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Article: Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children from 4 to 9 Years of Age.

Delisle Nyström, Christine / Migueles, Jairo H / Henriksson, Pontus / Löf, Marie

2023 Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 99

Abstract: Background: Physical activity guidelines for children encourage moderate-to-vigorous intensity activities (MVPA); however, some studies have found that only vigorous intensity activities (VPA) might promote health benefits in young children. Thus, the ... ...

Abstract	Background: Physical activity guidelines for children encourage moderate-to-vigorous intensity activities (MVPA); however, some studies have found that only vigorous intensity activities (VPA) might promote health benefits in young children. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate cross-sectional and 5-year longitudinal associations of VPA and MVPA with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in childhood using compositional data analysis. Results: This study utilized data from the SPINACH study (n = 411). Physical activity was measured with accelerometers at 4- and 9-years of age. CVD risk factors were measured at 9-years of age, and included blood pressure (BP), lipid metabolism, and glucose metabolism biomarkers, as well as a continuous metabolic syndrome risk score (MetS). Cross-sectional and longitudinal linear regression models were built using compositional data analysis standards. Cross-sectionally, reallocating time to VPA from lower-intensity behaviours at 9-years was associated with lower waist circumference (B = - 3.219, P = 0.002), diastolic BP (B = - 1.836, P = 0.036), triglycerides (B = - 0.214, P < 0.001), glucose (B = - 0.189, P = 0.033), insulin (B = - 2.997, P < 0.001), and HOMA-IR (B = - 0.778, P < 0.001). Similarly, reallocating time to VPA at 4-years was associated with lower MetS (B = - 0.831, P = 0.049), waist circumference (B = - 4.211, P = 0.015), systolic BP (B = - 5.572, P = 0.015), diastolic BP (B = - 2.931, P = 0.044), triglycerides (B = - 0.229, P = 0.034), glucose (B = - 0.325, P = 0.032), insulin (B = - 5.114, P = 0.001), and HOMA-IR (B = - 0.673, P = 0.001) at 9-years. Reallocations of time to MVPA at 4- or 9-years were not associated with CVD risk factors at 9-years. Conclusions: VPA was associated with CVD risk factors in children both cross-sectionally (9-years) and longitudinally (at 4- and 9-years). MVPA seemed not to be a stimulus of enough intensity to trigger these potential cardiometabolic benefits in healthy children. Thus, these findings suggest the importance of higher intensity activities, i.e., VPA already in early childhood for cardiometabolic health.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2809942-4
ISSN	2198-9761 ; 2199-1170
ISSN (online)	2198-9761
ISSN	2199-1170
DOI	10.1186/s40798-023-00647-8
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Longitudinal associations of movement behaviours with body composition and physical fitness from 4 to 9 years of age: structural equation and mediation analysis with compositional data.

Migueles, Jairo H / Delisle Nyström, Christine / Dumuid, Dorothea / Leppänen, Marja H / Henriksson, Pontus / Löf, Marie

The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity

2023 Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 11

Abstract: Background: The associations of movement behaviours (physical activity [PA], sedentary behaviour [SB], and sleep) with body composition and physical fitness from pre-school to childhood, as well as the direction of the associations, could provide ... ...

Abstract	Background: The associations of movement behaviours (physical activity [PA], sedentary behaviour [SB], and sleep) with body composition and physical fitness from pre-school to childhood, as well as the direction of the associations, could provide important information for healthy lifestyle promotion in children. This study investigated the longitudinal and bidirectional associations of movement behaviours with body composition and physical fitness measured at 4 and 9 years of age. Methods: This longitudinal study included baseline (n = 315, 4.5 [SD = 0.1] years) and follow-up data (n = 231, 9.6 [SD = 0.1] years) from the MINISTOP study. Movement behaviours were measured for 7 days using wrist-worn accelerometers, body composition with air-displacement plethysmography, and physical fitness with the ALPHA health-related fitness test battery. Cross-lagged panel models and mediation analyses were performed in combination with compositional data analysis. Results: We did not observe direct associations of the movement behaviours at 4 years with either body composition or physical fitness at 9 years (all P > 0.05). However, fat mass index at 4 years was negatively associated with vigorous PA (VPA), relative to remaining behaviours (VPA, β = - 0.22, P = 0.002) and light PA (LPA), relative to SB and sleep (β = - 0.19, P = 0.016) at 9 years. VPA (relative to remaining), moderate PA (MPA) (relative to LPA, SB, and sleep), and SB (relative to sleep) tracked from 4 to 9 years (all β ≥ 0.17, all P < 0.002), and these behaviours shared variance with fat mass index (all\|β\| ≥ 0.19, all P < 0.019), and aerobic, motor, and muscular fitness (all\|β\| ≥ 0.19, all P < 0.014) at 9 years. Mediation analysis suggested that the tracking of VPA (relative to remaining behaviours) from 4 to 9 years was negatively associated with fat mass index (β ≥ - 0.45, P = 0.012), and positively with aerobic fitness at 9 years (β ≥ 1.64, P = 0.016). Conclusion: PA and SB tracked from the pre-school years into childhood. Fat mass index at 4 years of age was negatively associated with VPA (relative to remaining behaviours) and LPA (relative to SB and sleep) at 9 years of age. The tracking of VPA was associated with lower fat mass index and higher aerobic fitness at 9 years of age. These findings suggest that higher levels of VPA in pre-school age, if maintained throughout childhood, may support the development of healthy body composition and aerobic fitness levels in later childhood.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Child, Preschool ; Mediation Analysis ; Longitudinal Studies ; Physical Fitness ; Exercise ; Body Composition ; Body Mass Index
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2134691-4
ISSN	1479-5868 ; 1479-5868
ISSN (online)	1479-5868
ISSN	1479-5868
DOI	10.1186/s12966-023-01417-1
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Article ; Online: Sleep patterns are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in nine-year-old Swedish children.

Nilsson, Ellinor / Delisle Nyström, Christine / Migueles, Jairo H / Baurén, Hanna / Marin-Jimenez, Nuria / Henström, Maria / Torres López, Lucía V / Löf, Marie

Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)

2024

Abstract: Aim: Sleep duration and bedtime may play a role in children's cardiometabolic health, but research is lacking. This study examined associations between sleep patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors in Swedish nine-year-olds.: Methods: This cross- ... ...

Abstract	Aim: Sleep duration and bedtime may play a role in children's cardiometabolic health, but research is lacking. This study examined associations between sleep patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors in Swedish nine-year-olds. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from three studies, where identical outcome measures were conducted in 411 nine-year-olds, 51% boys, between 2016 and 2020. Sleep was assessed with wrist-worn accelerometers and sleep journals. Children were grouped based on meeting the sleep guidelines of 9-11 h and going to bed early or late based on the median bedtime. Analysis of covariance was used to examine associations between sleep patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors. Results: Meeting sleep guidelines and going to bed early were associated with lower metabolic syndrome score (-0.15 vs. 0.42, p = 0.029), insulin resistance (0.30 vs. 0.60, p = 0.025) and insulin levels (6.80 vs. 8.87 mIU/L, p = 0.034), compared with their peers who did not meet the guidelines and went to bed later. When adjusting for total sleep time, analyses still showed associations with the metabolic syndrome score (-0.19 vs. 0.50, p = 0.011). Conclusion: The findings indicate that good sleep patterns could help mediate positive overall cardiometabolic health in children.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-27
Publishing country	Norway
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	203487-6
ISSN	1651-2227 ; 0365-1436 ; 0803-5253
ISSN (online)	1651-2227
ISSN	0365-1436 ; 0803-5253
DOI	10.1111/apa.17254
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Article ; Online: Longitudinal associations of movement behaviours with body composition and physical fitness from 4 to 9 years of age: structural equation and mediation analysis with compositional data

Migueles, Jairo H. / Delisle Nyström, Christine / Dumuid, Dorothea / Leppänen, Marja H. / Henriksson, Pontus / Löf, Marie

Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2023 Dec., v. 20, no. 1 p.11-11

2023

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The associations of movement behaviours (physical activity [PA], sedentary behaviour [SB], and sleep) with body composition and physical fitness from pre-school to childhood, as well as the direction of the associations, could provide ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: The associations of movement behaviours (physical activity [PA], sedentary behaviour [SB], and sleep) with body composition and physical fitness from pre-school to childhood, as well as the direction of the associations, could provide important information for healthy lifestyle promotion in children. This study investigated the longitudinal and bidirectional associations of movement behaviours with body composition and physical fitness measured at 4 and 9 years of age. METHODS: This longitudinal study included baseline (n = 315, 4.5 [SD = 0.1] years) and follow-up data (n = 231, 9.6 [SD = 0.1] years) from the MINISTOP study. Movement behaviours were measured for 7 days using wrist-worn accelerometers, body composition with air-displacement plethysmography, and physical fitness with the ALPHA health-related fitness test battery. Cross-lagged panel models and mediation analyses were performed in combination with compositional data analysis. RESULTS: We did not observe direct associations of the movement behaviours at 4 years with either body composition or physical fitness at 9 years (all P > 0.05). However, fat mass index at 4 years was negatively associated with vigorous PA (VPA), relative to remaining behaviours (VPA, β = − 0.22, P = 0.002) and light PA (LPA), relative to SB and sleep (β = − 0.19, P = 0.016) at 9 years. VPA (relative to remaining), moderate PA (MPA) (relative to LPA, SB, and sleep), and SB (relative to sleep) tracked from 4 to 9 years (all β ≥ 0.17, all P < 0.002), and these behaviours shared variance with fat mass index (all\|β\| ≥ 0.19, all P < 0.019), and aerobic, motor, and muscular fitness (all\|β\| ≥ 0.19, all P < 0.014) at 9 years. Mediation analysis suggested that the tracking of VPA (relative to remaining behaviours) from 4 to 9 years was negatively associated with fat mass index (β ≥ − 0.45, P = 0.012), and positively with aerobic fitness at 9 years (β ≥ 1.64, P = 0.016). CONCLUSION: PA and SB tracked from the pre-school years into childhood. Fat mass index at 4 years of age was negatively associated with VPA (relative to remaining behaviours) and LPA (relative to SB and sleep) at 9 years of age. The tracking of VPA was associated with lower fat mass index and higher aerobic fitness at 9 years of age. These findings suggest that higher levels of VPA in pre-school age, if maintained throughout childhood, may support the development of healthy body composition and aerobic fitness levels in later childhood.
Keywords	body composition ; childhood ; equations ; fat mass index ; health promotion ; longitudinal studies ; physical activity ; physical fitness ; plethysmography ; sedentary lifestyle ; sleep ; variance
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-12
Size	p. 11.
Publishing place	BioMed Central
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2134691-4
ISSN	1479-5868
ISSN	1479-5868
DOI	10.1186/s12966-023-01417-1
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Article ; Online: User engagement in relation to effectiveness of a digital lifestyle intervention (the HealthyMoms app) in pregnancy.

Henriksson, Pontus / Migueles, Jairo H / Söderström, Emmie / Sandborg, Johanna / Maddison, Ralph / Löf, Marie

Scientific reports

2022 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 13793

Abstract: Although user engagement is generally considered important for the effectiveness of digital behavior change interventions, there is a lack of such data in pregnancy. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the associations of user engagement with ... ...

Abstract	Although user engagement is generally considered important for the effectiveness of digital behavior change interventions, there is a lack of such data in pregnancy. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the associations of user engagement with the HealthyMoms app with gestational weight gain, diet quality and physical activity in pregnancy. The study involved secondary analyses of participant data from the intervention group (n = 134) in a randomized controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a 6-month mHealth intervention (the HealthyMoms app) on gestational weight gain, diet quality and physical activity. In adjusted regression models, the total number of registrations from three self-monitoring features (i.e., for weight-, diet- and physical activity) was associated with lower gestational weight gain (β = - 0.18, P = 0.043) and improved diet quality (β = 0.17, P = 0.019). These findings were mainly attributable to the associations of physical activity registrations with lower gestational weight gain (β = - 0.20, P = 0.026) and improved diet quality (β = 0.20, P = 0.006). However, the number of app sessions and page views were not associated with any of the outcomes. Our results may motivate efforts to increase user engagement in digital lifestyle interventions in pregnancy. However, additional studies are needed to further elucidate the influence of different types of user engagement in digital pregnancy interventions on their effectiveness.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03298555); https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03298555 (date of registration: October 2, 2017; date of first enrolled participant: October 24, 2017).
MeSH term(s)	Diet ; Exercise ; Female ; Gestational Weight Gain ; Humans ; Life Style ; Mobile Applications ; Pregnancy
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-022-17554-9
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Article ; Online: Physical Activity, Body Composition, and Cardiometabolic Health during Pregnancy: A Compositional Data Approach.

Sandborg, Johanna / Migueles, Jairo H / Söderström, Emmie / Blomberg, Marie / Henriksson, Pontus / Löf, Marie

Medicine and science in sports and exercise

2022 Volume 54, Issue 12, Page(s) 2054–2063

Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of 24-h movement behaviors (sleep, sedentary behavior (SB), light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)) with body ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of 24-h movement behaviors (sleep, sedentary behavior (SB), light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)) with body composition and cardiometabolic health in i) early and ii) late pregnancy (gestational weeks 14 and 37). Methods: This observational study utilized cross-sectional ( n = 273) and longitudinal data ( n = 242) from the HealthyMoms trial. Time spent in movement behaviors over seven consecutive 24-h periods (ActiGraph wGT3x-BT accelerometer), body composition (Bod Pod), and cardiometabolic health indicators (glucose levels, homeostatic model for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, metabolic syndrome (MetS) score) were measured in early and late pregnancy. Results: In early pregnancy, reallocating time to MVPA from LPA, SB, and sleep was associated with lower MetS score (adjusted γ = -0.343, P = 0.002). Correspondingly, reallocating time to LPA from SB and sleep in early pregnancy was associated with lower body weight (adjusted γ = -5.959, P = 0.047) and HOMA-IR (adjusted γ = -0.557, P = 0.031) at the same time point. Furthermore, reallocating time to LPA from SB and sleep in early pregnancy was associated with lower fat mass index (adjusted γ = -0.668, P = 0.028), glucose levels (adjusted γ = -0.315, P = 0.006), HOMA-IR (adjusted γ = -0.779, P = 0.004), and MetS score (adjusted γ = -0.470, P = 0.027) in late pregnancy. The changes in behaviors throughout pregnancy were not associated with body weight, body composition, and MetS score in late pregnancy. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that increasing LPA or MVPA while reducing SB and sleep was associated with lower weight and more favorable cardiometabolic health in early pregnancy. In contrast, LPA in early pregnancy seems to be a stimulus of enough intensity to improve body composition and cardiometabolic health indicators in late pregnancy.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Pregnancy ; Female ; Waist Circumference ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Body Mass Index ; Exercise/physiology ; Body Composition ; Metabolic Syndrome ; Insulin Resistance ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Body Weight ; Glucose ; Accelerometry
Chemical Substances	Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Observational Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	603994-7
ISSN	1530-0315 ; 0195-9131 ; 0025-7990
ISSN (online)	1530-0315
ISSN	0195-9131 ; 0025-7990
DOI	10.1249/MSS.0000000000002996
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Article ; Online: Exercise, Mediterranean Diet Adherence or Both during Pregnancy to Prevent Postpartum Depression-GESTAFIT Trial Secondary Analyses.

Flor-Alemany, Marta / Migueles, Jairo H / Alemany-Arrebola, Inmaculada / Aparicio, Virginia A / Baena-García, Laura

International journal of environmental research and public health

2022 Volume 19, Issue 21

Abstract: Targeting lifestyle behaviors during pregnancy is crucial to prevent the highly prevalent postpartum depression and its consequences. In these secondary analyses of an intervention trial to investigate the effects of concurrent exercise training on ... ...

Abstract	Targeting lifestyle behaviors during pregnancy is crucial to prevent the highly prevalent postpartum depression and its consequences. In these secondary analyses of an intervention trial to investigate the effects of concurrent exercise training on postpartum depression, we aimed to investigate the potential role of Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence on the exercise effects. A total of 85 pregnant women met the per-protocol criteria (exercise n = 46, control n = 39). The exercise program was delivered in 60 min sessions, 3 days/week, from the 17th gestational week until birth. Women's dietary habits were assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. The Mediterranean Food Pattern (an MD index) was derived from it to assess MD adherence. We used the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale to assess postpartum depression. The postpartum depression score was not statistically different between control and exercise groups (
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Depression, Postpartum/prevention & control ; Depression, Postpartum/diagnosis ; Diet, Mediterranean ; Exercise ; Life Style ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnant Women
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-04
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Clinical Trial ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph192114450
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Article ; Online: Comparing estimates of physical activity in children across different cut-points and the associations with weight status.

Leppänen, Marja H / Migueles, Jairo H / Abdollahi, Anna M / Engberg, Elina / Ortega, Francisco B / Roos, Eva

Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports

2022 Volume 32, Issue 6, Page(s) 971–983

Abstract: This study aimed to compare sedentary time (SED) and intensity-specific physical activity (PA) estimates and the associations of SED and PA with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) using three different sets of cut-points in preschool-aged ...

Abstract	This study aimed to compare sedentary time (SED) and intensity-specific physical activity (PA) estimates and the associations of SED and PA with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) using three different sets of cut-points in preschool-aged children. A total of 751 children (4.7 ± 0.9 years, boys 52.7%) wore an ActiGraph GT3X+BT accelerometer on their hip for 7 days (24 h). Euclidean norm -1 G with negative values rounded to zero (ENMO) and activity counts from vertical axis (VACounts) and vector magnitude (VMCounts) were derived. Estimates of SED and light, moderate, vigorous, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were calculated for commonly used cut-points by Hildebrand et al., Butte et al., and Evenson et al. Furthermore, the prevalence of meeting the PA recommendation, 180 min/day of which at least 60 min/day being MVPA, were assessed for the cut-points. Multilevel mixed analysis was used to examine associations of SED and PA with BMI and WC. In accordance with the results, SED and PA intensity estimates differed largely across cut-points (i.e., SED = 22-341 min/day; light PA = 52-257 min/day; moderate PA = 5-18 min/day; vigorous PA = 7-17 min/day; MVPA = 13-35 min/day), and the prevalence of children meeting the PA recommendation varied from 4% to 70%. Associations of SED and PA with BMI or WC varied between the cut-points. Our results indicate that SED and PA estimates in preschool-aged children between studies using these cut-points are poorly comparable. Methods facilitating accelerometer-derived PA estimate comparison between studies are highly warranted.
MeSH term(s)	Accelerometry/methods ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Exercise ; Humans ; Male ; Sedentary Behavior ; Waist Circumference
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-13
Publishing country	Denmark
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1077418-x
ISSN	1600-0838 ; 0905-7188
ISSN (online)	1600-0838
ISSN	0905-7188
DOI	10.1111/sms.14147
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Article ; Online: Revisiting the cross-sectional and prospective association of physical activity with body composition and physical fitness in preschoolers: A compositional data approach.

Migueles, Jairo H / Delisle Nyström, Christine / Leppänen, Marja H / Henriksson, Pontus / Löf, Marie

Pediatric obesity

2022 Volume 17, Issue 8, Page(s) e12909

Abstract: Background: Information is limited for the benefits of physical activity (PA) in preschoolers. Previous research using accelerometer-assessed PA may be affected for multicollinearity issues.: Objectives: This study investigated the cross-sectional ... ...

Abstract	Background: Information is limited for the benefits of physical activity (PA) in preschoolers. Previous research using accelerometer-assessed PA may be affected for multicollinearity issues. Objectives: This study investigated the cross-sectional and prospective associations of sedentary behaviour (SB) and PA with body composition and physical fitness using compositional data analysis. Methods: Baseline PA and SB were collected in 4-year-old (n = 315) using wrist-worn GT3X+ during seven 24 h-periods. Body composition (air-displacement plethysmography) and physical fitness (PREFIT test battery) were assessed at baseline and at the 12-month follow-up. Results: Increasing vigorous PA at expenses of lower-intensity behaviours for 4-year-old was associated with body composition and physical fitness at cross-sectional and longitudinal levels. For example, reallocating 15 min/day from lower intensities to vigorous PA at baseline was associated with higher fat-free mass index (+0.45 kg/m Conclusions: More time in vigorous PA may imply short- and long-term benefits on body composition and physical fitness in preschoolers. These findings using compositional data analysis corroborate our previously published results using isotemporal substitution models.
MeSH term(s)	Accelerometry ; Body Composition ; Body Mass Index ; Child, Preschool ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Exercise ; Humans ; Physical Fitness
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2655527-X
ISSN	2047-6310 ; 2047-6302
ISSN (online)	2047-6310
ISSN	2047-6302
DOI	10.1111/ijpo.12909
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Article ; Online: Impact of Exercise Intervention Combined with Optimal Mediterranean Diet Adherence during Pregnancy on Postpartum Body Composition: A Quasi-Experimental Study-The GESTAFIT Project.

Flor-Alemany, Marta / Acosta-Manzano, Pedro / Migueles, Jairo H / Henriksson, Pontus / Löf, Marie / Aparicio, Virginia A

Nutrients

2023 Volume 15, Issue 20

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate whether the effects of an exercise program during pregnancy on postpartum body composition are moderated by following a healthy dietary pattern (i.e., Mediterranean diet (MD)). Eighty-three pregnant women (control n = 40, ... ...

Abstract	This study aimed to investigate whether the effects of an exercise program during pregnancy on postpartum body composition are moderated by following a healthy dietary pattern (i.e., Mediterranean diet (MD)). Eighty-three pregnant women (control n = 40, exercise n = 43) were included in the present quasi-experimental study. The exercise intervention consisted of a 60 min, 3 day/week throughout pregnancy from gestational week 17, supervised concurrent (aerobic + resistance) exercise program. A food frequency questionnaire and the MD Score (min-max: 0-50) were employed to assess dietary habits and the MD adherence during pregnancy, respectively. Postpartum body composition was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, 6 weeks postpartum. The body mass index and the gynecoid fat mass at postpartum were lower in the exercise compared to the control group (
MeSH term(s)	Pregnancy ; Humans ; Female ; Diet, Mediterranean ; Postpartum Period ; Body Mass Index ; Body Composition ; Exercise Therapy
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu15204413
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