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  1. Article ; Online: Administration of Tamoxifen Can Regulate Changes in Gene Expression during the Acute Phase of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.

    Cabrera-Aldana, Eibar E / Balderas-Martinez, Yalbi I / Velázquez-Cruz, Rafael / Tovar-Y-Romo, Luis B / Sevilla-Montoya, Rosalba / Martínez-Cruz, Angelina / Martinez-Cordero, Claudia / Valdes-Flores, Margarita / Santamaria-Olmedo, Monica / Hidalgo-Bravo, Alberto / Guízar-Sahagún, Gabriel

    Current issues in molecular biology

    2023  Volume 45, Issue 9, Page(s) 7476–7491

    Abstract: Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) causes irreversible damage leading to incapacity. Molecular mechanisms underlying SCI damage are not fully understood, preventing the development of novel therapies. Tamoxifen (TMX) has emerged as a promising therapy. ... ...

    Abstract Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) causes irreversible damage leading to incapacity. Molecular mechanisms underlying SCI damage are not fully understood, preventing the development of novel therapies. Tamoxifen (TMX) has emerged as a promising therapy. Our aim was to identify transcriptome changes in the acute phase of SCI and the effect of Tamoxifen on those changes in a rat model of SCI. Four groups were considered: (1) Non-injured without TMX (Sham/TMX-), (2) Non-injured with TMX (Sham/TMX+), (3) injured without TMX (SCI/TMX-), and (4) injured with TMX (SCI/TMX+). Tamoxifen was administered intraperitoneally 30 min after injury, and spinal cord tissues were collected 24 h after injury. Clariom S Assays Array was used for transcriptome analysis. After comparing Sham/TMX- versus SCI/TMX-, 708 genes showed differential expression. The enriched pathways were the SCI pathway and pathways related to the inflammatory response. When comparing SCI/TMX- versus SCI/TMX+, only 30 genes showed differential expression, with no pathways enriched. Our results showed differential expression of genes related to the inflammatory response after SCI, and Tamoxifen seems to regulate gene expression changes in
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-13
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2000024-8
    ISSN 1467-3045 ; 1467-3037
    ISSN (online) 1467-3045
    ISSN 1467-3037
    DOI 10.3390/cimb45090472
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  2. Article ; Online: Evaluation of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in a Rat Model Using

    Izquierdo-Sánchez, Vanessa / Zambrano-Rodríguez, Pablo C / Peña-Merino, Nadia / Bolaños-Puchet, Sirio / Reyes-Alva, Horacio J / Martínez-Cruz, Angelina / Muñiz-Hernández, Saé / Guízar-Sahagún, Gabriel / Medina, Luis Alberto

    Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

    2021  Volume 26, Issue 23

    Abstract: Spinal cord injury (SCI) refers to the damage suffered in the spinal cord by any trauma or pathology. The purpose of this work was to determine ... ...

    Abstract Spinal cord injury (SCI) refers to the damage suffered in the spinal cord by any trauma or pathology. The purpose of this work was to determine whether
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/genetics ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/immunology ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/pharmacology ; Humans ; Radiochemistry ; Radiopharmaceuticals/pharmacology ; Rats ; Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Computed Tomography ; Spinal Cord/diagnostic imaging ; Spinal Cord/pathology ; Spinal Cord Injuries/diagnostic imaging ; Spinal Cord Injuries/genetics ; Spinal Cord Injuries/pathology ; Technetium/chemistry ; Technetium/pharmacology ; Tissue Distribution/radiation effects
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ; Radiopharmaceuticals ; glial fibrillary astrocytic protein, mouse ; Technetium (7440-26-8)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-25
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1413402-0
    ISSN 1420-3049 ; 1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
    ISSN (online) 1420-3049
    ISSN 1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
    DOI 10.3390/molecules26237138
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    Zs.MO 81: Show issues

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  3. Article ; Online: Pharmacokinetics and anti-inflammatory effect of naproxen in rats with acute and subacute spinal cord injury.

    Rodríguez-Cal Y Mayor, Arianna / Castañeda-Hernández, Gilberto / Favari, Liliana / Martinez-Cruz, Angelina / Guízar-Sahagún, Gabriel / Cruz-Antonio, Leticia

    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology

    2019  Volume 393, Issue 3, Page(s) 395–404

    Abstract: Previous reports have warned about the influence of spinal cord injury (SCI) on the pharmacokinetics of various drugs. However, the role of SCI in the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy remains unknown. Thereby, our aim was to explore the role of SCI ...

    Abstract Previous reports have warned about the influence of spinal cord injury (SCI) on the pharmacokinetics of various drugs. However, the role of SCI in the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy remains unknown. Thereby, our aim was to explore the role of SCI on pharmacokinetics and anti-inflammatory effect of naproxen in response to a local inflammatory challenge. Rats received a severe contusive SCI at T9 or sham injury. Pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous dose of naproxen (10 mg kg
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/blood ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use ; Female ; Inflammation Mediators/blood ; Naproxen/blood ; Naproxen/therapeutic use ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spinal Cord Injuries/blood ; Spinal Cord Injuries/drug therapy ; Thoracic Vertebrae/injuries ; Treatment Outcome
    Chemical Substances Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; Inflammation Mediators ; Naproxen (57Y76R9ATQ)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-10-22
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 121471-8
    ISSN 1432-1912 ; 0028-1298
    ISSN (online) 1432-1912
    ISSN 0028-1298
    DOI 10.1007/s00210-019-01745-9
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  4. Article ; Online: High-resolution Micro-CT Myelography to Assess Spinal Subarachnoid Space Changes After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats.

    Zambrano-Rodríguez, Pablo C / Bolaños-Puchet, Sirio / Reyes-Alva, Horacio J / de Los Santos, Roberto A / Martinez-Cruz, Angelina / Guízar-Sahagún, Gabriel / Medina, Luis A

    Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging

    2020  Volume 31, Issue 1, Page(s) 79–89

    Abstract: Background and purpose: The spinal subarachnoid space (SSAS) is vital for neurologic function. Although SSAS alterations are known to occur after spinal cord injury (SCI), there is a lack of high-resolution imaging studies of the SSAS after SCI in ... ...

    Abstract Background and purpose: The spinal subarachnoid space (SSAS) is vital for neurologic function. Although SSAS alterations are known to occur after spinal cord injury (SCI), there is a lack of high-resolution imaging studies of the SSAS after SCI in rodents. Therefore, the aim here was to assess changes in the SSAS of rats subjected to graded SCI, using high-resolution micro-CT myelography.
    Methods: Long-Evans adult rats were subjected to mild or severe spinal cord contusion at T9. Imaging studies of SSAS features were carried out in injured rats at acute (day 1) and subacute (day 15) stages postinjury, as well as in control rats, using high-resolution micro-CT myelography with a contrast-enhanced digital subtraction protocol. We studied a total of 33 rats randomly allocated into five experimental groups. Micro-CT myelograms were assessed by expert observers using both qualitative and quantitative criteria.
    Results: Qualitative and quantitative analyses showed that SCI induces changes in the SSAS that vary as a function of both injury severity and time elapsed after injury. SSAS blockage was the main alteration detected. Moreover, the method used here allowed fine details to be observed in small animals, such as variations in the preferential pathways for contrast medium flow, neuroimaging nerve root enhancement, and leakage of contrast medium due to tearing of the dural sac.
    Conclusion: Micro-CT myelography provides high-resolution images of changes in the SSAS after SCI in rats and is a useful tool for further experimental studies involving rat SCI in vivo.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Male ; Myelography ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Signal-To-Noise Ratio ; Spinal Cord/diagnostic imaging ; Spinal Cord/physiopathology ; Spinal Cord Injuries/diagnostic imaging ; Spinal Cord Injuries/physiopathology ; Subarachnoid Space/diagnostic imaging ; Subarachnoid Space/physiopathology ; X-Ray Microtomography
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-11-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1071724-9
    ISSN 1552-6569 ; 1051-2284
    ISSN (online) 1552-6569
    ISSN 1051-2284
    DOI 10.1111/jon.12813
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    Zs.A 3211: Show issues Location:
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  5. Article ; Online: Micro-CT myelography using contrast-enhanced digital subtraction: feasibility and initial results in healthy rats.

    Zambrano-Rodríguez, Pablo C / Bolaños-Puchet, Sirio / Reyes-Alva, Horacio J / García-Orozco, Luis E / Romero-Piña, Mario E / Martinez-Cruz, Angelina / Guízar-Sahagún, Gabriel / Medina, Luis A

    Neuroradiology

    2019  Volume 61, Issue 3, Page(s) 323–330

    Abstract: Purpose: The spinal subarachnoid space (SSAS) is vital for neural performance. Although models of spinal diseases and trauma are used frequently, no methods exist to obtain high-resolution myelograms in rodents. Thereby, our aim was to explore the ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: The spinal subarachnoid space (SSAS) is vital for neural performance. Although models of spinal diseases and trauma are used frequently, no methods exist to obtain high-resolution myelograms in rodents. Thereby, our aim was to explore the feasibility of obtaining high-resolution micro-CT myelograms of rats by contrast-enhanced dual-energy (DE) and single-energy (SE) digital subtraction.
    Methods: Micro-CT contrast-enhanced DE and SE imaging protocols were implemented with live adult rats (total of 18 animals). For each protocol, contrast agents based on iodine (Iomeron® 400 and Fenestra® VC) and gold nanoparticles (AuroVist™ 15 nm) were tested. For DE, images at low- and high-energy settings were acquired after contrast injection; for SE, one image was acquired before and the other after contrast injection. Post-processing consisted of region of interest selection, image registration, weighted subtraction, and longitudinal alignment.
    Results: High-resolution myelograms were obtained with contrast-enhanced digital subtraction protocols. After qualitative and quantitative (contrast-to-noise ratio) analyses, we found that the SE acquisition protocol with Iomeron® 400 provides the best images. 3D contour renderings allowed visualization of SSAS and identification of some anatomical structures within it.
    Conclusion: This in vivo study shows the potential of SE contrast-enhanced myelography for imaging SSAS in rat. This approach yields high-resolution 3D images without interference from adjacent anatomical structures, providing an innovative tool for further assessment of studies involving rat SSAS.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Contrast Media ; Feasibility Studies ; Gold ; Iopamidol/analogs & derivatives ; Metal Nanoparticles ; Myelography/methods ; Rats ; X-Ray Microtomography/methods
    Chemical Substances Contrast Media ; aurovist ; iomeprol (17E17JBP8L) ; Gold (7440-57-5) ; Iopamidol (JR13W81H44)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-01-28
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 123305-1
    ISSN 1432-1920 ; 0028-3940
    ISSN (online) 1432-1920
    ISSN 0028-3940
    DOI 10.1007/s00234-019-02162-8
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    Zs.A 658: Show issues Location:
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  6. Article ; Online: Temporal changes of spinal subarachnoid space patency after graded spinal cord injury in rats.

    Franco-Bourland, Rebecca E / Reyes-Alva, Horacio J / Quintana-Armenta, Alejandra / Martinez-Cruz, Angelina / Madrazo, Ignacio / Guizar-Sahagun, Gabriel

    Injury

    2015  Volume 46, Issue 4, Page(s) 634–637

    Abstract: Introduction: Disturbances in spinal subarachnoid space (SSAS) patency after SCI have been reported as an incidental finding, but there is a lack of information on its in vivo extent and time course. For substances and cells carried in the cerebrospinal ...

    Abstract Introduction: Disturbances in spinal subarachnoid space (SSAS) patency after SCI have been reported as an incidental finding, but there is a lack of information on its in vivo extent and time course. For substances and cells carried in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to reach damaged neural tissue and promote reparative processes, CSF must be able to flow freely in SASS.
    Objective: To characterise the extent and time course of SSAS patency disruption in vivo in a rat model after graded SCI.
    Materials and methods: Anaesthetised rats were subjected to mild or severe cord contusion at T9. Estimation of SSAS patency was carried out at 1h and 1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 90 days postinjury, as well as in naïve rats, by quantifying the passage of superparamagnetic beads injected into the CSF at the cisterna magna and recovered at spinal level L2. CSF volume recovery was measured simultaneously. Data were analysed by the two-way ANOVA test.
    Results: Estimation of SSAS patency revealed nearly complete blockage early after contusion that was unevenly restored entering the chronic stages. Volume of CSF recovered was also significantly decreased early after injury compared to naïve rats, but was fully restored by 1 month postinjury. Overall, although modestly different from each other, changes in both parameters were more pronounced after severe rather than mild injuries for each time point examined.
    Conclusions: SCI alters SSAS patency. Its extent is a function primarily of time elapsed after lesion and secondly of injury severity. It is reasonable to expect that disturbances in SASS patency might alter CSF dynamics and impair self-reparative mechanisms and intrathecal therapeutics, making SSAS patency blockage a key target for SCI management.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Blood-Nerve Barrier/pathology ; Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure/physiology ; Contusions ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Recovery of Function ; Spinal Cord/pathology ; Spinal Cord Injuries/pathology ; Subarachnoid Space/pathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-04
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 218778-4
    ISSN 1879-0267 ; 0020-1383
    ISSN (online) 1879-0267
    ISSN 0020-1383
    DOI 10.1016/j.injury.2015.01.007
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    Zs.MO 10: Show issues

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  7. Article ; Online: Methylprednisolone Administration Following Spinal Cord Injury Reduces Aquaporin 4 Expression and Exacerbates Edema.

    Cabrera-Aldana, Eibar Ernesto / Ruelas, Fernando / Aranda, Cristina / Rincon-Heredia, Ruth / Martínez-Cruz, Angelina / Reyes-Sánchez, Alejandro / Guizar-Sahagún, Gabriel / Tovar-Y-Romo, Luis B

    Mediators of inflammation

    2017  Volume 2017, Page(s) 4792932

    Abstract: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an incapacitating condition that affects motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Since 1990, the only treatment administered in the acute phase of SCI has been methylprednisolone (MP), a synthetic corticosteroid that has anti- ...

    Abstract Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an incapacitating condition that affects motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Since 1990, the only treatment administered in the acute phase of SCI has been methylprednisolone (MP), a synthetic corticosteroid that has anti-inflammatory effects; however, its efficacy remains controversial. Although MP has been thought to help in the resolution of edema, there are no scientific grounds to support this assertion. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), the most abundant component of water channels in the CNS, participates in the formation and elimination of edema, but it is not clear whether the modulation of AQP4 expression by MP plays any role in the physiopathology of SCI. We studied the functional expression of AQP4 modulated by MP following SCI in an experimental model in rats along with the associated changes in the permeability of the blood-spinal cord barrier. We analyzed these effects in male and female rats and found that SCI increased AQP4 expression in the spinal cord white matter and that MP diminished such increase to baseline levels. Moreover, MP increased the extravasation of plasma components after SCI and enhanced tissue swelling and edema. Our results lend scientific support to the increasing motion to avoid MP treatment after SCI.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1137605-3
    ISSN 1466-1861 ; 0962-9351
    ISSN (online) 1466-1861
    ISSN 0962-9351
    DOI 10.1155/2017/4792932
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    Zs.A 3575: Show issues Location:
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  8. Article ; Online: Creation of an intramedullary cavity by hemorrhagic necrosis removal 24 h after spinal cord contusion in rats for eventual intralesional implantation of restorative materials.

    Guizar-Sahagun, Gabriel / Martinez-Cruz, Angelina / Franco-Bourland, Rebecca E / Cruz-García, Eduardo / Corona-Juarez, Alvaro / Diaz-Ruiz, Araceli / Grijalva, Israel / Reyes-Alva, Horacio J / Madrazo, Ignacio

    PloS one

    2017  Volume 12, Issue 4, Page(s) e0176105

    Abstract: Intramedullary hemorrhagic necrosis occurs early after spinal cord injury at the site of injury and adjacent segments. It is considered harmful because of its potential to aggravate secondary injury, and to interfere with axonal regeneration; it might ... ...

    Abstract Intramedullary hemorrhagic necrosis occurs early after spinal cord injury at the site of injury and adjacent segments. It is considered harmful because of its potential to aggravate secondary injury, and to interfere with axonal regeneration; it might also lead to an unfavorable environment for intralesional implants. Removal of hemorrhagic necrosis has been attempted before with variable results. The invasive nature of these procedures carries the risk of exacerbating damage to the injured cord. The overall objective for this study was to test several strategies for non-damaging removal of hemorrhagic necrosis and characterize the resulting cavity looking for a space for future intralesional therapeutic implants in rats with acute cord injury. Rats were subjected to graded cord contusion, and hemorrhagic necrosis was removed after 24h. Three grades of myelotomy (extensive, medium sized, and small) were tested. Using the small surgical approach to debridement, early and late effects of the intervention were determined by histology and by analytical and behavioral analysis. Appearance and capacity of the resulting cavity were characterized. Satisfactory removal of hemorrhagic necrosis was achieved with all three surgical approaches to debridement. However, bleeding in spared cord tissue was excessive after medium sized and extensive myelotomies but similar to control injured rats after small cord surgery. Small surgical approach to debridement produced no swelling nor acute inflammation changes, nor did it affect long-term spontaneous locomotor recovery, but resulted in modest improvement of myelination in rats subjected to both moderate and severe injuries. Cavity created after intervention was filled with 10 to 15 μL of hydrogel. In conclusion, by small surgical approach to debridement, removal of hemorrhagic necrosis was achieved after acute cord contusion thereby creating intramedullary spaces without further damaging the injured spinal cord. Resulting cavities appear suitable for future intralesional placement of pro-reparative cells or other regenerative biomaterials in a clinically relevant model of spinal cord injury.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Contusions/pathology ; Contusions/surgery ; Cordotomy/methods ; Female ; Hemorrhage/pathology ; Inflammation/pathology ; Motor Activity/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Recovery of Function/physiology ; Spinal Cord/pathology ; Spinal Cord/surgery ; Spinal Cord Injuries/pathology ; Spinal Cord Injuries/surgery
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0176105
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  9. Article ; Online: Superparamagnetic beads for estimation of spinal subarachnoid space permeability in rats.

    Franco-Bourland, Rebecca E / Guízar-Sahagún, Gabriel / Quintana-Armenta, Alejandra / Reyes-Alva, Horacio José / Martínez-Cruz, Angelina / Madrazo, Ignacio

    Journal of neuroscience methods

    2013  Volume 219, Issue 2, Page(s) 271–275

    Abstract: Background: Human spinal pathological processes have been linked to a loss of spinal subarachnoid space (SSAS) permeability, which has therefore become a target for therapy. Hence, it has become important to measure SSAS patency in rat models of these ... ...

    Abstract Background: Human spinal pathological processes have been linked to a loss of spinal subarachnoid space (SSAS) permeability, which has therefore become a target for therapy. Hence, it has become important to measure SSAS patency in rat models of these human disorders.
    New method: The estimation of in vivo rat SSAS patency is described by quantifying passage of streptavidin-covered superparamagnetic beads (SPMB) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Beads are injected into the cisterna magna and recovered at spinal level L2. They are then coated with biotynilated horseradish peroxidase for enzymatically based colorimetric measurement, after removal of bloody CSF to avoid interference with the colorimetric readings. The procedure was tested in intact rats and in rats 24 h after T9 laminectomy. Residual beads in SSAS were viewed by histology.
    Results: Average bead recovery from intact rats was 6.4% of amount initially administered, in a mean CSF volume of 126 μL; in laminectomized rats, it was 1%, in a mean CSF volume of 39.2 μL.
    Comparison with existing method(s): Unlike in vivo imaging techniques, such as myelography (used here to validate our method) and near infrared fluorescence technology for qualitative rat SSAS patency viewing, our SPMB-based method allows for an in vivo quantitative estimation of the permeability of this space.
    Conclusions: A novel method has been established to reliably determine SSAS permeability in rats. The method is reproducible and has the required sensitivity to detect an 84.4% reduction in bead recovery, as seen in laminectomized rats compared to intact animals.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Bacterial Proteins ; Blood-Nerve Barrier/physiology ; Capillary Permeability/physiology ; Female ; Horseradish Peroxidase ; Magnetics ; Microspheres ; Neurosciences/instrumentation ; Neurosciences/methods ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Spinal Cord/physiology ; Subarachnoid Space/physiology
    Chemical Substances Bacterial Proteins ; Strep-avidin conjugated horseradish peroxidase ; Horseradish Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-10-15
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 282721-9
    ISSN 1872-678X ; 0165-0270
    ISSN (online) 1872-678X
    ISSN 0165-0270
    DOI 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.08.004
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    Zs.A 1486: Show issues Location:
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  10. Article ; Online: Spatial and temporal morphological changes in the subarachnoid space after graded spinal cord contusion in the rat.

    Reyes-Alva, Horacio J / Franco-Bourland, Rebecca E / Martinez-Cruz, Angelina / Grijalva, Israel / Madrazo, Ignacio / Guizar-Sahagun, Gabriel

    Journal of neurotrauma

    2013  Volume 30, Issue 12, Page(s) 1084–1091

    Abstract: Spontaneous repair or treatment-induced recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) is very limited and might be related to extramedullary alterations that have only briefly been documented. Here we report on the morphological changes of the spinal ... ...

    Abstract Spontaneous repair or treatment-induced recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) is very limited and might be related to extramedullary alterations that have only briefly been documented. Here we report on the morphological changes of the spinal subarachnoid space (SAS) in a clinically relevant model of SCI. Anesthetized rats were subjected either to mild or severe spinal cord contusion at T9. Spine blocks from the site of injury and adjacent segments were harvested at acute (1 h and 1 day [d]), subacute (3 and 7 d), and chronic (1 and 3 months) stages post-injury. Histopathology and morphometry at each decalcified vertebral level were assessed. At acute and subacute stages, reduction of SAS lumen was observed after both mild and severe injuries. Acutely, after severe injuries, SAS occlusion was associated mainly with cord swelling and subarachnoid hematomas; a trend for dural sac constriction was observed for mild injuries. At 7 d, cord swelling diminished in both instances, but dural sac constriction increased for severe injuries. At early stages, in the epicenter and vicinity, histopathology revealed compression of neurovascular elements within the SAS, which was more intense in severe than in mild injuries. In the chronic stage, SAS lumen increased notably, mostly from cord atrophy, despite dural sac constriction. Myelograms complemented observations made on SAS lumen permeability. Post-traumatic arachnoiditis occurred mainly in animals with severe injury. In conclusion, early extramedullary SAS changes described here might be expected to produce alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics and cord blood perfusion, thereby contributing to the pathophysiology of SCI and becoming novel targets for treatment.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Shape ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Spinal Cord Injuries/pathology ; Subarachnoid Space/pathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-03-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 645092-1
    ISSN 1557-9042 ; 0897-7151
    ISSN (online) 1557-9042
    ISSN 0897-7151
    DOI 10.1089/neu.2012.2764
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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