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Article ; Online: Effects of forest structural and compositional change on forest microclimates across a gradient of disturbance severity

Atkins, Jeff W. / Shiklomanov, Alexey / Mathes, Kayla C. / Bond-Lamberty, Ben / Gough, Christopher M.

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2023 Aug., v. 339 p.109566-

2023

Abstract: Forest structural diversity and community composition are key in regulating forest microclimates. When disturbance affects structural diversity or composition, forest microclimates may be altered due to changes in soil temperature, soil water content, ... ...

Abstract	Forest structural diversity and community composition are key in regulating forest microclimates. When disturbance affects structural diversity or composition, forest microclimates may be altered due to changes in soil temperature, soil water content, and light availability. It is unclear however which structural or compositional components, when changed or to what extent, result in microclimatic change. To address this question, we used data from a large scale, manipulative stem-girdling experiment in northern, lower Michigan—the Forest Resilience and Threshold Experiment (FoRTE). FoRTE follows a factorial design with multiple levels of disturbance severity (0, 45, 65, 85%) based on targeted reductions in gross leaf area index via stem-girdling induced mortality. These disturbance severity treatments are applied in two ways: either as top-down (largest trees are killed) or bottom-up (small to medium trees killed) treatments. We examined how multiple components of structural diversity and community composition changed as a product of disturbance severity and type, and then tested for resulting effects on forest microclimates (light availability, soil temperature, and soil water), using a multivariate, Random Forest framework. We found that measures of community composition (species richness, species evenness, and Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index) and stand structure (basal area, standard deviation of DBH, tree size diversity) declined more following disturbance than did measures of canopy cover, heterogeneity, arrangement, or height. However, when changes in each variable from pre- to post-disturbance, measured as log change, were employed in a multivariate, Random Forest regression framework, structural diversity measures of heterogeneity (rugosity, top rugosity), cover (canopy cover), and arrangement (porosity) were the most influential variables, but with differences among bottom-up and top-down treatments We found that the death of large trees from disturbance impacts soil temperature, water, and light environments more substantially and uniformly across disturbance gradients than does the death of smaller trees. Our results have implications for both statistical and process-based modeling of forest disturbance.
Keywords	algorithms ; canopy ; community structure ; death ; forest damage ; forests ; leaf area index ; meteorology ; microclimate ; mortality ; porosity ; soil temperature ; soil water ; soil water content ; species richness ; stand structure ; standard deviation ; trees ; Forest disturbance ; LiDAR ; Structural change ; Soil moisture
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-08
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	409905-9
ISSN	0168-1923
ISSN	0168-1923
DOI	10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109566
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: A reporting format for field measurements of soil respiration

Bond-Lamberty, Ben / Christianson, Danielle S. / Crystal-Ornelas, Robert / Mathes, Kayla / Pennington, Stephanie C.

Ecological informatics. 2021 May, v. 62

2021

Abstract: Field observations of the soil-to-atmosphere CO₂ flux—soil respiration, RS—are a prime example of ‘long tail’ data that historically have had neither centralized databases nor an agreed-upon reporting format. This has hindered scientific transparency, ... ...

Abstract	Field observations of the soil-to-atmosphere CO₂ flux—soil respiration, RS—are a prime example of ‘long tail’ data that historically have had neither centralized databases nor an agreed-upon reporting format. This has hindered scientific transparency, analytical reproducibility, and syntheses with respect to this globally-important component of the carbon cycle. Here we propose a new data and metadata reporting format for RS data, based on engagement with a wide range of researchers in the earth and ecological sciences as well as expert advisory panels. Our goal was a reporting format that would be relevant and useful for synthesis activities, optimizing data discoverability and usability while not placing an undue burden on data contributors. We describe previous RS data collection efforts, lessons learned from related databases and data-oriented networks (e.g., FLUXNET) in earth and ecological sciences, and the process of community consultation. The proposed reporting format focuses on chamber-level data and metadata, specifying measurement conditions and, for a given measurement period defined by beginning and ending timestamps, a mean RS flux (or CO₂ concentration) and associated ancillary measurements. With input from the research community, we have also developed research data and metadata templates to support data collection adhering to the reporting format. Fundamentally, this format aims to enable findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable data, while providing ‘future-proofing’ capabilities to support reanalyses using as yet unknown algorithms or approaches. This proposed RS reporting format is openly available online and is intended to be a dynamic document, subject to further community feedback and/or change.
Keywords	carbon cycle ; carbon dioxide ; data collection ; metadata ; soil respiration
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-05
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2212016-6
ISSN	1878-0512 ; 1574-9541
ISSN (online)	1878-0512
ISSN	1574-9541
DOI	10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101280
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Article: Climate Drives Modeled Forest Carbon Cycling Resistance and Resilience in the Upper Great Lakes Region, USA.

Dorheim, Kalyn / Gough, Christopher M / Haber, Lisa T / Mathes, Kayla C / Shiklomanov, Alexey N / Bond-Lamberty, Ben

Journal of geophysical research. Biogeosciences

2022 Volume 127, Issue 1, Page(s) e2021JG006587

Abstract: Forests dominate the global terrestrial carbon budget, but their ability to continue doing so in the face of a changing climate is uncertain. A key uncertainty is how forests will respond to (resistance) and recover from (resilience) rising levels of ... ...

Abstract	Forests dominate the global terrestrial carbon budget, but their ability to continue doing so in the face of a changing climate is uncertain. A key uncertainty is how forests will respond to (resistance) and recover from (resilience) rising levels of disturbance of varying intensities. This knowledge gap can optimally be addressed by integrating manipulative field experiments with ecophysiological modeling. We used the Ecosystem Demography-2.2 (ED-2.2) model to project carbon fluxes for a northern temperate deciduous forest subjected to a real-world disturbance severity manipulation experiment. ED-2.2 was run for 150 years, starting from near bare ground in 1900 (approximating the clear-cut conditions at the time), and subjected to three disturbance treatments under an ensemble of climate conditions. Both disturbance severity and climate strongly affected carbon fluxes such as gross primary production (GPP), and interacted with one another. We then calculated resistance and resilience, two dimensions of ecosystem stability. Modeled GPP exhibited a two-fold decrease in mean resistance across disturbance severities of 45%, 65%, and 85% mortality; conversely, resilience increased by a factor of two with increasing disturbance severity. This pattern held for net primary production and net ecosystem production, indicating a trade-off in which greater initial declines were followed by faster recovery. Notably, however, heterotrophic respiration responded more slowly to disturbance, and it's highly variable response was affected by different drivers. This work provides insight into how future conditions might affect the functional stability of mature forests in this region under ongoing climate change and changing disturbance regimes.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2220777-6
ISSN	2169-8961 ; 2169-8953
ISSN (online)	2169-8961
ISSN	2169-8953
DOI	10.1029/2021JG006587
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Article ; Online: Decadal forest soil respiration following stem girdling

Clippard, Elizabeth A. / Haruna, Samuel I. / Curtis, Peter S. / Clay, Cameron / Bond-Lamberty, Ben / Mathes, Kayla / Vogel, Christoph S. / Gough, Christopher M.

Trees. 2022 Dec., v. 36, no. 6 p.1943-1949

2022

Abstract: KEY MESSAGE: Large-scale stem-girdling experiment reduced soil respiration for five consecutive years. Timing and magnitude of soil respiration declines are better explained by changes in leaf area rather than in soil microclimate. Soil respiration (Rs) ... ...

Abstract	KEY MESSAGE: Large-scale stem-girdling experiment reduced soil respiration for five consecutive years. Timing and magnitude of soil respiration declines are better explained by changes in leaf area rather than in soil microclimate. Soil respiration (Rs) represents the largest flux of carbon (C) from forests to the atmosphere, but the long-term influence of phloem-disrupting disturbance on Rs is poorly understood, limiting robust forecasts of ecosystem C balance. Using a decade of observations from the Forest accelerated succession experiment (FASET), we examined relationships among Rs, soil temperature, soil moisture, and leaf area index (LAI) following the stem girdling-induced mortality of 40% of all canopy trees within a 39-ha area. Mean annual Rs declined by about 20% relative to the control two years after disturbance, but recovered to near pre-disturbance values within five years; this reduction correlated with LAI losses and lower Rs temperature sensitivity (i.e., Q₁₀), with the latter counteracting soil warming caused by partial canopy defoliation. These observations are consistent with progressive reductions in belowground labile C causing reductions in Rs. We conclude that the effects of stem girdling on Rs (1) were not immediate, occurring two years after the treatment, (2) were primarily influenced by biotic rather than soil microclimate changes, and (3) persisted for nearly a decade but were temporally dynamic, underscoring the value of long-term experiments.
Keywords	canopy ; carbon ; defoliation ; ecosystems ; forest soils ; forests ; leaf area ; leaf area index ; microclimate ; mortality ; soil respiration ; soil temperature ; soil water
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-12
Size	p. 1943-1949.
Publishing place	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	90595-1
ISSN	1432-2285 ; 0931-1890
ISSN (online)	1432-2285
ISSN	0931-1890
DOI	10.1007/s00468-022-02340-x
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: A multidimensional stability framework enhances interpretation and comparison of carbon cycling response to disturbance

Mathes, Kayla C. / Ju, Yang / Kleinke, Callie / Oldfield, Callie / Bohrer, Gil / Bond‐Lamberty, Ben / Vogel, Christoph S. / Dorheim, Kalyn / Gough, Christopher M.

Ecosphere. 2021 Nov., v. 12, no. 11

2021

Abstract: The concept of stability is central to the study and sustainability of vital ecosystem goods and services as disturbances increase globally. While ecosystem ecologists, including carbon (C) cycling scientists, have long‐considered multiple dimensions of ... ...

Abstract	The concept of stability is central to the study and sustainability of vital ecosystem goods and services as disturbances increase globally. While ecosystem ecologists, including carbon (C) cycling scientists, have long‐considered multiple dimensions of disturbance response, our discipline lacks an agreed‐upon analytical framework for characterizing multidimensional stability. Here, we advocate for the broader adoption of a standardized and normalized multidimensional stability framework for analyzing disturbance response. This framework includes four dimensions of stability: the degree of initial change in C fluxes (i.e., resistance); rate (i.e., resilience) and variability (i.e., temporal stability) of return to pre‐disturbance C fluxes; and the extent of return to pre‐disturbance C fluxes (i.e., recovery). Using this framework, we highlight findings not readily seen from analysis of absolute fluxes, including trade‐offs between initial and long‐term C flux responses to disturbance; different overall stability profiles among fluxes; and, using a pilot dataset, similar relative stability of net primary production following fire and insect disturbances. We conclude that ecosystem ecologists’ embrace of a unifying multidimensional stability framework as a complement to approaches focused on absolute C fluxes could advance global change research by aiding in the novel interpretation, comprehensive synthesis, and improved forecasting of ecosystems’ response to an increasing array of disturbances.
Keywords	carbon ; data collection ; ecosystems ; global change ; insects ; net primary productivity
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-11
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2572257-8
ISSN	2150-8925
ISSN	2150-8925
DOI	10.1002/ecs2.3800
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Article: Forest Structural Complexity and Biomass Predict First-Year Carbon Cycling Responses to Disturbance

Gough, Christopher M / Atkins, Jeff W / Bond-Lamberty, Ben / Agee, Elizabeth A / Dorheim, Kalyn R / Fahey, Robert T / Grigri, Maxim S / Haber, Lisa T / Mathes, Kayla C / Pennington, Stephanie C / Shiklomanov, Alexey N / Tallant, Jason M

Ecosystems. 2021 Apr., v. 24, no. 3

2021

Abstract: The pre-disturbance vegetation characteristics that predict carbon (C) cycling responses to disturbance are not well known. To address this gap, we initiated the Forest Resilience Threshold Experiment, a manipulative study in which more than 3600 trees ... ...

Abstract	The pre-disturbance vegetation characteristics that predict carbon (C) cycling responses to disturbance are not well known. To address this gap, we initiated the Forest Resilience Threshold Experiment, a manipulative study in which more than 3600 trees were stem girdled to achieve replicated factorial combinations of four levels (control, 45, 65, and 85% gross defoliation) of disturbance severity and two disturbance types (targeting upper or lower canopy strata). Applying a standardized stability framework in which initial C cycling resistance to disturbance was calculated as the first-year natural log response ratio of disturbance and control treatments, we investigated to what extent pre-disturbance levels of species diversity, aboveground woody biomass, leaf area index, and canopy rugosity—a measure of structural complexity—predict the initial responses of subcanopy light-saturated leaf CO₂ assimilation (Aₛₐₜ), aboveground wood NPP (ANPPw), and soil respiration (Rₛ) to phloem-disrupting disturbance. In the year following stem girdling, we found that above-ground C cycling processes, Aₛₐₜ and ANPPw, were highly resistant to increases in disturbance severity, while Rₛ resistance declined as severity increased. Disturbance type had no effect on first-year resistance. Pre-disturbance aboveground woody biomass, and canopy rugosity were positive predictors of ANPPw resistance and, conversely, negatively related to Rₛ resistance. Subcanopy Aₛₐₜ resistance was not related to pre-disturbance vegetation characteristics. Stability of C uptake processes along with Rₛ declines suggest the net C sink was sustained in the initial months following disturbance. We conclude that biomass and complexity are significant, but not universal, predictors of initial C cycling resistance to disturbance. Moreover, our findings highlight the utility of standardized stability measures when comparing functional responses to disturbance.
Keywords	canopy ; carbon ; carbon dioxide ; carbon sinks ; defoliation ; forests ; leaf area index ; leaves ; soil respiration ; species diversity ; wood ; woody biomass
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-04
Size	p. 699-712.
Publishing place	Springer US
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	1428921-0
ISSN	1435-0629 ; 1432-9840
ISSN (online)	1435-0629
ISSN	1432-9840
DOI	10.1007/s10021-020-00544-1
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Article: Disturbance‐accelerated succession increases the production of a temperate forest

Gough, Christopher M. / Bohrer, Gil / Hardiman, Brady S. / Nave, Lucas E. / Vogel, Christoph S. / Atkins, Jeff W. / Bond‐Lamberty, Ben / Fahey, Robert T. / Fotis, Alexander T. / Grigri, Maxim S. / Haber, Lisa T. / Ju, Yang / Kleinke, Callie L. / Mathes, Kayla C. / Nadelhoffer, Knute J. / Stuart‐Haëntjens, Ellen / Curtis, Peter S.

Ecological applications. 2021 Oct., v. 31, no. 7

2021

Abstract: Many secondary deciduous forests of eastern North America are approaching a transition in which mature early‐successional trees are declining, resulting in an uncertain future for this century‐long carbon (C) sink. We initiated the Forest Accelerated ... ...

Abstract	Many secondary deciduous forests of eastern North America are approaching a transition in which mature early‐successional trees are declining, resulting in an uncertain future for this century‐long carbon (C) sink. We initiated the Forest Accelerated Succession Experiment (FASET) at the University of Michigan Biological Station to examine the patterns and mechanisms underlying forest C cycling following the stem girdling‐induced mortality of >6,700 early‐successional Populus spp. (aspen) and Betula papyrifera (paper birch). Meteorological flux tower‐based C cycling observations from the 33‐ha treatment forest have been paired with those from a nearby unmanipulated forest since 2008. Following over a decade of observations, we revisit our core hypothesis: that net ecosystem production (NEP) would increase following the transition to mid‐late‐successional species dominance due to increased canopy structural complexity. Supporting our hypothesis, NEP was stable, briefly declined, and then increased relative to the control in the decade following disturbance; however, increasing NEP was not associated with rising structural complexity but rather with a rapid 1‐yr recovery of total leaf area index as mid‐late‐successional Acer, Quercus, and Pinus assumed canopy dominance. The transition to mid‐late‐successional species dominance improved carbon‐use efficiency (CUE = NEP/gross primary production) as ecosystem respiration declined. Similar soil respiration rates in control and treatment forests, along with species differences in leaf physiology and the rising relative growth rates of mid‐late‐successional species in the treatment forest, suggest changes in aboveground plant respiration and growth were primarily responsible for increases in NEP. We conclude that deciduous forests transitioning from early to middle succession are capable of sustained or increased NEP, even when experiencing extensive tree mortality. This adds to mounting evidence that aging deciduous forests in the region will function as C sinks for decades to come.
Keywords	Acer ; Betula papyrifera ; Pinus ; Populus ; Quercus ; canopy ; carbon ; cell respiration ; ecosystem respiration ; gross primary productivity ; leaf area index ; leaves ; mortality ; net ecosystem production ; physiology ; soil respiration ; temperate forests ; tree mortality ; Michigan
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-10
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.2417
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Article: Disturbance-accelerated succession increases the production of a temperate forest.

Gough, Christopher M / Bohrer, Gil / Hardiman, Brady S / Nave, Lucas E / Vogel, Christoph S / Atkins, Jeff W / Bond-Lamberty, Ben / Fahey, Robert T / Fotis, Alexander T / Grigri, Maxim S / Haber, Lisa T / Ju, Yang / Kleinke, Callie L / Mathes, Kayla C / Nadelhoffer, Knute J / Stuart-Haëntjens, Ellen / Curtis, Peter S

Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America

2021 Volume 31, Issue 7, Page(s) e02417

Abstract: Many secondary deciduous forests of eastern North America are approaching a transition in which mature early-successional trees are declining, resulting in an uncertain future for this century-long carbon (C) sink. We initiated the Forest Accelerated ... ...

Abstract	Many secondary deciduous forests of eastern North America are approaching a transition in which mature early-successional trees are declining, resulting in an uncertain future for this century-long carbon (C) sink. We initiated the Forest Accelerated Succession Experiment (FASET) at the University of Michigan Biological Station to examine the patterns and mechanisms underlying forest C cycling following the stem girdling-induced mortality of >6,700 early-successional Populus spp. (aspen) and Betula papyrifera (paper birch). Meteorological flux tower-based C cycling observations from the 33-ha treatment forest have been paired with those from a nearby unmanipulated forest since 2008. Following over a decade of observations, we revisit our core hypothesis: that net ecosystem production (NEP) would increase following the transition to mid-late-successional species dominance due to increased canopy structural complexity. Supporting our hypothesis, NEP was stable, briefly declined, and then increased relative to the control in the decade following disturbance; however, increasing NEP was not associated with rising structural complexity but rather with a rapid 1-yr recovery of total leaf area index as mid-late-successional Acer, Quercus, and Pinus assumed canopy dominance. The transition to mid-late-successional species dominance improved carbon-use efficiency (CUE = NEP/gross primary production) as ecosystem respiration declined. Similar soil respiration rates in control and treatment forests, along with species differences in leaf physiology and the rising relative growth rates of mid-late-successional species in the treatment forest, suggest changes in aboveground plant respiration and growth were primarily responsible for increases in NEP. We conclude that deciduous forests transitioning from early to middle succession are capable of sustained or increased NEP, even when experiencing extensive tree mortality. This adds to mounting evidence that aging deciduous forests in the region will function as C sinks for decades to come.
MeSH term(s)	Carbon ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Pinus ; Trees
Chemical Substances	Carbon (7440-44-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.2417
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Article ; Online: Enabling FAIR data in Earth and environmental science with community-centric (meta)data reporting formats.

Crystal-Ornelas, Robert / Varadharajan, Charuleka / O'Ryan, Dylan / Beilsmith, Kathleen / Bond-Lamberty, Benjamin / Boye, Kristin / Burrus, Madison / Cholia, Shreyas / Christianson, Danielle S / Crow, Michael / Damerow, Joan / Ely, Kim S / Goldman, Amy E / Heinz, Susan L / Hendrix, Valerie C / Kakalia, Zarine / Mathes, Kayla / O'Brien, Fianna / Pennington, Stephanie C /

Robles, Emily / Rogers, Alistair / Simmonds, Maegen / Velliquette, Terri / Weisenhorn, Pamela / Welch, Jessica Nicole / Whitenack, Karen / Agarwal, Deborah A

Scientific data

2022 Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 700

Abstract: Research can be more transparent and collaborative by using Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) principles to publish Earth and environmental science data. Reporting formats-instructions, templates, and tools for consistently ... ...

Abstract	Research can be more transparent and collaborative by using Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) principles to publish Earth and environmental science data. Reporting formats-instructions, templates, and tools for consistently formatting data within a discipline-can help make data more accessible and reusable. However, the immense diversity of data types across Earth science disciplines makes development and adoption challenging. Here, we describe 11 community reporting formats for a diverse set of Earth science (meta)data including cross-domain metadata (dataset metadata, location metadata, sample metadata), file-formatting guidelines (file-level metadata, CSV files, terrestrial model data archiving), and domain-specific reporting formats for some biological, geochemical, and hydrological data (amplicon abundance tables, leaf-level gas exchange, soil respiration, water and sediment chemistry, sensor-based hydrologic measurements). More broadly, we provide guidelines that communities can use to create new (meta)data formats that integrate with their scientific workflows. Such reporting formats have the potential to accelerate scientific discovery and predictions by making it easier for data contributors to provide (meta)data that are more interoperable and reusable.
MeSH term(s)	Research Design ; Environmental Science ; Metadata ; Workflow
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2775191-0
ISSN	2052-4463 ; 2052-4463
ISSN (online)	2052-4463
ISSN	2052-4463
DOI	10.1038/s41597-022-01606-w
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Book ; Online: The fortedata R package

Atkins, Jeff W. / Agee, Elizabeth / Barry, Alexandra / Dahlin, Kyla M. / Dorheim, Kalyn / Grigri, Maxim S. / Haber, Lisa T. / Hickey, Laura J. / Kamoske, Aaron G. / Mathes, Kayla / McGuigan, Catherine / Paris, Evan / Pennington, Stephanie C. / Rodriguez, Carly / Shafer, Autym / Shiklomanov, Alexey / Tallant, Jason / Gough, Christopher M. / Bond-Lamberty, Ben

eISSN: 1866-3516

open-science datasets from a manipulative experiment testing forest resilience

2021

Abstract: The fortedata R package is an open data notebook from the Forest Resilience Threshold Experiment (FoRTE) – a modeling and manipulative field experiment that tests the effects of disturbance severity and disturbance type on carbon cycling dynamics in a ... ...

Abstract	The fortedata R package is an open data notebook from the Forest Resilience Threshold Experiment (FoRTE) – a modeling and manipulative field experiment that tests the effects of disturbance severity and disturbance type on carbon cycling dynamics in a temperate forest. Package data consist of measurements of carbon pools and fluxes and ancillary measurements to help analyze and interpret carbon cycling over time. Currently the package includes data and metadata from the first three FoRTE field seasons, serves as a central, updatable resource for the FoRTE project team, and is intended as a resource for external users over the course of the experiment and in perpetuity. Further, it supports all associated FoRTE publications, analyses, and modeling efforts. This increases efficiency, consistency, compatibility, and productivity while minimizing duplicated effort and error propagation that can arise as a function of a large, distributed and collaborative effort. More broadly, fortedata represents an innovative, collaborative way of approaching science that unites and expedites the delivery of complementary datasets to the broader scientific community, increasing transparency and reproducibility of taxpayer-funded science. The fortedata package is available via GitHub: https://github.com/FoRTExperiment/fortedata (last access: 19 February 2021), and detailed documentation on the access, used, and applications of fortedata are available at https://fortexperiment.github.io/fortedata/ (last access: 19 February 2021). The first public release, version 1.0.1 is also archived at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4399601 (Atkins et al., 2020b). All data products are also available outside of the package as .csv files: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13499148.v1 (Atkins et al., 2020c).
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-12
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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