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Article ; Online: Deriving iron contents from past and future Venus surface spectra with new high-temperature laboratory emissivity data.

Helbert, J / Maturilli, A / Dyar, M D / Alemanno, G

2021 Volume 7, Issue 3

Abstract: In situ information on the surface composition of Venus is based on measurements of a small number of landing sites. In the laboratory, we measured the emissivity of a range of igneous rocks at temperatures up to 480°C. We show that high-temperature ... ...

Abstract	In situ information on the surface composition of Venus is based on measurements of a small number of landing sites. In the laboratory, we measured the emissivity of a range of igneous rocks at temperatures up to 480°C. We show that high-temperature laboratory spectra of basalts are consistent with the only existing multispectral data from the surface of Venus obtained by the photometers on the Venera 9 and 10 landers. We derive the FeO abundances for these landing sites of 12.2 and 9.5 weight %, respectively. From orbit, Venus' surface is only observable on the nightside through small spectral windows near 1 μm where the CO
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2810933-8
ISSN	2375-2548 ; 2375-2548
ISSN (online)	2375-2548
ISSN	2375-2548
DOI	10.1126/sciadv.aba9428
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Article ; Online: Spectroscopic investigations of fungal biomarkers after exposure to heavy ion irradiation.

Cassaro, A / Pacelli, C / Baqué, M / Maturilli, A / Böttger, U / Fujimori, A / Moeller, R / de Vera, J-P P / Onofri, S

Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy

2023 Volume 302, Page(s) 123073

Abstract: The main objective of the ongoing and future space exploration missions is the search for traces of extant or extinct life (biomarkers) on Mars. One of the main limiting factors on the survival of Earth-like life is the presence of harmful space ... ...

Abstract	The main objective of the ongoing and future space exploration missions is the search for traces of extant or extinct life (biomarkers) on Mars. One of the main limiting factors on the survival of Earth-like life is the presence of harmful space radiation, that could damage or modify also biomolecules, therefore understanding the effects of radiation on terrestrial biomolecules stability and detectability is of utmost importance. Which terrestrial molecules could be preserved in a Martian radiation scenario? Here, we investigated the potential endurance of fungal biomolecules, by exposing de-hydrated colonies of the Antarctic cryptoendolithic black fungus Cryomyces antarcticus mixed with Antarctic sandstone and with two Martian regolith analogues to increasing doses (0, 250 and 1000 Gy) of accelerated ions, namely iron (Fe), argon (Ar) and helium (He) ions. We analyzed the feasibility to detect fungal compounds with Raman and Infrared spectroscopies after exposure to these space-relevant radiations.
MeSH term(s)	Extraterrestrial Environment ; Heavy Ions ; Mars ; Spectrum Analysis ; Antarctic Regions ; Exobiology ; Space Flight
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	210413-1
ISSN	1873-3557 ; 0370-8322 ; 0584-8539 ; 1386-1425
ISSN (online)	1873-3557
ISSN	0370-8322 ; 0584-8539 ; 1386-1425
DOI	10.1016/j.saa.2023.123073
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Article ; Online: Early Archean alteration minerals in mafic-ultramafic rocks of the Barberton greenstone belt as petrological analogs for clay mineralogy on Mars

Grosch, E. / Bishop, J. / Mielke, C. / Maturilli, A. / Helbert, J.

American Mineralogist

2021

Abstract: Characterization of terrestrial analog sites is critical for detection and determination of clay miner-alogy in remote sensing studies of Mars aimed at geological, hydrological, and potentially biological investigations. In this study, we investigate a ... ...

Abstract	Characterization of terrestrial analog sites is critical for detection and determination of clay miner-alogy in remote sensing studies of Mars aimed at geological, hydrological, and potentially biological investigations. In this study, we investigate a suite of hydrothermally altered early Archean rocks from the Barberton greenstone belt (BGB) of South Africa as potential petrological, mineralogical, and spectral analogs to hydrothermally altered metabasalts and mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the martian subsurface and impact craters. We present the first spectral imaging measurements on exceptionally well-preserved early Archean mafic-ultramafic rocks from the BGB, with the aim of studying their clay mineralogy and spectral signatures. Multiple spectral analyses were conducted on different sample textures (rock powders, crushed rocks, and rock slabs) appropriate for Mars rover and remote sensing exploration. Visible/near-infrared (VNIR) and mid-IR reflectance spectra were acquired on particulate samples, while VNIR spectral imaging data were collected on rock slabs. Mid-IR emission spectra were measured for the rock slabs and grains. Spectral features are compared from these different spectral techniques to identify the minerals present in the samples and compare macroscale vs. microscale detections. The measured spectra reveal absorption bands that correspond to clay mineral-ogy of the serpentine and chlorite mineral groups, consistent with petrographic observations, as well as magnetite, olivine, quartz, feldspar, and Al-phyllosilicate. The spectral data acquired in this study expand the reference spectra data set for remote sensing studies. The implications of this study are that rocks from early Archean greenstone belts, such as those of the BGB, serve as potential clay-bearing petrological analogs for hydrothermal environments on Mars.
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: The second Venus flyby of BepiColombo mission reveals stable atmosphere over decades.

Helbert, Jörn / Haus, Rainer / Arnold, Gabriele / D'Amore, Mario / Maturilli, Alessandro / Säuberlich, Thomas / Hiesinger, Harald

Nature communications

2023 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 8225

Abstract: Studies of the Venusian mesosphere provide important information about the current state of the entire Venusian atmosphere. This includes information about the dense cloud structure, its vertical thermal profile, temperature fields, and the resulting ... ...

Abstract	Studies of the Venusian mesosphere provide important information about the current state of the entire Venusian atmosphere. This includes information about the dense cloud structure, its vertical thermal profile, temperature fields, and the resulting dynamical and meteorological processes that contribute to a deeper understanding of the climatologically different evolutionary paths of Earth and Venus. However, the last measurements were acquired in 1983 during Venera-15 mission. In this paper, results of mid-infrared spectral measurements of the Venusian atmosphere are presented. Here we show Mercury Radiometer and Thermal Infrared Spectrometer (MERTIS) measurements of the Venusian atmosphere during the second flyby of BepiColombo mission on its way to Mercury. Our Venus measurements provide reliable retrievals of mesospheric temperature profiles and cloud parameters between 60 and 75 km altitude, although MERTIS was only designed to operate in Mercury environment. Our results are in good agreement with the Venera-15 mission findings. This indicates the stability of the Venusian atmosphere on time scales of decades.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-023-43888-7
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Conference proceedings ; Online: The spectral response of silicate glasses

Pisello, A. / Matteo, B. / Ferrari, M. / Simone, D. / Poggiali, G. / Brucato, J. / Zinzi, A. / De Sanctis, M. / Vetere, F. / Maturilli, A. / Porreca, M. / Perugini, D.

XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)

a new resource to decipher chemical characteristics of volcanic products on planetary surfaces

2023

Abstract: Silicate glasses represent an important component in volcanic products, and since volcanism occurred on all terrestrial planets in the solar system, they might influence the spectral response of portions of planetary sur-faces. However, their spectral ... ...

Abstract	Silicate glasses represent an important component in volcanic products, and since volcanism occurred on all terrestrial planets in the solar system, they might influence the spectral response of portions of planetary sur-faces. However, their spectral characteristics are not always considered for the interpretation of planetary surfaces and terrains, giving their blurred spectral response and the supposed lack of information they can provide. In this study, we used experimental petrology to produce glassy samples having a wide variety of chemical compositions, and we characterized them by means of reflectance and emissivity in different spectral ranges, to observe the variation of their spectral characteristics with changing chemical composition and with varying granulometric characteristics. In the Mid-Infrared range, we observed a systematic shift of spectral features, both for reflectance and emissivity spectra, that can be modelled with SiO2 and SiO2 + Al2O3 + TiO2 content, whereas the shape of the spec-tra is determined by a complex interaction of chemical and granulometric characteristics. As for the Visible and Near Infrared spectral range, we observed a correlation between the spectral slope and the iron content and speciation. Our results suggest that accounting for the spectral properties of silicate glasses, when interpreting spectral data obtained from the surface of terrestrial planets, will help in the characterization of magmatic bodies and volcanoclastic materials.Thus, we offer an open-source database of collected spectra within the Space Sci-ence Data Center (SSDC), a facility of the Italian Space Agency (ASI) which includes data processing and data archiving center (www.ssdc.asi.it).
Subject code	520
Language	English
Publishing country	de
Document type	Conference proceedings ; Online
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Article ; Online: Survivability of the lichen Xanthoria parietina in simulated Martian environmental conditions.

Lorenz, Christian / Bianchi, Elisabetta / Poggiali, Giovanni / Alemanno, Giulia / Benesperi, Renato / Brucato, John Robert / Garland, Stephen / Helbert, Jörn / Loppi, Stefano / Lorek, Andreas / Maturilli, Alessandro / Papini, Alessio / de Vera, Jean-Pierre / Baqué, Mickaël

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 4893

Abstract: Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. is a widely spread foliose lichen showing high tolerance against UV-radiation thanks to parietin, a secondary lichen substance. We exposed samples of X. parietina under simulated Martian conditions for 30 days to explore ... ...

Abstract	Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. is a widely spread foliose lichen showing high tolerance against UV-radiation thanks to parietin, a secondary lichen substance. We exposed samples of X. parietina under simulated Martian conditions for 30 days to explore its survivability. The lichen's vitality was monitored via chlorophyll a fluorescence that gives an indication for active light reaction of photosynthesis, performing in situ and after-treatment analyses. Raman spectroscopy and TEM were used to evaluate carotenoid preservation and possible variations in the photobiont's ultrastructure respectively. Significant differences in the photo-efficiency between UV irradiated samples and dark-kept samples were observed. Fluorescence values correlated with temperature and humidity day-night cycles. The photo-efficiency recovery showed that UV irradiation caused significant effects on the photosynthetic light reaction. Raman spectroscopy showed that the carotenoid signal from UV exposed samples decreased significantly after the exposure. TEM observations confirmed that UV exposed samples were the most affected by the treatment, showing chloroplastidial disorganization in photobionts' cells. Overall, X. parietina was able to survive the simulated Mars conditions, and for this reason it may be considered as a candidate for space long-term space exposure and evaluations of the parietin photodegradability.
MeSH term(s)	Chlorophyll A ; Lichens ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Mars ; Carotenoids
Chemical Substances	Chlorophyll A (YF5Q9EJC8Y) ; physcione (H6PT94IV61) ; Carotenoids (36-88-4)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-32008-6
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Article: The Ground-Based BIOMEX Experiment Verification Tests for Life Detection on Mars.

Pacelli, Claudia / Cassaro, Alessia / Catanzaro, Ilaria / Baqué, Mickael / Maturilli, Alessandro / Böttger, Ute / Rabbow, Elke / de Vera, Jean-Pierre Paul / Onofri, Silvano

Life (Basel, Switzerland)

2021 Volume 11, Issue 11

Abstract: The success of an astrobiological search for life campaign on Mars, or other planetary bodies in the Solar System, relies on the detectability of past or present microbial life traces, namely, biosignatures. Spectroscopic methods require little or no ... ...

Abstract	The success of an astrobiological search for life campaign on Mars, or other planetary bodies in the Solar System, relies on the detectability of past or present microbial life traces, namely, biosignatures. Spectroscopic methods require little or no sample preparation, can be repeated almost endlessly, and can be performed in contact or even remotely. Such methods are therefore ideally suited to use for the detection of biosignatures, which can be confirmed with supporting instrumentation. Here, we discuss the use of Raman and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies for the detection and characterization of biosignatures from colonies of the fungus Cryomyces antarcticus, grown on Martian analogues and exposed to increasing doses of UV irradiation under dried conditions. The results report significant UV-induced DNA damage, but the non-exceeding of thresholds for allowing DNA amplification and detection, while the spectral properties of the fungal melanin remained unaltered, and pigment detection and identification was achieved via complementary analytical techniques. Finally, this work found that fungal cell wall compounds, likely chitin, were not degraded, and were still detectable even after high UV irradiation doses. The implications for the preservation and detection of biosignatures in extraterrestrial environments are discussed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-09
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2662250-6
ISSN	2075-1729
ISSN	2075-1729
DOI	10.3390/life11111212
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Article ; Online: Mid-infrared emissivity of partially dehydrated asteroid (162173) Ryugu shows strong signs of aqueous alteration.

Hamm, M / Grott, M / Senshu, H / Knollenberg, J / de Wiljes, J / Hamilton, V E / Scholten, F / Matz, K D / Bates, H / Maturilli, A / Shimaki, Y / Sakatani, N / Neumann, W / Okada, T / Preusker, F / Elgner, S / Helbert, J / Kührt, E / Ho, T-M /

Tanaka, S / Jaumann, R / Sugita, S

Nature communications

2022 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 364

Abstract: The near-Earth asteroid (162173) Ryugu, the target of Hayabusa2 space mission, was observed via both orbiter and the lander instruments. The infrared radiometer on the MASCOT lander (MARA) is the only instrument providing spectrally resolved mid-infrared ...

Abstract	The near-Earth asteroid (162173) Ryugu, the target of Hayabusa2 space mission, was observed via both orbiter and the lander instruments. The infrared radiometer on the MASCOT lander (MARA) is the only instrument providing spectrally resolved mid-infrared (MIR) data, which is crucial for establishing a link between the asteroid material and meteorites found on Earth. Earlier studies revealed that the single boulder investigated by the lander belongs to the most common type found on Ryugu. Here we show the spectral variation of Ryugu's emissivity using the complete set of in-situ MIR data and compare it to those of various carbonaceous chondritic meteorites, revealing similarities to the most aqueously altered ones, as well as to asteroid (101955) Bennu. The results show that Ryugu experienced strong aqueous alteration prior to any dehydration.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-022-28051-y
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Article ; Online: Resilience of Xanthoria parietina under Mars-like conditions: photosynthesis and oxidative stress response.

Lorenz, Christian / Arena, Carmen / Vitale, Ermenegilda / Bianchi, Elisabetta / Poggiali, Giovanni / Alemanno, Giulia / Benesperi, Renato / Brucato, John Robert / Garland, Stephen / Helbert, Jörn / Loppi, Stefano / Lorek, Andreas / Maturilli, Alessandro / Papini, Alessio / de Vera, Jean-Pierre / Baqué, Mickaël

Planta

2023 Volume 259, Issue 1, Page(s) 25

Abstract: Main conclusion: Xanthoria parietina survivability in Mars-like conditions was supported by water-lysis efficiency recovery and antioxidant content balancing with ROS production after 30 days of exposure. Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. is a widespread ...

Abstract	Main conclusion: Xanthoria parietina survivability in Mars-like conditions was supported by water-lysis efficiency recovery and antioxidant content balancing with ROS production after 30 days of exposure. Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. is a widespread lichen showing tolerance against air pollutants and UV-radiation. It has been tested under space-like and Mars-like conditions resulting in high recovery performances. Hereby, we aim to assess the mechanisms at the basis of the thalli resilience against multiple space stress factors. Living thalli of X. parietina were exposed to simulated Martian atmospheric conditions (Dark Mars) and UV radiation (Full Mars). Then, we monitored as vitality indicator the photosynthetic efficiency, assessed by in vivo chlorophyll emission fluorescence measurements (F
MeSH term(s)	Antioxidants ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Resilience, Psychological ; Mars ; Oxidative Stress ; Photosynthesis
Chemical Substances	Antioxidants
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-18
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208909-9
ISSN	1432-2048 ; 0032-0935 ; 1866-2749
ISSN (online)	1432-2048
ISSN	0032-0935 ; 1866-2749
DOI	10.1007/s00425-023-04290-1
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Article ; Online: Spectral Emissivity (SE) Measurement Uncertainties across 2.5-14 mm Derived from a Round-Robin Study Made across International Laboratories

Langsdale, M.F. / Wooster, M. / Harrison, J.J. / Köhl, Michael / Hecker, C. / Hook, S.J. / Abbott, E. / Johnson, W.R. / Maturilli, A. / Poutier, L. / Lau, I.C. / Brucker, Franz

2021

Abstract: Art. 102, 37 S. ... Information on spectral emissivity (SE) is vital when retrieving and evaluating land surface temperature (LST) estimates from remotely sensed observations. SE measurements often come from spectral libraries based upon laboratory ... ...

Abstract	Art. 102, 37 S. Information on spectral emissivity (SE) is vital when retrieving and evaluating land surface temperature (LST) estimates from remotely sensed observations. SE measurements often come from spectral libraries based upon laboratory spectroscopic measurements, with uncertainties typically derived from repeated measurements. To go further, we organised a ""round-robin"" inter-comparison exercise involving SE measurements of three samples collected at seven different international laboratories. The samples were distilled water, which has a uniformly high spectral emissivity, and two artificial samples (aluminium and gold sheets laminated in polyethylene), with variable emissivities and largely specular and Lambertian characteristics. Large differences were observed between some measurements, with standard deviations over 2.5-14 mm of 0.092, 0.054 and 0.028 emissivity units (15.98%, 7.56% and 2.92%) for the laminated aluminium sheet, laminated gold sheet and distilled water respectively. Wavelength shifts of up to 0.09 mm were evident between spectra from different laboratories for the specular sample, attributed to system design interacting with the angular behaviour of emissivity. We quantified the impact of these SE differences on satellite LST estimation and found that emissivity differences resulted in LSTs differing by at least 3.5 K for each artificial sample and by more than 2.5 K for the distilled water. Our findings suggest that variations between SE measurements derived via laboratory setups may be larger than previously assumed and provide a greater contribution to LST uncertainty than thought. The study highlights the need for the infrared spectroscopy community to work towards standardized and interlaboratory comparable results. 13 Nr.1
Keywords	621 ; 697
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
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