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Article ; Online: Effects of Midazolam/Dexmedetomidine with Buprenorphine or Extended-release Buprenorphine Anesthesia in C57BL/6 Mice.

Hagan, Lisa / David, Emily M / Horton, Alanna R / Marx, James O

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS

2024 Volume 63, Issue 2, Page(s) 172–181

Abstract: The effects of commonly used injectable combinations of anesthetics such as ketamine and xylazine, with or without acepromazine, vary widely across individuals, have a shallow-dose response curve, and do not provide long-term analgesia. These drawbacks ... ...

Abstract	The effects of commonly used injectable combinations of anesthetics such as ketamine and xylazine, with or without acepromazine, vary widely across individuals, have a shallow-dose response curve, and do not provide long-term analgesia. These drawbacks indicate the importance of continuing efforts to develop safe and effective injectable anesthetic combinations for mice. In this study, a series of experiments was designed to validate the use of dexmedetomidine and midazolam to provide chemical restraint for nonpainful procedures and the addition of buprenorphine or extended-release buprenorphine to reliably provide a surgical plane of anesthesia in C57BL/6J mice. Loss of consciousness was defined as the loss of the righting reflex (LORR); a surgical plane of anesthesia was defined as the LORR and loss of pedal withdrawal after application of a 300 g noxious stimulus to a hind paw. The combination of intraperitoneal 0.25 mg/kg dexmedetomidine and 6 mg/kg midazolam produced LORR, sufficient for nonpainful or noninvasive procedures, without achieving a surgical plane in 19 of 20 mice tested. With the addition of subcutaneous 0.1 mg/kg buprenorphine or 1 mg/kg buprenorphine-ER, 29 of 30 mice achieved a surgical plane of anesthesia. The safety and efficacy of the regimen was then tested by successfully performing a laparotomy in 6 mice. No deaths occurred in any trial, and, when administered 1 mg/kg atipamezole IP, all mice recovered their righting reflex within 11 min. The anesthetic regimen developed in this study is safe, is reversible, and includes analgesics that previous studies have shown provide analgesia beyond the immediate postsurgical period. Buprenorphine-ER can be safely substituted for buprenorphine for longer-lasting analgesia.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Dexmedetomidine/administration & dosage ; Dexmedetomidine/pharmacology ; Buprenorphine/pharmacology ; Buprenorphine/administration & dosage ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Midazolam/administration & dosage ; Midazolam/pharmacology ; Mice ; Male ; Reflex, Righting/drug effects ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage ; Hypnotics and Sedatives/pharmacology ; Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage ; Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology ; Anesthesia/veterinary ; Anesthetics, Combined/administration & dosage
Chemical Substances	Dexmedetomidine (67VB76HONO) ; Buprenorphine (40D3SCR4GZ) ; Midazolam (R60L0SM5BC) ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Analgesics, Opioid ; Anesthetics, Combined
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2769-6677
ISSN (online)	2769-6677
DOI	10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000063
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Effects of Oxygen Supplementation on Injectable and Inhalant Anesthesia in C57BL/6 Mice.

Blevins, Caroline E / Celeste, Natalie A / Marx, James O

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS

2021 Volume 60, Issue 3, Page(s) 289–297

Abstract: Oxygen supplementation is rarely considered when anesthetizing laboratory mice, despite reports that mice become profoundly hypoxic under anesthesia. Little is known about the effects of hypoxia on anesthetic performance. This article focuses on the ... ...

Abstract	Oxygen supplementation is rarely considered when anesthetizing laboratory mice, despite reports that mice become profoundly hypoxic under anesthesia. Little is known about the effects of hypoxia on anesthetic performance. This article focuses on the effects of oxygen supplementation on physiologic parameters and depth of anesthesia in male and female C57BL/6 mice. Anesthesia was performed via common injectable anesthetic protocols and with isoflurane. Mice anesthetized with injectable anesthesia received one of 3 drug protocols. Low-dose ketamine/xylazine (100/8 mg/kg) was chosen to provide immobilization of mice, suitable for imaging procedures. Medium-dose ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine (100/10/1 mg/kg) was chosen as a dose that has been recommended for surgical procedures. High-dose ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine (150/12/3 mg/kg) was chosen after pilot studies to provide a long duration of a deep plane of anesthesia. We also tested the effects of oxygen supplementation on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in mice. Mice breathed supplemental 100% oxygen, room air, or medical air with 21% oxygen. Anesthetized mice that did not receive supplemental oxygen all became hypoxic, while hypoxia was prevented in mice that received oxygen. Oxygen supplementation did not affect the MAC of isoflurane. At the high injectable dose, all mice not receiving oxygen supplementation died while all mice receiving oxygen supplementation survived. At low and medium doses, supplemental oxygen reduced the duration of the surgical plane of anesthesia (low dose with oxygen: 22 ± 14 min; low dose without supplementation: 29 ± 18 min; medium dose with oxygen: 43 ± 18 min; medium dose without supplementation: 61 ± 27 min). These results suggest that mice anesthetized with injectable and inhalant anesthesia without supplemental oxygen are routinely hypoxic. This hypoxia prolongs the duration of anesthesia with injectable drug protocols and affects survival at high doses of injectable anesthetics. Because of variable responses to injectable anesthetics in mice, oxygen supplementation is recommended for all anesthetized mice.
MeSH term(s)	Anesthesia/veterinary ; Animals ; Female ; Isoflurane ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Oxygen ; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy ; Xylazine/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Xylazine (2KFG9TP5V8) ; Isoflurane (CYS9AKD70P) ; Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1559-6109
ISSN	1559-6109
DOI	10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-20-000143
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Article ; Online: Use of Ketamine or Xylazine to Provide Balanced Anesthesia with Isoflurane in C57BL/6J Mice.

David, Emily M / Pacharinsak, Cholawat / Jampachaisri, Katechan / Hagan, Lisa / Marx, James O

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS

2022 Volume 61, Issue 5, Page(s) 457–467

Abstract: Balanced anesthesia-the use of a combination of drugs to achieve a desired anesthetic plane-offers many benefits, including smoother induction and recovery and fewer adverse effects than occur with individual drugs. Although premedication prior to ... ...

Abstract	Balanced anesthesia-the use of a combination of drugs to achieve a desired anesthetic plane-offers many benefits, including smoother induction and recovery and fewer adverse effects than occur with individual drugs. Although premedication prior to inhalant anesthesia is routine in other species, mice are commonly induced with gas anesthesia alone. The hypothesis of this study was that premedication with ketamine or xylazine would safely reduce the stress of isoflurane induction and lower the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane. Young adult male and female C57BL/6J mice were premedicated with ketamine (100 mg/kg), xylazine (4 mg/kg), or isotonic crystalloid (0.1 mL) and were used in 4 experiments. First, isoflurane induction was video recorded under all test conditions, and the videos were scored according to a behavioral ethogram to identify signs of distress. Mice in the ketamine group experienced tremors and ataxia before and dur- ing induction. Therefore, ketamine was given after induction with isoflurane in subsequent experiments. Second, the MAC value for each anesthetic protocol was determined by using quantal and bracketing analysis. Third, mice were anesthetized according to the 3 protocols, and vital parameters were monitored for 60 min. Finally, anesthetized mice were challenged with hypoxia and hypovolemia, and vital parameters were monitored. Premedication with xylazine significantly reduced the stress scores for isoflurane induction (control, 7.3 ± 1.5; ketamine, 6.0 ± 3.0; xylazine, 3.1 ± 1.0). Ketamine and xylazine both reduced the MAC of isoflurane (control, 1.89%; ketamine, 0.96%; xylazine, 1.20%). All mice survived 60 min of anesthesia and the hypoxia-hypovolemia challenge. Premedication with xylazine reduced the stress of induction and lowered the necessary dose of isoflurane in C57BL/6J mice to maintain a surgical plane of anesthesia. We recommend administering xylazine before isoflurane induction and anesthesia of healthy mice that are undergoing procedures in which 100% oxygen is provided and anticipated blood loss is less than 10% to 15% of the total blood volume.
MeSH term(s)	Anesthetics, Inhalation ; Animals ; Balanced Anesthesia ; Crystalloid Solutions ; Female ; Hypovolemia ; Hypoxia ; Isoflurane ; Ketamine/pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Oxygen ; Xylazine/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Anesthetics, Inhalation ; Crystalloid Solutions ; Xylazine (2KFG9TP5V8) ; Ketamine (690G0D6V8H) ; Isoflurane (CYS9AKD70P) ; Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2769-6677
ISSN (online)	2769-6677
DOI	10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-21-000125
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Article: A Survey of Laboratory Animal Veterinarians Regarding Mouse Welfare in Biomedical Research.

Marx, James O / Jacobsen, Kenneth O / Petervary, Nicolette A / Casebolt, Donald B

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS

2020 Volume 60, Issue 2, Page(s) 139–145

Abstract: The quality of research animal welfare is undeniably linked to the quality of scientific results generated from the animals. Although mice are the most commonly used mammalian species in biomedical research, little information is available about what ... ...

Abstract	The quality of research animal welfare is undeniably linked to the quality of scientific results generated from the animals. Although mice are the most commonly used mammalian species in biomedical research, little information is available about what factors should be considered to promote future progress. To address this issue, the Animal Welfare Committee of the American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners (ASLAP) surveyed laboratory animal veterinarians to obtain their opinions about the welfare of mice and to consider the roles of 5 factors that significantly affect animal welfare in biomedical research: husbandry, clinical care, experimental use, regulatory oversight, and training. The survey revealed that 95% of veterinarians scored mouse welfare as acceptable to excellent, although areas for improvement remain. These areas include: 1) training of researchers performing experimental procedures; 2) the frequency of monitoring mice likely to experience pain and distress due to experimental manipulation; 3) inclusion of the institutional veterinary staff in the monitoring of mice likely to experience pain and distress; 4) continued improvement in the environmental enrichment provided to mice; 5) the ability of the IACUC to ensure that instances of noncompliance are fully addressed in order to prevent reoccurrence both within laboratories and among other research groups at the institution; and 6) reliance on non-veterinarians to perform examinations, diagnose disease, and prescribe the treatment of sick or injured mice.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Care Committees ; Animal Husbandry/methods ; Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Animals, Laboratory ; Biomedical Research/ethics ; Mice ; Pain/prevention & control ; Research Design ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Veterinarians
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1559-6109
ISSN	1559-6109
DOI	10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-20-000063
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Mouse Anesthesia: The Art and Science.

Navarro, Kaela L / Huss, Monika / Smith, Jennifer C / Sharp, Patrick / Marx, James O / Pacharinsak, Cholawat

ILAR journal

2021 Volume 62, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 238–273

Abstract: There is an art and science to performing mouse anesthesia, which is a significant component to animal research. Frequently, anesthesia is one vital step of many over the course of a research project spanning weeks, months, or beyond. It is critical to ... ...

Abstract	There is an art and science to performing mouse anesthesia, which is a significant component to animal research. Frequently, anesthesia is one vital step of many over the course of a research project spanning weeks, months, or beyond. It is critical to perform anesthesia according to the approved research protocol using appropriately handled and administered pharmaceutical-grade compounds whenever possible. Sufficient documentation of the anesthetic event and procedure should also be performed to meet the legal, ethical, and research reproducibility obligations. However, this regulatory and documentation process may lead to the use of a few possibly oversimplified anesthetic protocols used for mouse procedures and anesthesia. Although a frequently used anesthetic protocol may work perfectly for each mouse anesthetized, sometimes unexpected complications will arise, and quick adjustments to the anesthetic depth and support provided will be required. As an old saying goes, anesthesia is 99% boredom and 1% sheer terror. The purpose of this review article is to discuss the science of mouse anesthesia together with the art of applying these anesthetic techniques to provide readers with the knowledge needed for successful anesthetic procedures. The authors include experiences in mouse inhalant and injectable anesthesia, peri-anesthetic monitoring, specific procedures, and treating common complications. This article utilizes key points for easy access of important messages and authors' recommendation based on the authors' clinical experiences.
MeSH term(s)	Anesthesia/methods ; Anesthetics ; Animal Experimentation ; Animals ; Mice ; Reproducibility of Results
Chemical Substances	Anesthetics
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2192062-X
ISSN	1930-6180 ; 1084-2020
ISSN (online)	1930-6180
ISSN	1084-2020
DOI	10.1093/ilar/ilab016
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Continuous Rate Infusion of Alfaxalone during Ketamine-Xylazine Anesthesia in Rats.

Heng, Kathleen / Marx, James O / Jampachairsi, Katechan / Huss, Monika K / Pacharinsak, Cholawat

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS

2020 Volume 59, Issue 2, Page(s) 170–175

Abstract: Alfaxalone is an injectable anesthetic agent that is used in veterinary medicine for general anesthesia. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of alfaxalone delivered through continuous rate infusion by comparing ketamine-xylazine-alfaxalone (KXA) ... ...

Abstract	Alfaxalone is an injectable anesthetic agent that is used in veterinary medicine for general anesthesia. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of alfaxalone delivered through continuous rate infusion by comparing ketamine-xylazine-alfaxalone (KXA) anesthesia with ketamine-xylazine (KX) anesthesia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Anesthesia was induced in male and female rats by using subcutaneous KX. After induction, rats in the KXA group received alfaxalone (10 mg/kg/h IV) for 35 min, whereas rats in the KX group did not receive alfaxalone. At the end of the trial, alfaxalone was discontinued, and xylazine was reversed in all rats by using atipamezole. Throughout anesthesia, we assessed forepaw withdrawal reflex (FPWR), hindpaw withdrawal reflex (HPWR), response to surgical stimulation, heart rate, respiratory rate, SpO₂, body temperature, and time to standing. KXA produced a reliable surgical plane of anesthesia, as evidenced by the loss of both FPWR and HPWR and lack of response to surgical stimulation in all 16 rats, whereas only 6 of the 16 rats in the KX group lost HPWR. No rat in the KXA group regained a paw withdrawal reflex during alfaxalone administration, whereas 3 of the 12 rats (25%) in the KX group that reached a surgical plane of anesthesia exited that plane within the 35-min timeframe. Neither heart rate, respiratory rate, SpO₂, body temperature, nor time to standing differed between KXA and KX groups; and there were no sex-associated differences in anesthesia response. These results indicate that alfaxalone (10 mg/kg/h IV) delivered through continuous rate infusion, in combination with ketamine and xylazine, provides a safe, prolonged, and reliable surgical plane of anesthesia in rats.
MeSH term(s)	Anesthesia, General/veterinary ; Anesthetics/administration & dosage ; Anesthetics/pharmacology ; Animals ; Body Temperature/drug effects ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Heart Rate/drug effects ; Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage ; Hypnotics and Sedatives/pharmacology ; Ketamine/administration & dosage ; Ketamine/pharmacology ; Laboratory Animal Science ; Male ; Pregnanediones/administration & dosage ; Pregnanediones/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Respiratory Rate/drug effects ; Xylazine/administration & dosage ; Xylazine/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Anesthetics ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Pregnanediones ; Xylazine (2KFG9TP5V8) ; Ketamine (690G0D6V8H) ; alphaxalone (BD07M97B2A)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1559-6109
ISSN	1559-6109
DOI	10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000122
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Article: Results of Survey Regarding Prevalence of Adventitial Infections in Mice and Rats at Biomedical Research Facilities.

Marx, James O / Gaertner, Diane J / Smith, Abigail L

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS

2017 Volume 56, Issue 5, Page(s) 527–533

Abstract: Control of rodent adventitial infections in biomedical research facilities is of extreme importance in assuring both animal welfare and high-quality research results. Sixty-three U.S. institutions participated in a survey reporting the methods used to ... ...

Abstract	Control of rodent adventitial infections in biomedical research facilities is of extreme importance in assuring both animal welfare and high-quality research results. Sixty-three U.S. institutions participated in a survey reporting the methods used to detect and control these infections and the prevalence of outbreaks from 1 January 2014 through 31 December 2015. These results were then compared with the results of 2 similar surveys published in 1998 and 2008. The results of the current survey demonstrated that the rate of viral outbreaks in mouse colonies was decreasing, particularly in barrier facilities, whereas the prevalence of parasitic outbreaks has remained constant. These results will help our profession focus its efforts in the control of adventitial rodent disease outbreaks to the areas of the greatest needs.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-09-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1559-6109
ISSN	1559-6109
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Effects of Rodent Thermoregulation on Animal Models in the Research Environment.

Hankenson, F Claire / Marx, James O / Gordon, Christopher J / David, John M

Comparative medicine

2018 Volume 68, Issue 6, Page(s) 425–438

Abstract: To best promote animal wellbeing and the efficacy of biomedical models, scientific, husbandry, and veterinary professionals must consider the mechanisms, influences, and outcomes of rodent thermoregulation in contemporary research environments. Over the ... ...

Abstract	To best promote animal wellbeing and the efficacy of biomedical models, scientific, husbandry, and veterinary professionals must consider the mechanisms, influences, and outcomes of rodent thermoregulation in contemporary research environments. Over the last 2 decades, numerous studies have shown that laboratory mice and rats prefer temperatures that are several degrees warmer than the environments in which they typically are housed within biomedical facilities. Physiologic changes to rodents that are cage-housed under standard temperatures (20 to 26 °C) are attributed to 'cold stress' and include alterations in metabolism, cardiovascular parameters, respiration, and immunologic function. This review article describes common behavioral and physiologic adaptations of laboratory mice and rats to cold stress within modern vivaria, with emphasis on environmental enrichment and effects of anesthesia and procedural support efforts. In addition, potential interventions and outcomes for rodents are presented, relative to the importance of repeating and reproducing experiments involving laboratory rodent research models of human disease.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Physiological ; Anesthesia/adverse effects ; Anesthesia/veterinary ; Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Animals, Laboratory ; Behavior, Animal ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Housing, Animal ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Rats ; Rodentia/physiology ; Stress, Physiological
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2006425-1
ISSN	1532-0820 ; 0023-6764
ISSN	1532-0820 ; 0023-6764
DOI	10.30802/AALAS-CM-18-000049
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Postapproval Monitoring Practices at Biomedical Research Facilities.

Davis, Jennifer N / Greer, William / Banks, Ron E / Philips, Blythe H / Marx, James O

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS

2019 Volume 58, Issue 4, Page(s) 469–474

Abstract: Federal regulations and policies require institutions to establish procedures for ongoing IACUC oversight of approved animal care and use program activities including animal procedures. To fulfill these requirements, research institutions implement ... ...

Abstract	Federal regulations and policies require institutions to establish procedures for ongoing IACUC oversight of approved animal care and use program activities including animal procedures. To fulfill these requirements, research institutions implement postapproval monitoring (PAM) programs designed to assure compliance in animal activities. Although several references commenting on the requirement to conduct PAM are available, few publications discuss actual best practices for accomplishing PAM. Here we use information collected through a survey of large academic research institutions to identify common practices for conducting PAM reviews. Many similarities and differences exist between institutions, which may or may not influence the overall quality of an institution's PAM program.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Care Committees/legislation & jurisprudence ; Animal Husbandry/legislation & jurisprudence ; Animal Husbandry/standards ; Animal Welfare/legislation & jurisprudence ; Animals ; Animals, Laboratory ; Biomedical Research/legislation & jurisprudence ; Housing, Animal/legislation & jurisprudence ; Housing, Animal/standards
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1559-6109
ISSN	1559-6109
DOI	10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-18-000132
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Article: Intraperitoneal Administration of Ethanol as a Means of Euthanasia for Neonatal Mice (

de Souza Dyer, Cecilia / Brice, Angela K / Marx, James O

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS

2017 Volume 56, Issue 3, Page(s) 299–306

Abstract: The humane euthanasia of animals in research is of paramount importance. Neonatal mice frequently respond differently to euthanasia agents when compared with adults. The AVMA's Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals includes intraperitoneal injection ... ...

Abstract	The humane euthanasia of animals in research is of paramount importance. Neonatal mice frequently respond differently to euthanasia agents when compared with adults. The AVMA's Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals includes intraperitoneal injection of ethanol as "acceptable with conditions," and recent work confirmed that this method is appropriate for euthanizing adult mice, but neonatal mice have not been tested. To explore this method in neonatal mice, mouse pups (C57BL/6 and CD1, 162 total) were injected with 100% ethanol, a pentobarbital-phenytoin combination, or saline at 7, 14, 21, 28, or 35 d of age. Electrocardiograms, respiratory rates, and times to loss of righting reflex and death were recorded. Time to death (TTD) differed significantly between ethanol and pentobarbital-phenytoin at 7, 14, and 21 d and between ethanol groups at 7, 14, and 21 d compared with 35 d. The average TTD (± 1 SD) for ethanol-injected mice were: 7 d, 70.3 ± 39.8 min; 14 d, 51.7 ± 30.5 min; 21 d, 32.3 ± 20.8 min, 28 d, 14.0 ± 15.2; and 35 d, 4.9 ± 1.4. Mean TTD in pentobarbital-phenytoin-injected mice were: 7 d, 2.8 ± 0.4 min; 14 d, 2.9 ± 0.5 min; 21 d, 3.9 ± 1.2 min; 28 d, 3.9 ± 0.7 min; and 35 d, 4.4 ± 0.5. Although TTD did not differ between ethanol and pentobarbital-phenytoin at 28 d of age, the TTD in 3 of 12 mice was longer than 15 min after ethanol administration at this age. Therefore, ethanol should not be used as a method of euthanasia for mice younger than 35 d, because the criteria for humane euthanasia were met only in mice 35 d or older.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Ethanol/administration & dosage ; Euthanasia, Animal/methods ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Pentobarbital/administration & dosage ; Phenytoin/administration & dosage ; Unconsciousness/chemically induced
Chemical Substances	Ethanol (3K9958V90M) ; Phenytoin (6158TKW0C5) ; Pentobarbital (I4744080IR)
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-05-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1559-6109
ISSN	1559-6109
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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