India to expand the NBEMS (DNB and Diploma) courses in taluk hospitals and to begin DrNB courses in district hospitals. The paper documents the process of implementation of the NBEMS courses at district and taluk hospitals of Karnataka, which has supported in strengthening these hospitals in the state.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-12
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2085330-0
    ISSN 1998-3581 ; 0970-0218
    ISSN (online) 1998-3581
    ISSN 0970-0218
    DOI 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_125_23
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Corrigendum to "Second round statewide sentinel-based population survey for estimation of the burden of active infection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the general population of Karnataka, India, during January-February 2021" [IJID Regions Vol 1(2021) pages 107-116].

    Rajagopal Padma, M / Dinesh, Prameela / Sundaresan, Rajesh / Athreya, Siva / Shiju, Shilpa / Maroor, Parimala S / Lalitha Hande, R / Akhtar, Jawaid / Chandra, Trilok / Ravi, Deepa / Lobo, Eunice / Ana, Yamuna / Shriyan, Prafulla / Desai, Anita / Rangaiah, Ambica / Munivenkatappa, Ashok / Krishna, S / Basawarajappa, Shantala Gowdara / Sreedhara, H G /
    Siddesh, K C / Kumari, B Amrutha / Umar, Nawaz / Mythri, B A / Mythri, K M / Sudarshan, Mysore Kalappa / Vasanthapuram, Ravi / Rathnaiah Babu, Giridhara

    IJID regions

    2024  Volume 10, Page(s) 150

    Abstract: This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2021.10.008.]. ...

    Abstract [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2021.10.008.].
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Published Erratum
    ISSN 2772-7076
    ISSN (online) 2772-7076
    DOI 10.1016/j.ijregi.2024.01.001
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Second round statewide sentinel-based population survey for estimation of the burden of active infection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the general population of Karnataka, India, during January-February 2021.

    Padma, M Rajagopal / Dinesh, Prameela / Sundaresan, Rajesh / Athreya, Siva / Shiju, Shilpa / Maroor, Parimala S / Hande, R Lalitha / Akhtar, Jawaid / Chandra, Trilok / Ravi, Deepa / Lobo, Eunice / Ana, Yamuna / Shriyan, Prafulla / Desai, Anita / Rangaiah, Ambica / Munivenkatappa, Ashok / Krishna, S / Basawarajappa, Shantala Gowdara / Sreedhara, H G /
    Siddesh, K C / Amrutha Kumari, B / Umar, Nawaz / Mythri, B A / Mythri, K M / Sudarshan, Mysore Kalappa / Vasanthapuram, Ravi / Babu, Giridhara R

    IJID regions

    2021  Volume 1, Page(s) 107–116

    Abstract: Objective: Demonstrate the feasibility of using the existing sentinel surveillance infrastructure to conduct the second round of the serial cross-sectional sentinel-based population survey. Assess active infection, seroprevalence, and their evolution in ...

    Abstract Objective: Demonstrate the feasibility of using the existing sentinel surveillance infrastructure to conduct the second round of the serial cross-sectional sentinel-based population survey. Assess active infection, seroprevalence, and their evolution in the general population across Karnataka. Identify local variations for locally appropriate actions. Additionally, assess the clinical sensitivity of the testing kit used on account of variability of antibody levels in the population.
    Methods: The cross-sectional study of 41,228 participants across 290 healthcare facilities in all 30 districts of Karnataka was done among three groups of participants (low, moderate, and high-risk). The geographical spread was sufficient to capture local variations. Consenting participants were subjected to real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing, and antibody (IgG) testing. Clinical sensitivity was assessed by conducting a longitudinal study among participants identified as COVID-19 positive in the first survey round.
    Results: Overall weighted adjusted seroprevalence of IgG was 15.6% (95% CI: 14.9-16.3), crude IgG prevalence was 15.0% and crude active infection was 0.5%. Statewide infection fatality rate (IFR) was estimated as 0.11%, and COVID-19 burden estimated between 26.1 to 37.7% (at 90% confidence). Further, Cases-to-infections ratio (CIR) varied 3-35 across units and IFR varied 0.04-0.50% across units. Clinical sensitivity of the IgG ELISA test kit was estimated as ≥38.9%.
    Conclusion: We demonstrated the feasibility and simplicity of sentinel-based population survey in measuring variations in subnational and local data, useful for locally appropriate actions in different locations. The sentinel-based population survey thus helped identify districts that needed better testing, reporting, and clinical management. The state was far from attaining natural immunity during the survey and hence must step up vaccination coverage and enforce public health measures to prevent the spread of COVD-19.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-30
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2772-7076
    ISSN (online) 2772-7076
    DOI 10.1016/j.ijregi.2021.10.008
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: The burden of active infection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the general population: Results from a statewide sentinel-based population survey in Karnataka, India.

    Babu, Giridhara R / Sundaresan, Rajesh / Athreya, Siva / Akhtar, Jawaid / Pandey, Pankaj Kumar / Maroor, Parimala S / Padma, M Rajagopal / Lalitha, R / Shariff, Mohammed / Krishnappa, Lalitha / Manjunath, C N / Sudarshan, Mysore Kalappa / Gururaj, Gopalkrishna / Ranganath, Timmanahalli Sobagaiah / Vasanth, Kumar D E / Banandur, Pradeep / Ravi, Deepa / Shiju, Shilpa / Lobo, Eunice /
    Satapathy, Asish / Alahari, Lokesh / Dinesh, Prameela / Thakar, Vinitha / Desai, Anita / Rangaiah, Ambica / Munivenkatappa, Ashok / S, Krishna / Basawarajappa, Shantala Gowdara / Sreedhara, H G / Kc, Siddesh / B, Amrutha Kumari / Umar, Nawaz / Ba, Mythri / Vasanthapuram, Ravi

    International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases

    2021  Volume 108, Page(s) 27–36

    Abstract: Objective: To estimate the burden of active infection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Karnataka, India, and to assess variation across geographical regions and risk groups.: Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 16,416 people covering three risk ...

    Abstract Objective: To estimate the burden of active infection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Karnataka, India, and to assess variation across geographical regions and risk groups.
    Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 16,416 people covering three risk groups was conducted between 3-16 September 2020 using the state of Karnataka's infrastructure of 290 healthcare facilities across all 30 districts. Participants were further classified into risk subgroups and sampled using stratified sampling. All participants were subjected to simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG using a commercial ELISA kit, SARS-CoV-2 antigen using a rapid antigen detection test (RAT) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for RNA detection. Maximum-likelihood estimation was used for joint estimation of the adjusted IgG, active and total prevalence (either IgG or active or both), while multinomial regression identified predictors.
    Results: The overall adjusted total prevalence of COVID-19 in Karnataka was 27.7% (95% CI 26.1-29.3), IgG 16.8% (15.5-18.1) and active infection fraction 12.6% (11.5-13.8). The case-to-infection ratio was 1:40 and the infection fatality rate was 0.05%. Influenza-like symptoms or contact with a COVID-19-positive patient were good predictors of active infection. RAT kits had higher sensitivity (68%) in symptomatic people compared with 47% in asymptomatic people.
    Conclusion: This sentinel-based population survey was the first comprehensive survey in India to provide accurate estimates of the COVID-19 burden. The findings provide a reasonable approximation of the population immunity threshold levels. Using existing surveillance platforms coupled with a syndromic approach and sampling framework enabled this model to be replicable.
    MeSH term(s) Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19 ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; India/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; SARS-CoV-2
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Viral ; Immunoglobulin G
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-21
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1331197-9
    ISSN 1878-3511 ; 1201-9712
    ISSN (online) 1878-3511
    ISSN 1201-9712
    DOI 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.043
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: The burden of active infection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the general population: Results from a statewide survey in Karnataka, India

    Babu, Giridhara R / Sundaresan, Rajesh / Athreya, Siva / Akhtar, Jawaid / Pandey, Pankaj Kumar / Maroor, Parimala S / MR, Padma / R, Lalitha / Shariff, Mohammed / Krishnappa, Lalitha / Manjunath, CN / Sudarshan, MK / G, Gururaj / TS, Ranganath / DE, Vasanth Kumar / Banandur, Pradeep / R, Deepa / Shiju, Shilpa / Lobo, Eunice /
    Satapathy, Asish / Alahari, Lokesh / Prameela / T, Vinitha / Desai, Anita / Ravi, V

    medRxiv

    Abstract: Background: Globally, the routinely used case-based reporting and IgG serosurveys underestimate the actual prevalence of COVID-19. Simultaneous estimation of IgG antibodies and active SARS-CoV-2 markers can provide a more accurate estimation. Methods: A ... ...

    Abstract Background: Globally, the routinely used case-based reporting and IgG serosurveys underestimate the actual prevalence of COVID-19. Simultaneous estimation of IgG antibodies and active SARS-CoV-2 markers can provide a more accurate estimation. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 16416 people covering all risk groups was done between 3-16 September 2020 using the infrastructure of Karnataka in 290 hospitals across all 30 districts. All participants were subjected to simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG using a commercial ELISA kit, SARS-CoV-2 antigen using a rapid antigen detection test (RAT), and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for RNA detection. Maximum-likelihood estimation was used for joint estimation of the adjusted IgG, active, and total prevalence, while multinomial regression identified predictors. Findings: The overall adjusted prevalence of COVID-19 in Karnataka was 27.3% (95% CI: 25.7-28.9), including IgG 16.4% (95% CI: 15.1 - 17.7) and active infection 12.7% (95% CI: 11.5-13.9). The case-to-infection ratio was 1:40, and the infection fatality rate was 0.05%. Influenza-like symptoms or contact with a COVID-19 positive patient are good predictors of active infection. The RAT kits had higher sensitivity (68%) in symptomatic participants compared to 47% in asymptomatic. Interpretation: This is the first comprehensive survey providing accurate estimates of the COVID-19 burden anywhere in the world. Further, our findings provide a reasonable approximation of population immunity threshold levels. Using the RAT kits and following the syndromic approach can be useful in screening and monitoring COVID-19. Leveraging existing surveillance platforms, coupled with appropriate methods and sampling framework, renders our model replicable in other settings.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-11
    Publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2020.12.04.20243949
    Database COVID19

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  6. Article ; Online: Second round statewide survey for estimation of the burden of active infection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the general population of Karnataka, India

    Padma, M Rajagopal / Dinesh, Prameela / Sundaresan, Rajesh / Athreya, Siva / Shiju, Shilpa / Maroor, Parimala S / Hande, R Lalitha / Akhtar, Jawaid / Chandra, Trilok / Ravi, Deepa / Lobo, Eunice / Ana, Yamuna / Shriyan, Prafulla / Desai, Anita / Rangaiah, Ambica / Munivenkatappa, Ashok / S, Krishna / Gowdara Basawarajappa, Shantala / Sreedhara, H.G. /
    KC, Siddhesh / Kumari B, Amrutha / Umar, Nawaz / BA, Mythri / KM, Mythri / Sudarshan, Mysore Kalappa / Vasanthapuram, Ravi / Babu, Giridhara R

    medRxiv

    Abstract: Objective: The second round of the serial cross sectional sentinel based population survey to assess active infection, seroprevalence, and their evolution in the general population across Karnataka was conducted. Additionally, a longitudinal study among ... ...

    Abstract Objective: The second round of the serial cross sectional sentinel based population survey to assess active infection, seroprevalence, and their evolution in the general population across Karnataka was conducted. Additionally, a longitudinal study among participants identified as COVID 19 positive in the first survey round was conducted to assess the clinical sensitivity of the testing kit used. Methods: The cross sectional study of 41,228 participants across 290 healthcare facilities in all 30 districts of Karnataka was done among three groups of participants (low, moderate, and high risk). Consenting participants were subjected to real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) testing, and antibody (IgG) testing. Results: Overall weighted adjusted seroprevalence of IgG was 15.6% (95% CI: 14.9 to 16.3), crude IgG prevalence was 15.0% and crude active prevalence was 0.5%. Statewide infection fatality rate (IFR) was estimated as 0.11%, and COVID 19 burden estimated between 26.1 to 37.7% (at 90% confidence). Clinical sensitivity of the IgG ELISA test kit was estimated as equal or more than 38.9%. Conclusion: The sentinel based population survey helped identify districts that needed better testing, reporting, and clinical management. The state was far from attaining natural immunity during the survey and hence must step up vaccination coverage and enforce public health measures to prevent the spread of COVD 19.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-11
    Publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2021.08.10.21261842
    Database COVID19

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