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Article ; Online: Peak Abundance of Fatty Acids From Intertidal Biofilm in Relation to the Breeding Migration of Shorebirds

Peter J. Schnurr / Mark C. Drever / Robert W. Elner / John Harper / Michael T. Arts

Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol

2020 Volume 7

Abstract: Intertidal biofilm is a thin layer of microbes and meiofauna enmeshed in an extracellular polymeric matrix within and on top of mudflat sediment. This medium provides a dynamic resource for a variety of consumers in estuarine habitats, and is rich in ... ...

Abstract	Intertidal biofilm is a thin layer of microbes and meiofauna enmeshed in an extracellular polymeric matrix within and on top of mudflat sediment. This medium provides a dynamic resource for a variety of consumers in estuarine habitats, and is rich in essential fatty acids that birds require for long-distance migration. We measured seasonal changes in biofilm fatty acid content from spring to summer on the Fraser River Estuary, one of the richest and most important ecosystems for migrant and wintering waterbirds in Canada. Fatty acid content in biofilm showed a strong seasonal pattern with a peak in the spring that is associated with the northward migration of Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) to their breeding grounds. This peak is linked to the abundance and physiological state, and hence nutritional condition, of epipelic diatoms, which, in turn, depend on a combination of mudflat topography, salinity, temperature, and nutrients that can fluctuate widely with the freshwater inputs from the Fraser River. Specifically, areas with higher elevation (i.e., ∼1 m) had longer periods of exposure to ambient conditions (i.e., light, warm temperatures, gas exchange into/out of biofilms) that facilitated more biofilm growth and higher fatty acid content. Moreover, springtime changes in water chemistry (i.e., salinity/osmotic stresses and nutrients) and temperature facilitated the production of higher overall total lipid/fatty acid contents in the mudflat biofilms compared to summer. Effective conservation of migrating shorebirds depends on the protection of underlying processes at important stopover sites that promote biofilm communities to escalate their production of lipids, including essential fatty acids, during key times of the year.
Keywords	biofilm ; diatoms ; estuary ; fatty acids ; mudflat ; omega-3 ; Science ; Q ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Estimation of n-3 fatty acid intake from Lake Ontario fish based on current provincial consumption advisories

Strandberg, Ursula / Satyendra P. Bhavsar / Michael T. Arts

Journal of Great Lakes research. 2017,

2017

Abstract: Elevated contaminant levels in the North American Great Lakes have resulted in restrictive fish consumption advisories. Avoiding the risks associated with fish consumption may also decrease the intake of omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n- ... ...

Abstract	Elevated contaminant levels in the North American Great Lakes have resulted in restrictive fish consumption advisories. Avoiding the risks associated with fish consumption may also decrease the intake of omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22:6n-3) acids; compounds that have been associated with human health benefits. We evaluated whether eating Lake Ontario fish, following the consumption advisories, would result in a sufficient intake of EPA+DHA. Fatty acids and contaminants known to be elevated in fish muscle tissue were analyzed for 282 Lake Ontario fish, representing 21 species. Salmonids had the highest EPA+DHA content among the analyzed species, but the calculated EPA+DHA intake for humans following the consumption advisory was not the highest due to the stringent advisory reflecting elevated contaminant levels, specifically polychlorinated biphenyls. The intake of EPA+DHA from lean fish (with correspondingly lower EPA+DHA contents) could reach values comparable to fatty fish because of the less stringent advisories. In general, the intake of EPA+DHA was more influenced by the consumption advisory than the EPA+DHA content. We suggest that final advisories should be formulated such that they promote maximizing EPA+DHA intake. We found that people, who generally do not consume large amounts of fish from Lake Ontario, may benefit from choosing salmonids, such as lake whitefish, which maximizes the EPA+DHA intake per meal. People who frequently consume Lake Ontario fish may benefit more from choosing panfish like black crappie or yellow perch.
Keywords	Coregonus clupeaformis ; Perca flavescens ; Pomoxis nigromaculatus ; docosahexaenoic acid ; eicosapentaenoic acid ; fatty fish ; fish consumption ; human health ; humans ; ingestion ; lean fish ; muscle tissues ; omega-3 fatty acids ; people ; polychlorinated biphenyls ; risk ; risk communication ; Lake Ontario
Language	English
Size	p. .
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	2163239-X
ISSN	0380-1330 ; 0380-1330
ISSN (online)	0380-1330
ISSN	0380-1330
DOI	10.1016/j.jglr.2017.08.009
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Estimation of omega-3 fatty acid (EPA+DHA) intake from Lake Ontario fish based on provincial consumption advisories

Strandberg, Ursula / Michael T. Arts / Satyendra P. Bhavsar

Journal of Great Lakes research. 2017 Dec., v. 43, no. 6

2017

Abstract	Elevated contaminant levels in the North American Great Lakes have resulted in restrictive fish consumption advisories. Avoiding the risks associated with fish consumption may also decrease the intake of omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22:6n-3) acids; compounds that have been associated with human health benefits. We evaluated whether eating Lake Ontario fish, following the consumption advisories, would result in a sufficient intake of EPA+DHA. Fatty acids and contaminants known to be elevated in fish muscle tissue were analyzed for 282 Lake Ontario fish, representing 21 species. Salmonids had the highest EPA+DHA content among the analyzed species, but the calculated EPA+DHA intake for humans following the consumption advisory was not the highest due to the stringent advisory reflecting elevated contaminant levels, specifically polychlorinated biphenyls. The intake of EPA+DHA from lean fish (with correspondingly lower EPA+DHA contents) could reach values comparable to fatty fish because of the less stringent advisories. In general, the intake of EPA+DHA was more influenced by the consumption advisory than the EPA+DHA content. We suggest that final advisories should be formulated such that they promote maximizing EPA+DHA intake. We found that people, who generally do not consume large amounts of fish from Lake Ontario, may benefit from choosing salmonids, such as lake whitefish, which maximizes the EPA+DHA intake per meal. People who frequently consume Lake Ontario fish may benefit more from choosing panfish like black crappie or yellow perch.
Keywords	Coregonus clupeaformis ; docosahexaenoic acid ; eicosapentaenoic acid ; fatty fish ; fish consumption ; human health ; humans ; ingestion ; lean fish ; muscle tissues ; North Americans ; omega-3 fatty acids ; Perca flavescens ; polychlorinated biphenyls ; Pomoxis nigromaculatus ; risk ; Lake Ontario
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-12
Size	p. 1132-1140.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2163239-X
ISSN	0380-1330 ; 0380-1330
ISSN (online)	0380-1330
ISSN	0380-1330
DOI	10.1016/j.jglr.2017.08.009
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Spatial and length-dependent variation of the risks and benefits of consuming Walleye (Sander vitreus)

Ursula Strandberg / Satyendra P. Bhavsar / Tarn Preet Parmar / Michael T. Arts

Environment International, Vol 112, Iss , Pp 251-

2018 Volume 260

Abstract: Restricted fish consumption due to elevated contaminant levels may limit the intake of essential omega-3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n−3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22:6n−3) acids. We analyzed lake- and length-specific mercury and EPA+ ... ...

Abstract	Restricted fish consumption due to elevated contaminant levels may limit the intake of essential omega-3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n−3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22:6n−3) acids. We analyzed lake- and length-specific mercury and EPA+DHA contents in Walleye (Sander vitreus; Mitchell 1818) from 20 waterbodies in Ontario, Canada, and used this information to calculate the theoretical intake of EPA+DHA when the consumption advisories are followed. The stringent consumption advisory resulted in decreased EPA+DHA intake regardless of the EPA+DHA content in Walleye. Walleye length had a strong impact on the EPA+DHA intake mainly because it was positively correlated with the mercury content and thereby consumption advisories. The highest EPA+DHA intake was achieved when smaller Walleye (30–40cm) were consumed. The strong relationship between the consumption advisory and EPA+DHA intake enabled us to develop a more generic regression equation to estimate EPA+DHA intake from the consumption advisories, which we then applied to an additional 1322 waterbodies across Ontario, and 28 lakes from northern USA for which Walleye contaminant data are available but fatty acid data are missing. We estimate that adequate EPA+DHA intake (>250mgday−1) is achieved in 23% of the studied Ontario lakes, for the general population, when small (30–40cm) Walleye are eaten. Consumption of medium- (41–55cm), and large-sized (60–70cm) Walleye would provide adequate EPA+DHA intake from only 3% and 1% of the lakes, respectively. Our study highlights that mercury contamination, which triggers consumption advisories, strongly limits the suitability of Walleye as the sole dietary source of EPA+DHA to humans. Keywords: Risk-benefit, Mercury, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Docosahexaenoic acid, Sander vitreus, Walleye
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Climate warming is predicted to reduce omegaâ3, longâchain, polyunsaturated fatty acid production in phytoplankton

Hixson, Stefanie M / Michael T. Arts

Global change biology. 2016 Aug., v. 22, no. 8

2016

Abstract: Phytoplankton are the main source of energy and omegaâ3 (nâ3) longâchain essential fatty acids (EFA) in aquatic ecosystems. Their growth and biochemical composition are affected by surrounding environmental conditions, including temperature, which ... ...

Abstract	Phytoplankton are the main source of energy and omegaâ3 (nâ3) longâchain essential fatty acids (EFA) in aquatic ecosystems. Their growth and biochemical composition are affected by surrounding environmental conditions, including temperature, which continues to increase as a result of climate warming. Increasing water temperatures may negatively impact the production of EFA by phytoplankton through the process of homeoviscous adaptation. To investigate this, we conducted an exploratory data synthesis with 952 fatty acid (FA) profiles from six major groups of marine and freshwater phytoplankton. Temperature was strongly correlated with a decrease in the proportion of nâ3 longâchain polyunsaturated FA (LCâPUFA) and an increase in omegaâ6 FA and saturated FA. Based on linear regression models, we predict that global nâ3 LCâPUFA production will be reduced by 8.2% for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 27.8% for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with an increase in water temperature of 2.5Â Â°C. Using a previously published estimate of the global production of EPA by diatoms, which contribute to most of the world's supply of EPA, we predict a loss of 14.2 Mt of EPA annually as a result of ocean warming. The nâ3 LCâPUFA are vitally important for an array of key physiological functions in aquatic and terrestrial organisms, and these FA are mainly produced by phytoplankton. Therefore, reduced production of these EFA, as a consequence of climate warming, is predicted to negatively affect species that depend on these compounds for optimum physiological function. Such profound changes in the biochemical composition of phytoplankton cell membranes can lead to cascading effects throughout the world's ecosystems.
Keywords	aquatic ecosystems ; Bacillariophyceae ; cell membranes ; chemical composition ; docosahexaenoic acid ; eicosapentaenoic acid ; energy ; environmental factors ; essential fatty acids ; freshwater ; global warming ; phytoplankton ; regression analysis ; water temperature
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-08
Size	p. 2744-2755.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1281439-8
ISSN	1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
ISSN (online)	1365-2486
ISSN	1354-1013
DOI	10.1111/gcb.13295
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Spatial and length-dependent variation of the risks and benefits of consuming Walleye (Sander vitreus)

Strandberg, Ursula / Satyendra P. Bhavsar / Tarn Preet Parmar / Michael T. Arts

Environment international. 2018 Mar., v. 112

2018

Abstract	Restricted fish consumption due to elevated contaminant levels may limit the intake of essential omega-3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n−3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22:6n−3) acids. We analyzed lake- and length-specific mercury and EPA+DHA contents in Walleye (Sander vitreus; Mitchell 1818) from 20 waterbodies in Ontario, Canada, and used this information to calculate the theoretical intake of EPA+DHA when the consumption advisories are followed. The stringent consumption advisory resulted in decreased EPA+DHA intake regardless of the EPA+DHA content in Walleye. Walleye length had a strong impact on the EPA+DHA intake mainly because it was positively correlated with the mercury content and thereby consumption advisories. The highest EPA+DHA intake was achieved when smaller Walleye (30–40cm) were consumed. The strong relationship between the consumption advisory and EPA+DHA intake enabled us to develop a more generic regression equation to estimate EPA+DHA intake from the consumption advisories, which we then applied to an additional 1322 waterbodies across Ontario, and 28 lakes from northern USA for which Walleye contaminant data are available but fatty acid data are missing. We estimate that adequate EPA+DHA intake (>250mgday⁻¹) is achieved in 23% of the studied Ontario lakes, for the general population, when small (30–40cm) Walleye are eaten. Consumption of medium- (41–55cm), and large-sized (60–70cm) Walleye would provide adequate EPA+DHA intake from only 3% and 1% of the lakes, respectively. Our study highlights that mercury contamination, which triggers consumption advisories, strongly limits the suitability of Walleye as the sole dietary source of EPA+DHA to humans.
Keywords	Sander vitreus ; docosahexaenoic acid ; eicosapentaenoic acid ; equations ; fish consumption ; humans ; lakes ; mercury ; omega-3 fatty acids ; risk ; surface water ; Ontario ; United States
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-03
Size	p. 251-260.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.029
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Impacts of water level fluctuations on mercury concentrations in hydropower reservoirs

Felicity J. Ni / Satyendra P. Bhavsar / David Poirier / Brian Branfireun / Steve Petro / Michael T. Arts / Richard Chong-Kit / Carl P.J. Mitchell / George B. Arhonditsis

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol 220, Iss , Pp 112354- (2021)

A microcosm experiment

2021

Abstract: Hydropower generation, a renewable source of electricity, has been linked to elevated methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in impoundments and aquatic biota. This study investigates the impact of water level fluctuations (WLF) on MeHg concentrations in ... ...

Abstract	Hydropower generation, a renewable source of electricity, has been linked to elevated methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in impoundments and aquatic biota. This study investigates the impact of water level fluctuations (WLF) on MeHg concentrations in water, sediment, and fish. Using a set of controlled microcosm experiments emulating the drawdown/refill dynamics and subsequent sediment exposure to air experienced in reservoirs, we demonstrate that less frequent WLFs, and/or increased exposure of sediment to air, can lead to elevated MeHg concentrations in sediment, and total mercury (THg) and MeHg concentrations in water. In examining the effects of WLF frequency (two-day, weekly, and monthly), the monthly treatment displayed the highest THg and MeHg water levels, while the weekly treatment was characterized by the highest MeHg levels in the sediment. Our work supports emerging evidence that longer duration between WLF creates a larger surface area of sediment exposed to air leading to conditions conducive to higher MeHg concentrations in sediments and water. In contrast, THg, MeHg, and fatty acid trends in fish were largely inconclusive characterized by similar among-treatment effects and minimal temporal variability over the course of our experiment. This result could partly be attributed to overall low mercury levels and simple “worm-forage fish” food web in our experiment. To elucidate the broader impacts of water fluctuations on aquatic chemistry and biota, other factors (e.g., longer WLF cycles, dissolved organic matter, temperature, more complex food webs) which modulate both methylation rates and food web dynamics must be considered.
Keywords	Mercury ; Methylation ; Water level fluctuations ; Dam management ; Hydropower ; Environmental pollution ; TD172-193.5 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Schizochytrium sp. (T18) Oil as a Fish Oil Replacement in Diets for Juvenile Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )

Angelisa T.Y. Osmond / Michael T. Arts / Jennifer R. Hall / Matthew L. Rise / Richard P. Bazinet / Roberto E. Armenta / Stefanie M. Colombo

Animals, Vol 11, Iss 1185, p

Effects on Growth Performance, Tissue Fatty Acid Content, and Lipid-Related Transcript Expression

2021 Volume 1185

Abstract: In this study, we evaluated whether oil extracted from the marine microbe, Schizochytrium sp. (strain T18), with high levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), could replace fish oil (FO) in diets for rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Three experimental ...

Abstract	In this study, we evaluated whether oil extracted from the marine microbe, Schizochytrium sp. (strain T18), with high levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), could replace fish oil (FO) in diets for rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Three experimental diets were tested: (1) a control diet with fish oil (FO diet), (2) a microbial oil (MO) diet with a blend of camelina oil (CO) referred to as MO/CO diet, and (3) a MO diet (at a higher inclusion level). Rainbow trout (18.8 ± 2.9 g fish − 1 initial weight ± SD) were fed for 8 weeks and evaluated for growth performance, fatty acid content and transcript expression of lipid-related genes in liver and muscle. There were no differences in growth performance measurements among treatments. In liver and muscle, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was highest in trout fed the FO diet compared to the MO/CO and MO diets. Liver DHA was highest in trout fed the MO/CO diet compared to the FO and MO diets. Muscle DHA was highest in trout fed the MO and MO/CO diets compared to the FO diet. In trout fed the MO/CO diet, compared to the MO diet, fadsd6b was higher in both liver and muscle. In trout fed the FO or MO/CO diets, compared to the MO diet, cox1a was higher in both liver and muscle, cpt1b1a was higher in liver and cpt1a1a , cpt1a1b and cpt1a2a were higher in muscle. Schizochytrium sp. (T18) oil was an effective source of DHA for rainbow trout.
Keywords	EPA ; DHA ; microbial oil ; salmonid ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Diet, size and location as determinants of nâ3 longâchain polyunsaturated fatty acid content in farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

McMeans, Bailey C / Michael T Arts / Cory Dubetz / Michael Ikonomou

Aquaculture research. 2017 July, v. 48, no. 7

2017

Abstract: We explored how currently manufactured feeds, under realâworld conditions and across geographically distinct locations, promoted flesh nâ3 longâchain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCâPUFA, i.e. 20:5nâ3Â +Â 22:6nâ3) levels in various life stages ...

Abstract	We explored how currently manufactured feeds, under realâworld conditions and across geographically distinct locations, promoted flesh nâ3 longâchain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCâPUFA, i.e. 20:5nâ3Â +Â 22:6nâ3) levels in various life stages of farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). Potential effects on flesh LCâPUFA included: (1) diet and fish weight at one Canadian east coast farm, (2) diet and farm location across six east coast farms, and (3) diet and farm location between east and west coast farms. For objectives 1 and 2, salmon were fed a currently manufactured feed (labelled as feeds A, B or C) and harvested at 1, 3 and 5Â kg. LCâPUFA levels in 5Â kg (harvest size) fish were then compared to previously published values for west coast farmed Atlantic Salmon (Obj. 3). Combined results revealed that variability in LCâPUFA levels was better explained by diet than by fish weight or farm location. Fish size, however, was also important for two reasons. First, feeding a high LCâPUFA diet early in life appeared important for ensuring high LCâPUFA levels at harvest size. Second, salmon flesh LCâPUFA levels increased with fish size, but only when dietary LCâPUFA was provided above an apparent threshold value (~3000Â mg per 100Â g or 10% of total fatty acids) that likely promoted LCâPUFA incorporation and storage. Overall, our comparison makes new recommendations for feed manufacturers and demonstrates that farmed Atlantic Salmon reared under realâworld conditions on currently available salmon feeds were good sources of nâ3 LCâPUFA to consumers.
Keywords	Salmo salar ; coasts ; diet ; farms ; fatty acid composition ; feeds ; omega-3 fatty acids ; rearing ; salmon
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-07
Size	p. 3728-3741.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1227359-4
ISSN	1355-557X
ISSN	1355-557X
DOI	10.1111/are.13198
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Handling and Storage Procedures Have Variable Effects on Fatty Acid Content in Fishes with Different Lipid Quantities.

Martina D Rudy / Martin J Kainz / Martin Graeve / Stefanie M Colombo / Michael T Arts

PLoS ONE, Vol 11, Iss 8, p e

2016 Volume 0160497

Abstract: It is commonly assumed that the most accurate data on fatty acid (FA) contents are obtained when samples are analyzed immediately after collection. For logistical reasons, however, this is not always feasible and samples are often kept on ice or frozen ... ...

Abstract	It is commonly assumed that the most accurate data on fatty acid (FA) contents are obtained when samples are analyzed immediately after collection. For logistical reasons, however, this is not always feasible and samples are often kept on ice or frozen at various temperatures and for diverse time periods. We quantified temporal changes of selected FA (μg FAME per mg tissue dry weight) from 6 fish species subjected to 2 handling and 3 storage methods and compared them to FA contents from muscle tissue samples that were processed immediately. The following species were investigated: Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio), Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), Antarctic Eelpout (Pachycara brachycephalum), Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus). The impact of storage method and duration of storage on FA contents were species-specific, but not FA-specific. There was no advantage in using nitrogen gas for tissue samples held on ice for 1 week; however, holding tissue samples on ice for 1 week resulted in a loss of FA in Charr. In addition, most FA in Trout and Charr decreased in quantity after being stored between 3 and 6 hours on ice. Freezer storage temperature (-80 or -20°C) also had a significant effect on FA contents in some species. Generally, we recommend that species with high total lipid content (e.g. Charr and Trout) should be treated with extra caution to avoid changes in FA contents, with time on ice and time spent in a freezer emerging as significant factors that changed FA contents.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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