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Article ; Online: Multi-scale hydrological system-of-systems realized through WHOS: the brokering framework

Boldrini, Enrico / Nativi, Stefano / Pecora, Silvano / Chernov, Igorʹ / Mazzetti, Paolo

International Journal of Digital Earth. 2022 Dec. 31, v. 15, no. 1 p.1259-1289

2022

Abstract: Global Change challenges are now systematically recognized and tackled in a growingly coordinated manner by intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations. Heterogeneous observing networks provide the founded data sources to assess the Earth ... ...

Abstract	Global Change challenges are now systematically recognized and tackled in a growingly coordinated manner by intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations. Heterogeneous observing networks provide the founded data sources to assess the Earth environmental status and take sound decisions to achieve a sustainable development. WMO Hydrological Observing System (WHOS) allows to discover and access historical and near real time hydrological observations. WHOS represents the hydrological contribution to the wider WIGOS-WIS system of WMO. It is a digital ecosystems framework contributed by a set of data providers and technical support centers. In this framework, three regional pilots were successfully completed. The WHOS architecture applies the services brokering style, implemented through the Discovery and Access Broker technology. A brokering approach makes a global system of systems possible and sustainable, where the different enterprise systems are enabled to interoperate, despite they implement heterogeneous communication interfaces and data models. In this manuscript, the WHOS brokering solution is detailed by recurring to the definition of a set of transversal viewpoints to describe the important aspects of the complex ecosystem –namely: enterprise, information, computational, engineering, and technological views. Finally, the three regional pilot ecosystems are described as successful cases of WHOS implementation.
Keywords	business enterprises ; ecosystems ; global change ; hydrology ; sustainable development ; Data brokering ; system-of-systems ; interoperability
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-1231
Size	p. 1259-1289.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2410527-2
ISSN	1753-8955
ISSN	1753-8955
DOI	10.1080/17538947.2022.2099591
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The VLab Framework: An Orchestrator Component to Support Data to Knowledge Transition

Santoro, Mattia / Mazzetti, Paolo / Nativi, Stefano

Remote Sensing. 2020 June 02, v. 12, no. 11

2020

Abstract: Over the last decades, to better proceed towards global and local policy goals, there was an increasing demand for the scientific community to support decision-makers with the best available knowledge. Scientific modeling is key to enable the transition ... ...

Abstract	Over the last decades, to better proceed towards global and local policy goals, there was an increasing demand for the scientific community to support decision-makers with the best available knowledge. Scientific modeling is key to enable the transition from data to knowledge, often requiring to process big datasets through complex physical or empirical (learning-based AI) models. Although cloud technologies provide valuable solutions for addressing several of the Big Earth Data challenges, model sharing is still a complex task. The usual approach of sharing models as services requires maintaining a scalable infrastructure which is often a very high barrier for potential model providers. This paper describes the Virtual Earth Laboratory (VLab), a software framework orchestrating data and model access to implement scientific processes for knowledge generation. The VLab lowers the entry barriers for both developers and users. It adopts mature containerization technologies to access models as source code and to rebuild the required software environment to run them on any supported cloud. This makes VLab fitting in the multi-cloud landscape, which is going to characterize the Big Earth Data analytics domain in the next years. The VLab functionalities are accessible through APIs, enabling developers to create new applications tailored to end-users.
Keywords	computer software ; data analysis ; data collection ; decision making ; infrastructure ; issues and policy ; landscapes ; models ; remote sensing
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0602
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2513863-7
ISSN	2072-4292
ISSN	2072-4292
DOI	10.3390/rs12111795
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Towards a knowledge base to support global change policy goals

Nativi, Stefano / Santoro, Mattia / Giuliani, Gregory / Mazzetti, Paolo

International journal of digital earth. 2020 Feb. 1, v. 13, no. 2

2020

Abstract: In 2015, it was adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The year after, 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) officially came into force. In 2015, GEO ...

Abstract	In 2015, it was adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The year after, 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) officially came into force. In 2015, GEO (Group on Earth Observation) declared to support the implementation of SDGs. The GEO Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) required a change of paradigm, moving from a data-centric approach to a more knowledge-driven one. To this end, the GEO System-of-Systems (SoS) framework may refer to the well-known Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom (DIKW) paradigm. In the context of an Earth Observation (EO) SoS, a set of main elements are recognized as connecting links for generating knowledge from EO and non-EO data – e.g. social and economic datasets. These elements are: Essential Variables (EVs), Indicators and Indexes, Goals and Targets. Their generation and use requires the development of a SoS KB whose management process has evolved the GEOSS Software Ecosystem into a GEOSS Social Ecosystem. This includes: collect, formalize, publish, access, use, and update knowledge. ConnectinGEO project analysed the knowledge necessary to recognize, formalize, access, and use EVs. The analysis recognized GEOSS gaps providing recommendations on supporting global decision-making within and across different domains.
Keywords	computer software ; data collection ; decision making ; ecosystems ; global change ; issues and policy ; poverty ; sustainable development
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0201
Size	p. 188-216.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2410527-2
ISSN	1753-8955 ; 1753-8947
ISSN (online)	1753-8955
ISSN	1753-8947
DOI	10.1080/17538947.2018.1559367
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Knowledge formalization for Earth Science informed decision-making: The GEOEssential Knowledge Base

Mazzetti, Paolo / Nativi, Stefano / Santoro, Mattia / Giuliani, Gregory / Rodila, Denisa / Folino, Antonietta / Caruso, Susie / Aracri, Giovanna / Lehmann, Anthony

Environmental science & policy. 2022 May, v. 131

2022

Abstract: During the past two centuries, the world has undergone deep societal, political, and economical changes that heavily affected human life. The above changes contributed to an increased awareness about the deep impact that policy decisions have at the ... ...

Abstract	During the past two centuries, the world has undergone deep societal, political, and economical changes that heavily affected human life. The above changes contributed to an increased awareness about the deep impact that policy decisions have at the local and the global level. Therefore, there is a strong need that policy-making and decision-making processes for a sustainable development be based on the best available knowledge about Earth system and environment. The recent advance of information technologies enables running complex models that use the large amount of Earth Observation datasets available. However, data and model interoperability are still limited to the syntactic level allowing to access and process datasets independently of their structural characteristics (data format, coordinate reference systems, service interface, …) but with no clear reference to their content (the semantic level) and context of use (the pragmatic level). This poses heavy limitations to the reusability of scientific processes and related workflows. The paper presents a general framework to address this issue through the design of a Knowledge Base supporting data and model semantic (and pragmatic) interoperability. In this framework, a general ontology represents the knowledge generation process for policy relevant decision-making, while multiple vocabularies formalize the semantics of data and models, identifying different types of observables, process variables, and indicators/indices. To evaluate the proposed approach to semantic interoperability of data and models, the Knowledge Base has been integrated with an advanced model-sharing framework, and a proof-of-concept has been developed for the assessment of one of the indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals defined by the United Nations.
Keywords	Earth system science ; data collection ; decision making ; environmental science ; humans ; issues and policy ; politics ; sustainable development
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-05
Size	p. 93-104.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1454687-5
ISSN	1462-9011
ISSN	1462-9011
DOI	10.1016/j.envsci.2021.12.023
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Current status and future directions of geoportals

Jiang, Hao / van Genderen, John / Mazzetti, Paolo / Koo, Hyeongmo / Chen, Min

International journal of digital earth. 2020 Oct. 2, v. 13, no. 10

2020

Abstract: Geoportals are a consolidated web-based solution to provide open spatial data sharing and online geo-information management. Their roles and possible advancements according to the Digital Earth vision and implementation require investigations. This paper ...

Abstract	Geoportals are a consolidated web-based solution to provide open spatial data sharing and online geo-information management. Their roles and possible advancements according to the Digital Earth vision and implementation require investigations. This paper presents a review of the literature concerning geoportals and serves the following primary purposes. First, various geoportal approaches for discovering and accessing Earth observation data and geo-information, mainly with scientific purposes, are summarized according to their characteristics and functionalities. Second, current major challenges in geoportals are identified in terms of functionalities, technologies, and especially big data support, from geoportal cases of China. Finally, based on lessons learned from the international and Chinese geoportals, solutions and recommendations for the challenges in geoportals are proposed in terms of their architectures, services, and technologies. The results show that geoportals usually provide access to distributed data systems, offering maps, data discovery, and data downloads. Some of them are also capable of offering online analysis and processing service, enhanced semantic search engines, and dynamic visualization tools. The strength of geoportals could lead to a full-fledged online Digital Earth system that could provide better data sharing and dissemination solutions to the challenges posed by big data.
Keywords	Earth system science ; Internet ; geographic information systems ; spatial data ; vision ; China
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-1002
Size	p. 1093-1114.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	2410527-2
ISSN	1753-8955 ; 1753-8947
ISSN (online)	1753-8955
ISSN	1753-8947
DOI	10.1080/17538947.2019.1603331
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The science-policy interfaces of the European network for observing our changing planet: From Earth Observation data to policy-oriented decisions

Pirrone, Nicola / Mazzetti, Paolo / Cinnirella, Sergio / Athanasopoulou, Eleni / Gerasopoulos, Evangelos / Klánová, Jana / Lehmann, Anthony / Pau, Joan Masó / Petäjä, Tuukka / Pokorný, Lukáš / Šebková, Kateřina

Environmental science & policy. 2022 Nov., v. 137

2022

Abstract: This paper reports on major outcomes of the ERA-PLANET (The European network for observing our changing planet) project, which was funded under Horizon 2020 ERA-net co-funding scheme. ERA-PLANET strengthened the European Research Area in the domain of ... ...

Abstract	This paper reports on major outcomes of the ERA-PLANET (The European network for observing our changing planet) project, which was funded under Horizon 2020 ERA-net co-funding scheme. ERA-PLANET strengthened the European Research Area in the domain of Earth Observation (EO) in coherence with the European participation to Group on Earth Observation and the Copernicus European Union’s Earth Observation programme. ERA-PLANET was implemented through four projects focused on smart cities and resilient societies (SMURBS), resource efficiency and environmental management (GEOEssential), global changes and environmental treaties (iGOSP) and polar areas and natural resources (iCUPE). These projects developed specific science-policy workflows and interfaces to address selected environmental policy issues and design cost-effective strategies aiming to achieve targeted objectives. Key Enabling Technologies were implemented to enhancing ‘data to knowledge’ transition for supporting environmental policy making. Data cube technologies, the Virtual Earth Laboratory, Earth Observation ontologies and Knowledge Platforms were developed and used for such applications. SMURBS brought a substantial contribution to resilient cities and human settlements topics that were adopted by GEO as its 4th engagement priority, bringing the urban resilience topic in the GEO agenda on par with climate change, sustainable development and disaster risk reduction linked to environmental policies. GEOEssential is contributing to the development of Essential Variables (EVs) concept, which is encouraging and should allow the EO community to complete the description of the Earth System with EVs in a close future. This will clearly improve our capacity to address intertwined environmental and development policies as a Nexus. iGOSP supports the implementation of the GEO Flagship on Mercury (GOS⁴M) and the GEO Initiative on POPs (GOS⁴POPs) by developing a new integrated approach for global real-time monitoring of environmental quality with respect to air, water and human matrices contamination by toxic substances, like mercury and persistent organic pollutants. iGOSP developed end-user-oriented Knowledge Hubs that provide data repository systems integrated with data management consoles and knowledge information systems. The main outcomes from iCUPE are the novel and comprehensive data sets and a modelling activity that contributed to delivering science-based insights for the Arctic region. Applications enable defining and monitoring of Arctic Essential Variables and sets up processes towards UN2030 SDGs that include health (SDG 3), clean water resources and sanitation (SDGs 6 and 14).
Keywords	European Union ; air ; climate change ; cost effectiveness ; environmental management ; environmental policy ; environmental quality ; humans ; information management ; mercury ; risk reduction ; sanitation ; sustainable development ; toxicity ; Arctic region
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-11
Size	p. 359-372.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1454687-5
ISSN	1462-9011
ISSN	1462-9011
DOI	10.1016/j.envsci.2022.09.006
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Knowledge generation using satellite earth observations to support sustainable development goals (SDG): A use case on Land degradation

Giuliani, Gregory / Mazzetti, Paolo / Santoro, Mattia / Nativi, Stefano / Van Bemmelen, Joost / Colangeli, Guido / Lehmann, Anthony

International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation. 2020 June, v. 88

2020

Abstract: Land degradation is a critical issue globally requiring immediate actions for protecting biodiversity and associated services provided by ecosystems that are supporting human quality of life. The latest Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on ... ...

Abstract	Land degradation is a critical issue globally requiring immediate actions for protecting biodiversity and associated services provided by ecosystems that are supporting human quality of life. The latest Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Landmark Assessment Report highlighted that human activities are considerably degrading land and threating the well-being of approximately 3.2 billion people. In order to reduce and ideally reverse this prevailing situation, national capacities should be strengthened to enable effective assessments and mapping of their degraded lands as recommended by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The indicator 15.3.1 (“proportion of land that is degraded over total land area”) requires regular data production by countries to inform and assess it through space and time. Earth Observations (EO) can play an important role both for generating the indicator in countries where it is missing, as well complementing or enhancing national official data sources. In response to this issue, this paper presents an innovative, scalable and flexible approach to monitor land degradation at various scales (e.g., national, regional, global) using various components of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) platform to leverage EO resources for informing SDG 15.3.1. The proposed approach follows the Data-Information-Knowledge pattern using the Trends.Earth model (http://trends.earth) and various data sources to generate the indicator. It also implements additional components for model execution and orchestration, knowledge management, and visualization. The proposed approach has been successfully applied at global, regional and national scales and advances the vision of (1) establishing data analytics platforms that can potentially support countries to discover, access and use the necessary datasets to assess land degradation; and (2) developing new capacities to effectively and efficiently use EO-based resources.
Keywords	biodiversity ; data analysis ; data collection ; ecosystems ; humans ; information management ; land degradation ; models ; people ; quality of life ; satellites ; space and time ; spatial data ; sustainable development ; vision
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-06
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ISSN	1569-8432
DOI	10.1016/j.jag.2020.102068
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Architecture of a Process Broker for Interoperable Geospatial Modeling on the Web

Bigagli, Lorenzo / Santoro, Mattia / Mazzetti, Paolo / Nativi, Stefano

ISPRS international journal of geo-information. 2015 Apr. 20, v. 4, no. 2

2015

Abstract: The identification of appropriate mechanisms for process sharing and reuse by means of composition is considered a key enabler for the effective uptake of a global Earth Observation infrastructure, currently pursued by the international geospatial ... ...

Abstract	The identification of appropriate mechanisms for process sharing and reuse by means of composition is considered a key enabler for the effective uptake of a global Earth Observation infrastructure, currently pursued by the international geospatial research community. Modelers in need of running complex workflows may benefit from outsourcing process composition to a dedicated external service, according to the brokering approach. This work introduces our architecture of a process broker, as a distributed information system for creating, validating, editing, storing, publishing and executing geospatial-modeling workflows. The broker provides a service framework for adaptation, reuse and complementation of existing processing resources (including models and geospatial services in general) in the form of interoperable, executable workflows. The described solution has been experimentally applied in several use scenarios in the context of EU-funded projects and the Global Earth Observation System of Systems.
Keywords	information systems ; infrastructure ; models
Language	English
Dates of publication	2015-0420
Size	p. 647-660.
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
Note	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2655790-3
ISSN	2220-9964
ISSN	2220-9964
DOI	10.3390/ijgi4020647
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Essential earth observation variables for high-level multi-scale indicators and policies

Lehmann, Anthony / Mazzetti, Paolo / Santoro, Mattia / Nativi, Stefano / Masò, Joan / Serral, Ivette / Spengler, Daniel / Niamir, Aidin / Lacroix, Pierre / Ambrosone, Mariapaola / McCallum, Ian / Kussul, Nataliia / Patias, Petros / Rodila, Denisa / Ray, Nicolas / Giuliani, Grégory

Environmental science & policy. 2022 May, v. 131

2022

Abstract: Several holistic approaches are based on the description of socio-ecological systems to address the sustainability challenge. Essential Variables (EVs) have the potential to support these approaches by describing the status of the Earth system through ... ...

Abstract	Several holistic approaches are based on the description of socio-ecological systems to address the sustainability challenge. Essential Variables (EVs) have the potential to support these approaches by describing the status of the Earth system through monitoring and modeling. The different classes of EVs can be organized along the environmental policy framework of Drivers, Pressures, States, Impacts and Responses. The EV concept represents an opportunity to strengthen monitoring systems by providing observations to seize the fundamental dimensions of the Earth system The Group on Earth Observation (GEO) is a partnership of 113 nations and 134 participating organizations in 2021 that are dedicated to making Earth Observation (EO) data available globally to inform about the state of the environment and enable data-driven decision processes. GEO is building the Global Earth Observation System of Systems, a set of coordinated and independent EO, information and processing systems that interoperate to provide access to EO for users in the public and private sectors. The progresses made in the development of various classes of EVs are described with their main policy targets, Internet links and key references The paper reviews the literature on EVs and describes the main contributions of the EU GEOEssential project to integrate EVs within the work plan of GEO in order to better address selected environmental policies and the SDGs. A new GEO-EVs community has been set to discuss about the current status of the EVs, exchange knowledge, experiences and assess the gaps to be solved in their communities of providers and users. A set of four traits characterizing an EV was put forward to describe the entire socio-ecological system of planet Earth: Essentiality, Evolvability, Unambiguity, and Feasibility. A workflow from the identification of EO data sources to the final visualization of SDG 15.3.1 indicators on land degradation is demonstrated, spanning through the use of different EVs, the definition of the knowledge base on this indicator, the implementation of the workflow in the VLab (a cloud-based processing infrastructure), the presentation of the outputs on a dedicated dashboard and the corresponding narrative through a story map. The concept of EV started in the climate sphere and spread to other domains of the earth system but less so in socio-economic activities. More work is therefore needed to converge on a common definition and criteria in order to complete the implementation of EVs in all GEO focus areas. EVs should screen the entire Earth's social-ecological system, providing a trusted and long-term foundation for interdisciplinary approaches such as ecological footprinting, planetary boundaries, disaster risk reduction, and nexus frameworks, as well as many other policy frameworks such as the SDGs
Keywords	Earth system science ; Internet ; climate ; environmental policy ; infrastructure ; land degradation ; social environment ; socioeconomics
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-05
Size	p. 105-117.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1454687-5
ISSN	1462-9011
ISSN	1462-9011
DOI	10.1016/j.envsci.2021.12.024
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The GEOSS solution for enabling data interoperability and integrative research

Nativi, Stefano / Mazzetti, Paolo / Craglia, Max / Pirrone, Nicola

Environmental science and pollution research. 2014 Mar., v. 21, no. 6

2014

Abstract: Global sustainability research requires an integrative research effort underpinned by digital infrastructures (systems) able to harness data and heterogeneous information across disciplines. Digital data and information sharing across systems and ... ...

Abstract	Global sustainability research requires an integrative research effort underpinned by digital infrastructures (systems) able to harness data and heterogeneous information across disciplines. Digital data and information sharing across systems and applications is achieved by implementing interoperability: a property of a product or system to work with other products or systems, present or future. There are at least three main interoperability challenges a digital infrastructure must address: technological, semantic, and organizational. In recent years, important international programs and initiatives are focusing on such an ambitious objective. This manuscript presents and combines the studies and the experiences carried out by three relevant projects, focusing on the heavy metal domain: Global Mercury Observation System, Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS), and INSPIRE. This research work recognized a valuable interoperability service bus (i.e., a set of standards models, interfaces, and good practices) proposed to characterize the integrative research cyber-infrastructure of the heavy metal research community. In the paper, the GEOSS common infrastructure is discussed implementing a multidisciplinary and participatory research infrastructure, introducing a possible roadmap for the heavy metal pollution research community to join GEOSS as a new Group on Earth Observation community of practice and develop a research infrastructure for carrying out integrative research in its specific domain.
Keywords	heavy metals ; infrastructure ; mercury ; models ; pollution
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-03
Size	p. 4177-4192.
Publishing place	Springer-Verlag
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1178791-0
ISSN	1614-7499 ; 0944-1344
ISSN (online)	1614-7499
ISSN	0944-1344
DOI	10.1007/s11356-013-2264-y
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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