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Article ; Online: The Functional Assessment of T Cells.

Maruyama, Saho

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

2024 Volume 2766, Page(s) 207–232

Abstract: It is important to know what kind of T-cell populations are involved in various disease states, and to know the state of T-cell functions involving in the disease. When a T cell's antigen receptors (TCR) recognize a specific antigen, the cell transmits a ...

Abstract	It is important to know what kind of T-cell populations are involved in various disease states, and to know the state of T-cell functions involving in the disease. When a T cell's antigen receptors (TCR) recognize a specific antigen, the cell transmits a signal by a transduction mechanism within the T cell's cytoplasm. This signal initiates gene transcription essential for differentiation and activation of T cells. In this chapter, we will describe the methods of analyzing the transcribed mRNA and detecting the translated product in order to know the activation state of T cells.
MeSH term(s)	T-Lymphocytes ; Cell Differentiation ; Cytoplasm ; RNA, Messenger/genetics
Chemical Substances	RNA, Messenger
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1940-6029
ISSN (online)	1940-6029
DOI	10.1007/978-1-0716-3682-4_23
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Article ; Online: Properties of the SSIM metric in medical image assessment: correspondence between measurements and the spatial frequency spectrum.

Maruyama, Sho

Physical and engineering sciences in medicine

2023 Volume 46, Issue 3, Page(s) 1131–1141

Abstract: In radiological imaging, the acquisition of the required diagnostic image quality under optimized conditions is important. Although techniques based on structural similarity (SSIM) have been investigated, concerns have been raised regarding their ... ...

Abstract	In radiological imaging, the acquisition of the required diagnostic image quality under optimized conditions is important. Although techniques based on structural similarity (SSIM) have been investigated, concerns have been raised regarding their application to medical images. This study aims to clarify the properties of SSIM as an image quality index in medical images, focusing on digital radiography and verifying the correspondence between the evaluation results obtained by SSIM and the frequency spectrum. The analysis target was chest X-ray images of a human-body phantom. Various types of processing were applied to the images, and several regions of interest (ROIs) were used in local areas for analysis. The SSIM was measured using unprocessed data as a reference while changing the calculation parameters, and the spatial frequency spectrum of each local region was analyzed. Thus, a significant effect of ROI size was observed when calculating the SSIM. This indicates that larger the ROI size leads to SSIM values closer to 1 for all analysis conditions. In addition, a relationship between the size of the ROI in the analysis and the frequency components is demonstrated. It was shown that careful attention should be paid to the structures included in the ROI, and parameter settings should be reconsidered. Furthermore, when using SSIM to assess medical images, a multiscale SSIM method obtained by changing the ROI size would be useful.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Radiographic Image Enhancement ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Thorax
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-22
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2662-4737
ISSN (online)	2662-4737
DOI	10.1007/s13246-023-01280-1
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Article: Analysis of the precision of modulation transfer function measurements with a circular edge: influence of object circularity.

Maruyama, Sho

Journal of medical imaging (Bellingham, Wash.)

2023 Volume 10, Issue 4, Page(s) 43503

Abstract: Purpose: To measure the modulation transfer function (MTF) using a circular edge, we generate a synthesized edge spread function from multiple profiles radiating from the center, assuming that the circular object is perfectly round. Therefore, this ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: To measure the modulation transfer function (MTF) using a circular edge, we generate a synthesized edge spread function from multiple profiles radiating from the center, assuming that the circular object is perfectly round. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the influence of the shape change of the circular edge on the measurement precision of the MTF. Approach: To examine this relationship, we generated simulated images with intentionally distorted circular edges and analyzed the correlation between circularity and the calculated MTF. This simulation was designed to replicate the MTF properties of an actual computed tomography image and was applied to isolate the effect of shape distortion on MTF measurements. MTF measurements were conducted on 11 different circularity images to determine the spatial frequencies at which the MTF values are 50% ( Results: Our findings revealed a correlation between circularity and the measured MTF value. Specifically, an 1% decrease in circularity from the perfect circle condition resulted in an approximately Conclusions: This study provided insights into the influence of the shape changes in the circular edge on MTF measurements. The present findings contribute to a better understanding of the evaluation results and measurement errors when describing the image quality characteristics modalities using the circular edge technique.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2329-4302
ISSN	2329-4302
DOI	10.1117/1.JMI.10.4.043503
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Article: Simulation Analysis on the Performance of a Circular-Edge Technique in Measurements of the Modulation Transfer Function.

Maruyama, Sho

Journal of medical physics

2023 Volume 48, Issue 1, Page(s) 90–97

Abstract: The modulation transfer function (MTF) plays an important role in characterizing medical imaging systems. For such characterization, the circular-edge technique has become a prevalent task-based methodology. When determining the MTF with complicated task- ...

Abstract	The modulation transfer function (MTF) plays an important role in characterizing medical imaging systems. For such characterization, the circular-edge technique has become a prevalent task-based methodology. When determining the MTF with complicated task-based measurements, error factors must be well understood to properly interpret the results. In this context, the aim of this work was to study the changes in measurement performance in the analysis of the MTF using a circular edge. To eliminate the systematic error related to the measurement and suitably manage the error factors, images were generated by Monte Carlo simulation. Further, a performance comparison with the conventional method was conducted; in addition, the influence of the edge size and contrast and the setting error of the center coordinates were investigated. The difference from the true value and the standard deviation relative to the average value were applied to the index as the accuracy and precision, respectively. The results demonstrated that the smaller the circular object used and the lower the contrast, the grater the deterioration in the measurement performance. Furthermore, this study clarified the underestimating of the MTF in proportion to the square of the distance with respect to the setting error of the center position, which is important for the synthesis of the edge profile. Evaluations in the backgrounds wherein there are multiple factors affecting the results are complex, and the system users must properly judge the validity of the characterization results. These findings provide meaningful insight in the context of MTF measurement techniques.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-18
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1193902-3
ISSN	1998-3913 ; 0971-6203
ISSN (online)	1998-3913
ISSN	0971-6203
DOI	10.4103/jmp.jmp_54_22
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Article ; Online: [Activation Dynamics Analysis of Language-related Areas with High Temporal Resolution fMRI].

Maruyama, Sumito

Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai zasshi

2021 Volume 77, Issue 9, Page(s) 941–946

Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the activation dynamics of language-related areas from multiple activation maps by performing analysis while shifting the signal change model from the actual stimulation timing along the temporal axis using high temporal ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: To investigate the activation dynamics of language-related areas from multiple activation maps by performing analysis while shifting the signal change model from the actual stimulation timing along the temporal axis using high temporal resolution fMRI data. Methods: High temporal resolution fMRI data were obtained using 3T MRI. Ten healthy right-handed volunteers participated in the study. Task paradigm was block design to carry out two sets of the rest periods and word-generation tasks. Data analysis was performed using SPM 12 software. We created several different activation maps of different phases by shifting the signal change model along the temporal axis, and the activation dynamics of activation areas were analyzed. Results: In the activation dynamics analysis, there was a tendency for activation to become stronger in the order of bilateral superior temporal gyrus and supplementary motor area, left angular gyrus with slight delay, and then left middle and inferior frontal gyrus. This result was considered to reflect the processing process in the brain during the word-generation task. Conclusions: It was suggested that this analysis method is useful for activation dynamics analysis.
MeSH term(s)	Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Brain Mapping ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Language ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Language	Japanese
Publishing date	2021-09-20
Publishing country	Japan
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2269092-X
ISSN	1881-4883 ; 0369-4305
ISSN (online)	1881-4883
ISSN	0369-4305
DOI	10.6009/jjrt.2021_JSRT_77.9.941
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Article ; Online: EXPOSURE DOSE INDEX BASED ON NOISE FACTOR ANALYSIS IN DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY: VERIFICATION USING DIRECT-TYPE FLAT-PANEL DETECTOR SYSTEM.

Maruyama, Sho

Radiation protection dosimetry

2021 Volume 192, Issue 4, Page(s) 473–481

Abstract: In this study, the development of a reasonable index of optimized exposure dose is attempted. Using a direct-type flat-panel system, noise factors contained in the image are analyzed based on the relative standard deviation method, and it is verified ... ...

Abstract	In this study, the development of a reasonable index of optimized exposure dose is attempted. Using a direct-type flat-panel system, noise factors contained in the image are analyzed based on the relative standard deviation method, and it is verified that the proposed index conforms with the appropriate standards regarding minimum exposure dose. The findings indicate that Poisson noise is dominant in the general clinical dose range; this noise fraction formed 90% of the total noise in the system considered in this study. Considering the results of previous surveys, it is estimated that the point at which the content rate of the Poisson noise starts to decrease can be considered as the lower limit, below which the dose cannot be reduced further without compromising on image quality. As the 'index' obtained by this method can be easily measured, it is useful as a quantitative indicator for dose determination and optimization.
MeSH term(s)	Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Mammography ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Radiographic Image Enhancement
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	225912-6
ISSN	1742-3406 ; 0144-8420
ISSN (online)	1742-3406
ISSN	0144-8420
DOI	10.1093/rpd/ncab003
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Article: Assessment of Uncertainty Depending on Various Conditions in Modulation Transfer Function Calculation Using the Edge Method.

Maruyama, Sho

Journal of medical physics

2021 Volume 46, Issue 3, Page(s) 221–227

Abstract: In medical X-ray imaging, to perform optimal operations, it is essential for the user to understand whether a required image quality level which depends on a diagnostic task can be achieved with the imaging system used. This study focuses on the effects ... ...

Abstract	In medical X-ray imaging, to perform optimal operations, it is essential for the user to understand whether a required image quality level which depends on a diagnostic task can be achieved with the imaging system used. This study focuses on the effects of noise on the modulation transfer function (MTF) using the edge method, the most widely used to evaluate the task dependence property. The purpose is to verify the uncertainty of the MTF value at each spatial frequency and examine the conditions under which the accuracy is ensured. By using a Monte Carlo simulation, edge images with various contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) are acquired. MTFs are then calculated with different edge spread function (ESF) lengths. The uncertainties for each spatial frequency are estimated based on the independent MTF calculations obtained from the five edge data. The uncertainty of the MTF is inversely proportional to the CNR. In the frequency range up to the Nyquist frequency, the uncertainty in five calculations is <0.01 when the CNR is more than 60. In addition, it is observed that the uncertainty increases as the ESF length increases. This relationship depends on the frequency range, but it is proportional to the 0.3-0.5 power of the ESF length. The results in which the uncertainty is most likely to be large in the MTF calculation are clearly shown. Therefore, it is expected to provide an important barometer and useful insights for a proper image quality measurement.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-08
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1193902-3
ISSN	1998-3913 ; 0971-6203
ISSN (online)	1998-3913
ISSN	0971-6203
DOI	10.4103/jmp.JMP_36_21
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Article ; Online: Visualization of blurring process due to analog components in a digital radiography system using a simple method.

Maruyama, Sho

Physical and engineering sciences in medicine

2020 Volume 43, Issue 4, Page(s) 1461–1468

Abstract: To obtain useful medical X-ray images for diagnosis, it is necessary to accurately evaluate the characteristics and fully understand the features of the system to determine the imaging target and conditions. This study describes the performance of a ... ...

Abstract	To obtain useful medical X-ray images for diagnosis, it is necessary to accurately evaluate the characteristics and fully understand the features of the system to determine the imaging target and conditions. This study describes the performance of a digital radiography (DR) system in detail and proposes a method for characterizing the blurring process due to the presence of analog components in an imaging system. Our method does not involve any specialized technique, such as a simulation that requires long computing time on a high-performance computer. The method is based on the concept of the modulation transfer function (MTF). The functions that corresponded to the MTF of the analog components of the system when the Fourier transform was performed were examined. Indirect conversion type flat-panel detectors (FPD) in the general radiography energy range and direct conversion type FPD in the mammography were used for verification. A Gaussian function and Lorentz function were synthesized for modelling the blurring process of the indirect type FPDs. The spreads and shapes of the modeled functions depended on the systems. For the direct conversion type FPD, a combination of a Lorentz function with a narrow width and an impulse function characterized the results. Furthermore, based on the structure of each detector and the signal transfer process, the visualized results were considered reliable. The results of these experiments will aid in the detailed understanding of the image quality characteristics of the DR system by the feasible approach.
MeSH term(s)	Computer Simulation ; Fourier Analysis ; Mammography ; Radiographic Image Enhancement ; Radiography
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-05
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2662-4737
ISSN (online)	2662-4737
DOI	10.1007/s13246-020-00939-3
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Article ; Online: Introduction.

Kanetsuna, Yukiko / Maruyama, Shoichi

Nephron

2023 Volume 147 Suppl 1, Page(s) 5

Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	207121-6
ISSN	2235-3186 ; 1423-0186 ; 1660-8151 ; 0028-2766
ISSN (online)	2235-3186 ; 1423-0186
ISSN	1660-8151 ; 0028-2766
DOI	10.1159/000533694
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Article: Harvesting Split-thickness Skin from the Scalp Using a Scalpel.

Maruyama, Seiichi

Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open

2019 Volume 7, Issue 5, Page(s) e2206

Abstract: Background: Split-thickness skin grafts (STSGs) from the scalp may be an attractive option for patients who do not want scars on their limbs or trunk. However, not all institutions have the equipment typically used to perform STSGs.: Methods: Between ...

Abstract	Background: Split-thickness skin grafts (STSGs) from the scalp may be an attractive option for patients who do not want scars on their limbs or trunk. However, not all institutions have the equipment typically used to perform STSGs. Methods: Between January 2015 and June 2017, STSGs were harvested with a No. 15 blade under local anesthesia from the scalps of 4 patients and grafted on small skin defects from facial trauma, a tattoo, and scarring, and on a large defect from burns. Epithelialization of the donor sites and graft take, secondary contraction, and color and texture match of the recipient sites were observed. Thickness of the harvested skin was confirmed by histopathologic examination. Results: Mean patient age was 39.8 years; 2 patients were male. Epithelialization of the donor sites took a mean of 8.75 days. No hypertrophic scarring or alopecia was observed. Good graft take and relatively good color and texture match of the recipient site were achieved. Mild secondary contraction was noted in 2 cases. Histopathologic examination showed no damage to the hair follicles. The thickness of the harvested skin varied from 0.3 to 0.7 mm. Conclusions: Using the scalpel technique, surgeons can perform STSGs with only several blades, minimizing surgical costs. The hair follicles remain intact because the thickness of the graft skin is <1 mm. Epithelialization of the donor site is quick, and there is no visible wound on the limb or trunk. It is especially useful to cover small defects.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2851682-5
ISSN	2169-7574 ; 2169-7574
ISSN (online)	2169-7574
ISSN	2169-7574
DOI	10.1097/GOX.0000000000002206
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