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  1. Book ; Online ; E-Book: Realist Trials and Systematic Reviews

    Bonell, Chris / Melendez-Torres, G. J. / Warren, Emily

    Rigorous, Useful Evidence to Inform Health Policy

    2024  

    Abstract: Describing an innovative approach to the evaluation of complex health interventions, this book allows reader to assess what interventions work, how and for whom. Proposing how realist evaluation methods may be incorporated within trials and systematic ... ...

    Abstract Describing an innovative approach to the evaluation of complex health interventions, this book allows reader to assess what interventions work, how and for whom. Proposing how realist evaluation methods may be incorporated within trials and systematic reviews, this approach provides useful evidence to inform policy and scientific advancement.
    MeSH term(s) Health Policy. ; Therapies, Investigational/methods. ; Clinical Trials as Topic. ; Systematic Reviews as Topic. ; Evidence-Based Medicine.
    Subject code 362.1
    Language English
    Size 1 online resource (136 pages)
    Edition 1st ed.
    Publisher Cambridge University Press
    Publishing place Cambridge
    Document type Book ; Online ; E-Book
    Remark Zugriff für angemeldete ZB MED-Nutzerinnen und -Nutzer
    ISBN 1-009-45662-8 ; 1-009-45661-X ; 1-009-45660-1 ; 978-1-009-45662-3 ; 978-1-009-45661-6 ; 978-1-009-45660-9
    Database ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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  2. Article ; Online: Next-Generation Meta-analysis for Next-Generation Questions: Introducing the Prevention Science Special Issue on Modern Meta-analytic Methods.

    Melendez-Torres, G J

    Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research

    2021  Volume 23, Issue 3, Page(s) 467–471

    Abstract: This commentary accompanies the special issue of Prevention Science on modern meta-analytic methods. The papers that comprise this special issue are considered in terms of the next-generation meta-analytic questions they support: questions about ... ...

    Abstract This commentary accompanies the special issue of Prevention Science on modern meta-analytic methods. The papers that comprise this special issue are considered in terms of the next-generation meta-analytic questions they support: questions about multivariate relationships, drawing on real-life data structures, with improved usability, and answered openly. The contributions to this special issue illustrate a range of methods to address these questions, including meta-analytic structural equation modelling; robust variance estimation and network meta-analysis methods; transportability and causal inference; Bayesian methods; and open science. This special issue collectively represents a step forward in the field's ability to address questions of use to improving human welfare through preventing ill health, supporting uptake of these next-generation methods by applied researchers in prevention science. Future methodological developments in meta-analysis should be synergistic with the questions prevention scientists seek to answer, both creating new possibilities and meeting the challenges of improving human health and wellbeing.
    MeSH term(s) Bayes Theorem ; Causality ; Humans ; Latent Class Analysis ; Research Design
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter ; Meta-Analysis
    ZDB-ID 2251270-6
    ISSN 1573-6695 ; 1389-4986
    ISSN (online) 1573-6695
    ISSN 1389-4986
    DOI 10.1007/s11121-021-01331-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: The impact of school-based creative bibliotherapy interventions on child and adolescent mental health: a systematic review and realist synthesis protocol.

    Redman, Hayley / Melendez-Torres, G J / Bethel, Alison / Green, Judith

    Systematic reviews

    2024  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 86

    Abstract: Background: There is a need to identify evidence-based interventions to be delivered in schools that can be used to improve child and adolescent mental health and wellbeing. Creative bibliotherapy is one proposed intervention. However, there has been, ... ...

    Abstract Background: There is a need to identify evidence-based interventions to be delivered in schools that can be used to improve child and adolescent mental health and wellbeing. Creative bibliotherapy is one proposed intervention. However, there has been, to date, no comprehensive assessment of the evidence for its impact on mental health and wellbeing. To fill this gap, we will conduct a systematic review and realist synthesis.
    Methods: A systematic search of the bibliographic databases APA PsycINFO, Medline (via Ovid), CINAHL, ERIC, Education Research Complete (via EBSCOhost) and Web of Science (SCI, SSCI, AHCI, ESCI) for school-based creative bibliotherapy interventions on child and adolescent mental health. Types of study to be included: cohort studies, non-randomised comparative evaluations, randomised controlled trials. The data from all included studies will be summarised descriptively and strength of evidence appraised. This is a potentially large field of practice, with heterogeneous interventions; we will use methods from intervention components analysis to describe and categorise the range of components and approaches used in included interventions. To understand how interventions work and in which contexts, we will use methods from realist synthesis to develop an exploratory account of mechanisms in different settings and for different young people (contexts).
    Discussion: Findings will assess the range of evidence for the impact of creative bibliotherapy on child and adolescent mental health and wellbeing, the strength of evidence for the impact identified, and describe potential mechanisms. This review will be useful for a wide range of stakeholders considering implementing or developing interventions using creative bibliotherapy in school-based settings.
    Systematic review registration: This protocol was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews ( https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ ), registration number CRD42023410333. This review is funded by Wellcome Trust (221457/Z/20/Z).
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Child ; Humans ; Adolescent Health ; Bibliotherapy ; Mental Health ; Schools
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 2662257-9
    ISSN 2046-4053 ; 2046-4053
    ISSN (online) 2046-4053
    ISSN 2046-4053
    DOI 10.1186/s13643-024-02482-8
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Treatment effect waning assumptions: A review of NICE Technology Appraisals.

    Trigg, Laura A / Melendez-Torres, G J / Abdelsabour, Ahmed / Lee, Dawn

    Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research

    2024  

    Abstract: Objectives: Review National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) technology assessments to gain insights into the implementation of treatment effect waning, whereby the hazard or survival in an assessed technology converges to that of the ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: Review National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) technology assessments to gain insights into the implementation of treatment effect waning, whereby the hazard or survival in an assessed technology converges to that of the comparator. This analysis aims to contribute to inform future guidance in this area.
    Methods: Technology appraisals published 20/10/2021- 20/09/2023 were reviewed and data extracted on treatment effect waning circumstances, methods and rationale to compile a database based on three research questions: When are treatment effect waning assumptions used? What methods are used? Why have the company/Evidence Assessment Group/Committee preferred these methods?
    Results: Both the EAG/company and the Committee included treatment effect waning assumptions in 28 appraisals. There was no pattern of waning assumptions between shorter (<20 years) and longer (>20 years) time horizons. The most prominent time point for applying waning assumptions was at 5 years, with 30/59 (50.8%) of the methods applied used 5 years. Stopping rules were used in 21/30 (70.1%) of the appraisals where Committee included waning, and waning assumptions were used more in oncology. The most common reason given for including treatment effect waning assumptions was precedent from prior appraisals.
    Conclusions: Considerable heterogeneity existed in both the methods used and justifications given for treatment effect waning assumptions. This variability poses a risk of inconsistent decision-making. Reliance on past appraisals emphasises the necessity to advocate for evidence-driven approaches and underscores the demand for guidance on suitable methods for incorporating assumptions.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1471745-1
    ISSN 1524-4733 ; 1098-3015
    ISSN (online) 1524-4733
    ISSN 1098-3015
    DOI 10.1016/j.jval.2024.04.016
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Prep-Tok: a queer critical discourse analysis of TikToks regarding HIV-related pre-exposure prophylaxis.

    Lewis, Joseph / Melendez-Torres, G J

    Culture, health & sexuality

    2023  Volume 26, Issue 4, Page(s) 449–465

    Abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to present a public health problem, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) offers a promising preventative intervention; however, its uptake remains low, so investigating determinants of use is essential. This ... ...

    Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to present a public health problem, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) offers a promising preventative intervention; however, its uptake remains low, so investigating determinants of use is essential. This article applies queer critical discourse analysis to a corpus of 121 TikToks sampled via the TikTok algorithm, coded and refined into three overarching content categories: 'what makes a PrEP user?', 'what is PrEP as a drug?', and 'sexual health and HIV'. Examples from within these categories reveal four underlying discursive themes: (1) stigmatisation of HIV as a 'gay disease' with a poor prognosis; (2) stigmatisation of gay men as unsafe, high-risk and untrustworthy; (3) stigmatisation of PrEP as increasing 'unsafe' sexual practices; (4) poor healthcare and education gay men and other beneficiaries of PrEP. These themes are influenced by a broad spectrum of homophobic and heteronormative discourses available with specific examples reflecting parts of this spectrum from predominantly perpetuating to occasionally challenging. The findings report complementary evidence obtained from other media platforms yet offer a unique take while suggesting useful avenues for future public health messaging relating to PrEP which may be used to inform the next steps against HIV.
    MeSH term(s) Male ; Humans ; Homosexuality, Male ; HIV ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis ; Social Media ; HIV Infections/prevention & control ; HIV Infections/drug therapy ; Sexual and Gender Minorities
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2023577-X
    ISSN 1464-5351 ; 1369-1058
    ISSN (online) 1464-5351
    ISSN 1369-1058
    DOI 10.1080/13691058.2023.2224414
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Clinical effectiveness reporting of novel cancer drugs in the context of non-proportional hazards: a review of nice single technology appraisals.

    Salmon, David / Melendez-Torres, G J

    International journal of technology assessment in health care

    2023  Volume 39, Issue 1, Page(s) e16

    Abstract: Objectives: The hazard ratio (HR) is a commonly used summary statistic when comparing time to event (TTE) data between trial arms, but assumes the presence of proportional hazards (PH). Non-proportional hazards (NPH) are increasingly common in NICE ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: The hazard ratio (HR) is a commonly used summary statistic when comparing time to event (TTE) data between trial arms, but assumes the presence of proportional hazards (PH). Non-proportional hazards (NPH) are increasingly common in NICE technology appraisals (TAs) due to an abundance of novel cancer treatments, which have differing mechanisms of action compared with traditional chemotherapies. The goal of this study is to understand how pharmaceutical companies, evidence review groups (ERGs) and appraisal committees (ACs) test for PH and report clinical effectiveness in the context of NPH.
    Methods: A thematic analysis of NICE TAs concerning novel cancer treatments published between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2021 was undertaken. Data on PH testing and clinical effectiveness reporting for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were obtained from company submissions, ERG reports, and final appraisal determinations (FADs).
    Results: NPH were present for OS or PFS in 28/40 appraisals, with log-cumulative hazard plots the most common testing methodology (40/40), supplemented by Schoenfeld residuals (20/40) and/or other statistical methods (6/40). In the context of NPH, the HR was ubiquitously reported by companies, inconsistently critiqued by ERGs (10/28), and commonly reported in FADs (23/28).
    Conclusions: There is inconsistency in PH testing methodology used in TAs. ERGs are inconsistent in critiquing use of the HR in the context of NPH, and even when critiqued it remains a commonly reported outcome measure in FADs. Other measures of clinical effectiveness should be considered, along with guidance on clinical effectiveness reporting when NPH are present.
    MeSH term(s) Treatment Outcome ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; Dietary Supplements ; Technology ; Neoplasms/drug therapy
    Chemical Substances Antineoplastic Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Review ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632573-7
    ISSN 1471-6348 ; 0266-4623
    ISSN (online) 1471-6348
    ISSN 0266-4623
    DOI 10.1017/S0266462323000119
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: A realist review of interventions targeting maternal health in low- and middle-income countries.

    Abraham, Julie Mariam / Melendez-Torres, G J

    Women's health (London, England)

    2023  Volume 19, Page(s) 17455057231205687

    Abstract: Maternal mortality is disproportionately higher in low- and middle-income countries compared to other parts of the world. International research efforts are reflective of the urgency to improve global maternal outcomes. The existing literature of ... ...

    Abstract Maternal mortality is disproportionately higher in low- and middle-income countries compared to other parts of the world. International research efforts are reflective of the urgency to improve global maternal outcomes. The existing literature of maternal health interventions in low- and middle-income countries targets a variety of populations and intervention types. However, there is a notable lack of systemic reviews that examine the wider contextual and mechanistic factors that have contributed to the outcomes produced by interventions. This article aims to use realist synthesis design to identify and examine the relationships between the contexts, mechanisms and outcomes of maternal health interventions conducted in low- and middle-income countries. This will inform evidence-based practice for future maternal health interventions. In May 2022, we searched four electronic databases for systematic reviews of maternal health interventions in low- and middle-income countries published in the last 5 years. We used open and axial coding of contexts, mechanisms and outcomes to develop an explanatory framework for intervention effectiveness. After eligibility screening and full-text analysis, 44 papers were included. The majority of effective interventions reported good healthcare system contexts, especially the importance of infrastructural capacity to implement and sustain the intervention. Most intervention designs used increasing knowledge and awareness at an individual and healthcare-provider level to produce intended outcomes. The majority of outcomes reported related to uptake of healthcare services by women. All mechanism themes had a relationship with this outcome. Health system infrastructure must be considered in interventions to ensure effective implementation and sustainability. Healthcare-seeking behaviours are embedded within social and cultural norms, environmental conditions, family influences and provider attitudes. Therefore, effective engagement with communities and families is important to create new norms surrounding pregnancy and delivery. Future research should explore community mobilization and involvement to enable tailored interventions with optimal contextual fit.
    MeSH term(s) Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Developing Countries ; Maternal Health ; Systematic Reviews as Topic ; Delivery of Health Care
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2274503-8
    ISSN 1745-5065 ; 1745-5057
    ISSN (online) 1745-5065
    ISSN 1745-5057
    DOI 10.1177/17455057231205687
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Parenting and disruptive child behavior: A daily diary study during the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Leijten, Patty / Melendez-Torres, G J / Hoffenaar, Peter J / van den Akker, Alithe L

    Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43)

    2024  Volume 38, Issue 2, Page(s) 282–295

    Abstract: We examined how mothers' daily parenting cognitions and behaviors implicated by different theoretical perspectives (i.e., relational, learning theory, and cognitive perspectives) associated in linear or nonlinear ways with disruptive child behavior ... ...

    Abstract We examined how mothers' daily parenting cognitions and behaviors implicated by different theoretical perspectives (i.e., relational, learning theory, and cognitive perspectives) associated in linear or nonlinear ways with disruptive child behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined levels of heterogeneity between families in these patterns and whether this heterogeneity could be explained by mother and child characteristics. Mothers of 150 children, 3-8 years; 48% girls; 68% (sub)clinical conduct problems, completed 14 daily assessments (
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Child ; Adolescent ; Male ; Parenting/psychology ; Problem Behavior ; Pandemics ; COVID-19 ; Mothers/psychology ; Child Behavior
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 619328-6
    ISSN 1939-1293 ; 0893-3200
    ISSN (online) 1939-1293
    ISSN 0893-3200
    DOI 10.1037/fam0001187
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Parental differential warmth, hostility, and sibling differences in internalizing and externalizing behavior problems: A meta-analysis.

    Eradus, Marije / Leijten, Patty / Melendez-Torres, G J / Foo, Xu Qing / Oliver, Bonamy R

    Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43)

    2024  Volume 38, Issue 3, Page(s) 387–399

    Abstract: Parental differential treatment (PDT) of siblings is associated with differences in children's behavioral adjustment. The current meta-analysis examined the extent to which associations between relative PDT and sibling differences in behavior problems ... ...

    Abstract Parental differential treatment (PDT) of siblings is associated with differences in children's behavioral adjustment. The current meta-analysis examined the extent to which associations between relative PDT and sibling differences in behavior problems differ by type of parenting behavior (i.e., differential hostility vs. differential warmth) and type of behavior problems (i.e., differential externalizing vs. internalizing behavior problems). In September 2021, we systematically searched APA PsycInfo and Web of Science, yielding 2,259 unique hits with 19 eligible publications reporting on 215 effect sizes from 13 unique samples. The overall association between relative PDT (i.e., receiving less warmth and more hostility than one's sibling) and sibling differences in behavior problems was small but significant. Associations were stronger for differential hostility compared to differential warmth and for differential externalizing compared to differential internalizing behavior problems. Particularly marked was the finding that siblings who received more hostility from their parents showed higher levels of externalizing behavior problems. Future research investing in further dismantling the association between within-family PDT and sibling differences in adjustment is warranted to better understand why parents treat siblings differentially and to guide family support initiatives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Humans ; Siblings/psychology ; Hostility ; Parent-Child Relations ; Parenting/psychology ; Parents/psychology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Systematic Review ; Meta-Analysis ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 619328-6
    ISSN 1939-1293 ; 0893-3200
    ISSN (online) 1939-1293
    ISSN 0893-3200
    DOI 10.1037/fam0001194
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Whole-school interventions promoting student commitment to school to prevent substance use and violence, and improve educational attainment: a systematic review.

    Ponsford, Ruth / Melendez-Torres, G J / Miners, Alec / Falconer, Jane / Bonell, Chris

    Public health research (Southampton, England)

    2024  Volume 12, Issue 2, Page(s) 1–290

    Abstract: Background: Whole-school interventions modify the school environment to promote health. A subset of these interventions promotes student commitment to school to prevent substance (tobacco, alcohol, other drugs) use and/or violence. A previous review ... ...

    Abstract Background: Whole-school interventions modify the school environment to promote health. A subset of these interventions promotes student commitment to school to prevent substance (tobacco, alcohol, other drugs) use and/or violence. A previous review identified the theory of human functioning and school organisation as a comprehensive theory of such interventions, and found evidence that these interventions reduce substance use and/or violence.
    Objectives: The objectives were to search for, appraise and synthesise evidence to address the following questions: (1) What whole-school interventions promoting student commitment to school to prevent substance use and/or violence have been evaluated, what intervention subtypes are apparent and how closely do these align with the theory of human functioning and school organisation? (2) What factors relating to setting, population and intervention affect implementation? (3) What are the effects on student substance use, violence and educational attainment? (4) What is the cost-effectiveness of such interventions? (5) Are intervention effects mediated by student commitment to school or moderated by setting or population?
    Data sources: A total of 56 information sources were searched (in January 2020), then an updated search of 48 of these was carried out (in May 2021). Reference lists were also searched and experts were contacted.
    Review methods: Eligible studies were process/outcome evaluations of whole-school interventions to reduce student violence or substance use among students aged 5-18 years attending schools, via actions aligning with the theory of human functioning and school organisation: modifying teaching to increase engagement, enhancing student-staff relationships, revising school policies, encouraging volunteering or increasing parental involvement. Data extraction and quality assessments used existing tools. Theory and process reports were synthesised qualitatively. Outcome and economic data were synthesised narratively; outcome data were meta-analysed.
    Results: Searches retrieved 63 eligible reports on 27 studies of 22 interventions. We identified four intervention subtypes focused on student participation in school-wide decisions, improving staff-student relationships, increasing engagement in learning and involving parents. The theories of change of most intervention subtypes aligned closely with the theory of human functioning and school organisation, and informed refinement of an intervention theory of change. Theories of change for interventions increasing learning engagement did not align with this theory, aiming instead to increase school commitment primarily via social skills curricula. Factors influencing the implementation included whether or not interventions were tailorable, workable and well explained. Interventions with action groups comprising staff/students, etc. and providing local data were well implemented. Implementation was also affected by whether or not schools accepted the need for change and staff had the resources for delivery. Meta-analyses suggest small, but significant, intervention effects in preventing violence victimisation and perpetration, and substance use. There was sparse and inconsistent evidence of moderation and some evidence of mediation by student commitment to school. Two economic evaluations suggested that there is the potential for the interventions to be cost-effective.
    Limitations: The quality of the studies was variable and the economic synthesis was limited to two studies.
    Conclusions: Whole-school interventions aiming to promote student commitment to school share similar theories of change and factors affecting implementation. They have the potential to contribute to preventing violence and substance use among young people. Future trials should aim to optimise intervention effectiveness by better theorisation, and assess implementation and effect moderators and mediators.
    Study registration: This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42019154334.
    Funding: This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme (NIHR award ref: 17/151/05) and is published in full in
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Educational Status ; Health Promotion ; Schools ; Students ; Substance-Related Disorders/prevention & control ; Violence/prevention & control
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Systematic Review
    ISSN 2050-439X
    ISSN (online) 2050-439X
    DOI 10.3310/DWTR3299
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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